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1.
生态系统服务与人类福祉——文献综述与分析框架 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
生态系统提供了几乎所有的人类福祉要素,但在决策过程中决策者常常忽视生态系统服务的价值.本文从生态系统服务和人类福祉的关系出发,对国内外关于人类福祉的测度指标、生态系统服务对人类福祉的贡献、权衡保护生态与促进发展等方面进行了全面综述.在此基础上,分析了生态系统服务与人类福祉研究领域的发展趋势,包括人类福祉的多指标测度、科学的生态系统服务消费模型构建、弱势群体的生态服务收益以及自然科学与社会科学融合4个方面.最后,在综合相关文献的基础上,从人类福祉的多尺度测度、生态系统服务的分配与消费和生态政策过程参与3个方面出发,构建了分析生态系统服务与人类福祉之间关系的框架,并指出分配与消费环节是人类福祉实现的关键,为系统研究生态系统变化对人类福祉的影响提供理论和方法上的支持. 相似文献
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生态系统服务消费模式、计量及其管理框架构建 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
当前,人类社会对生态系统服务的需求和消费日益增加,由此引发了生态系统服务的变化。然而,生态系统服务的消费机制仍然是一个空白的研究领域。本文以生态系统服务-消费-管理的互动关系为主线,从理论基础和实践应用的角度,对生态系统服务消费的概念理论、基本范式、度量体系和管理框架进行了探讨,将与人类消费关系密切的生态系统的供给功能分为生产功能和承载功能,将生态系统服务消费定义为人类生产和生活对生态系统服务的消耗、利用和占用,生态服务消费区分成直接消费和间接消费两种基本模式,强调生态系统服务直接与间接产品界定和消费者确定在生态系统服务消费研究中的重要性,初步给出了两种生态服务消费的不同计量方法。研究提出生态系统服务消费的函数表达式为：Ec=Edc[f（Xa,Xhz,Xgen,Xedu,Xbev,Xcmr,Xinc,…,Xn）]＋Eidc。生态系统服务消费研究将为政府在生态系统服务的投资、贸易、补贴、税收等方面的决策,提供科学依据。 相似文献
3.
生态足迹方法作为生态系统评估工具的潜力 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
从1980年到2000年,我国的人均生态足迹由0.885hm^2增加至1.258hm^2,人均生态赤字由0.27hm^2增加到了0.55hm^2,呈持续增加态势,说明我国已长时间处于大范围生态透支状态.未来我国将长期面临生态资源越来越稀缺的紧张局面,科学地评估生态系统产品和服务的生产和消费能力是我国生态系统评估的核心任务。生态系统是生态系统产品和服务的提供者,社会经济系统是生态系统产品和服务的消费者,我们可以分别采用生态系统服务理论和生态足迹的方法来研究生态系统产品和服务的生产和消费/消耗。 相似文献
4.
蒙古高原生态服务消费空间差异的实证研究 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
本文结合一手问卷调查资料和相关统计资料,从生态系统服务消费者的角度,对蒙古高原典型牧区生态系统服务中食物和燃料的消费进行实证分析,分析消费的空间差异及其影响因素,并将结果与我国内蒙古牧区的消费情况进行对比.结果表明:蒙古国粮食消费中以小麦为主,其他副食品以肉类和奶制品的消费为主,而家畜干粪和木柴则是蒙古国最主要的燃料来源;我国内蒙古牧区基本无马肉消费,蔬菜和秸秆人均消费量高于蒙古国.社会经济因素、生态系统服务的可获得性或可达性以及消费行为如消费偏好等,均影响人类对生态系统服务的消费模式和意愿,也影响研究区生态系统服务消费的空间差异.本文是对生态系统服务消费理论的实证研究,可以为整个蒙古高原牧区生态-环境-经济可持续发展提供科学依据. 相似文献
5.
生态系统服务研究的几个基本问题 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
生态系统服务是联系生态系统与人类福祉的重要纽带.通过对生态系统服务的定义与分类,生态系统服务的主要特征,生态系统服务的供给、需求与消费,以及生态系统服务的价值与评估这4个基本问题进行论述,得出了以下几点结论:①生态系统服务是以生态系统对人们的收益而定的,学术界对它的认知并不完全一致.因此,在使用生态系统服务这一概念的时候,应当根据具体目的给出明确的定义及内涵;②生态系统服务具有复杂性、尺度特征、公私物品特征和收益依赖性等重要特征.结合案例深入分析生态系统服务的这些特征,对于生态系统服务的测定、模拟、价值评估及管理决策至关重要;③生态系统服务的供给、需求与消费是联系生态系统与人类福祉的3个不可或缺的重要环节,它们事关生态保育和社会公平等重大问题,为了制订科学的生态系统管理决策,应当对这3个环节开展综合研究;④生态系统服务的价值主要包括效用价值、生态价值、社会文化价值和内在价值,它们都是制订生态系统管理决策所不可缺少的重要信息,而且彼此之间具有相互补充与制衡的作用.因此,生态系统服务的价值评估应当构建和使用多准则的综合价值评估体系. 相似文献
6.
生态系统服务的供给、消费和价值化 总被引：32，自引：3，他引：29
生态系统服务是生态经济学最为重要的概念之一。尽管20世纪90年代中期以来,生态系统服务及其价值化的研究已经成为生态学研究的一个热点领域,开展了一系列研究并取得了重要进展,但生态系统服务的供给-消费-价值化目前还没有形成成熟的理论基础。本文根据计量经济学理论和生态服务研究积累的理论成果,试图构建一个生态服务生产-消费-价值化的理论分析基础和方法框架。提出生态服务生产函数、生态服务成本函数可以被看成是生态服务生产的主要理论基础和分析方法;生态服务消费函数和生态服务效用函数可以被看成是生态服务消费的主要理论基础和分析方法。生态服务效用价值理论、生态服务生产者和消费者剩余理论、生态服务个人偏好与支付意愿理论可以被认为基本形成了生态服务价值化的理论基础和评估方法。 相似文献
7.
生态系统生产力供给服务合理消耗度量方法——以内蒙古草地样带为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
高强度资源利用与持续增加的食物、纤维等需求正在导致对地球表面有限自然资源消耗强度的日益增长,如何构建生态系统服务供给和消耗相匹配的科学合理的模式是减缓乃至遏制生态系统退化面临的新挑战,需要发展生态系统服务合理消耗的评价体系与模拟方法,其中发现自然生态系统服务供给与人类对其消耗的结合点和适宜指标是关键。生态系统净初级生产力（NPP）消耗反映了人类对生态系统供给服务利用强度,本研究以NPP消耗为主要指标建立生态服务合理消耗评价体系的概念框架与计算方法,并以生态消耗模式与强度具有明显梯度的内蒙古草地样带为案例区开展实证分析。合理生态消耗在此被定义为,人类为维持生计对生态系统供给服务的消耗既不对生态系统产生过度压力又能够满足人类维持生计的基本生活需求。本文详细阐述了生态系统生产力供给服务合理消耗评价过程中的数据选取原则与方法,生态消耗及其合理性阈值的计算步骤与依据。该方法基于生态系统服务消耗主体的属性特征设计,是开发生态系统生产力供给服务合理消耗多主体技术模拟平台的算法基础,也是为发展兼顾多种生态系统服务的生态服务合理消耗综合评价方法体系进行的尝试。 相似文献
8.
本文以黄土高原泾河流域为例，通过对位于流域上游固原市的两个村落利益相关者问卷调查，研究其对生态服务产品消费状况和受偿意愿。借助SPSS软件，分析影响农户生态系统服务消费和生态受偿意愿的因素。结果表明，农户及其饲养家畜对有限的生态系统服务的消费并没有满足其营养需求，消费量受家庭人口、粮食作物面积、退耕地面积和养殖规模影响；受偿意愿与退耕地面积、养羊数量、收入水平密切相关。退耕还林还草工程的实施通过改变农户种养格局和收入间接影响了家庭消费和生态受偿意愿。基于条件价值法的理论，对该区农户因保护水源地而损失的经济利益和放弃利用的水资源价值做出初步估算。 相似文献
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全球变化和可持续发展等一系列全球化的资源环境问题日益严峻,成为国际社会关注及科学研究热点,生态学的研究重点也逐渐开始由小尺度的个体、群落和生态系统向区域、大陆乃至全球尺度转变。同时,伴随传感器技术和信息网络技术发展,生态系统观测也从短时间观测逐渐向长期观测以及生态系统的宏观结构和生态服务时空格局变化协同观测转变;由过去的定位及小规模合作观测向区域甚至全球大规模联合的网络化观测、天-空-地立体综合观测方向转变。生态学研究已经进入大数据时代,如何应用大数据技术,实现传统的基于过程的生态学研究与基于大数据驱动的生态学研究的有机整合,推动生态学大理论发展、区域及全球生态系统演变机理研究,支撑以应对全球气候变化、生态系统功能维持等为核心的人类社会可持续发展理论和应用研究,是大数据时代生态观测研究面临的重大挑战及机遇。文章评述了生态系统观测研究现状,探讨了大数据背景下生态系统观测研究的重要特征,并建议遵循"大科学、大数据"理念,组织实施国家生态系统观测大科学工程建设,实现我国生态观测研究与全球生态观测研究体系的融合,实现在区域、国家及全球尺度上观测地球生命系统变化,诊断生态系统功能状态,理解生态系统过程机理、维持和保护生态系统功能,服务人类社会可持续发展的科技目标。 相似文献
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A research group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol-a chemical found in the skins of red grapes in red wine-can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin according to a report in the October issue of Cell Metabolism.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):14-15
Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said. 相似文献
12.
Marjorie Armstrong-Stassen Margaret Landstrom Ramona Lumpkin 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):153-164
This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors. 相似文献
13.
Active biological molecules functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery disease diagnosis therapy new nanodevice construction.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):22-22
Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction. 相似文献
14.
A joint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology his co-workers from Norway US Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells suggesting that China's projected climate warming could decrease the pest's numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on September .…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):6-7
Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007. 相似文献
15.
Caroline Haythornthwaite 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):211-226
A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction. 相似文献
16.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):2-3
CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing. 相似文献
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《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1)
With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants." 相似文献
18.
Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies. 相似文献
19.
Leah A. Lievrouw 《The Information Society》2000,16(2):155-159
This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment. 相似文献
20.
Puay Tang 《The Information Society》1998,14(1):19-31
The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means. 相似文献