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1.
Color discrimination ability can be determined through anatomy or perceptual ability. In this study we tested perceptual ability. Three Asian small-clawed otters (Aonyx cinerea), one male and two females, were trained via operant conditioning to discriminate stimuli within a training task. If they passed criteria for this task, they were tested on as many as six delayed matching-to-sample experimental tasks. These experimental tasks involved comparing varying saturations of the colors blue, green, and red against varying shades of gray, as well as against each other. The male reached criterion on five of the experimental tasks, indicating an ability to discriminate the stimuli. One female participated in only two tasks and did not achieve the criteria as set. The second female did not pass the training task, and thus was not experimentally tested. This study overall showed some early evidence that Asian small-clawed otters may have the ability to learn to discriminate different stimuli on the basis of color cues. Sensory studies conducted on two other otter species and the results of this study indicate that color vision may be a common trait across Lutrinae species. 相似文献
2.
Monika Chausseil 《Learning & behavior》1992,20(3):259-265
The color-vision capacity of two species of procyonides was analyzed using a binary simultaneous discrimination paradigm. To make hue the only salient cue, the color sets of red, yellow, green, and blue were each presented in five different saturation intervals and were tested against a variety of brightness steps. Unlike the nocturnal kinkajous, the diurnal coatis showed highly significant discriminative performance on the color problems, especially in tests on blue and yellow, yet failed to differentiate unsaturated green from achromatic stimuli. The results are discussed with respect to procedural variables and the utility of color discrimination in the coati’s natural environment. 相似文献
3.
Ronald F. Mervis 《Learning & behavior》1974,2(3):238-240
TwoLemur catta were tested in a WGTA on three two-choice color discrimination problems involving paired comparisons of red, green, and blue. Four illumination combinations between the two discriminanda served to make brightness irrelevant, hue being the only salient cue. All color problems were learned within criterion limits of 21 out of 25 correct choices during 16 consecutive test sessions, indicating good color vision for this diurnal prosimian. 相似文献
4.
Four colors (red, yellow, green, and blue) were arranged in all possible two-color sets to determine if goldfish can discriminate between color sets associated with shock and color sets associated with safety/shock omission in a one-phase (linear presentation) discrimination-learning procedure. The results showed that goldfish learned to discriminate between two-color sets if set colors were natural categorical color-code mates (red = yellow and green = blue). When natural code mates were not in the same set, and therefore were paired with different shock consequents, no discrimination learning occurred, suggesting that goldfish, unlike pigeons, are not able to code colors arbitrarily. The method also allowed a measure of preference between colors within sets associated with safety/shock omission. Original-learning preference measures between colors in sets so associated showed that goldfish chose red over any other color, yellow over blue or green, and green over blue, despite the fact that both colors in any set were procedurally identical, implying that goldfish do discriminate between colors in the absence of explicit discrimination training. The goldfish that failed to discriminate between red/blue and green/yellow sets in original learning were transferred to red/yellow and blue/green color sets. In transfer, the color paired with safety/shock omission in original learning was preferred over the color paired with shock in original learning, which resulted in a reversal of original-learning color preferences for half the goldfish. The transfer color-preference results imply that the goldfish had associated specific colors with specific shock consequents, but the associations were not robust enough to support discrimination learning in the face of categorical color coding. 相似文献
5.
D. J. Zerbolio 《Learning & behavior》1985,13(3):269-273
Goldfish, trained in the shuttlebox apparatus to avoid shock, acquired a color discrimination between two colors (red/green) and were tested in transfer with a new set of colors (yellow/blue). Transfer color shock-pairing was either consistent with (red=yellow, blue=green) or opposite to (red≠ yellow, green≠blue) categorical color coding seen in pigeons. Groups with transfer shock-pairing consistent with categorical color coding showed positive transfer, and groups with transfer shock-pairing opposite to categorical color coding showed negative transfer, similar to an attenuated reversal learning effect. These results indicate that goldfish, like pigeons, code different colors as behavioral equivalents even though they can easily learn to discriminate between them. As with pigeons, the finding of the categorical color coding phenomenon changes the conclusions drawn from earlier goldfish conditional-discrimination transfer studies using only signal color changes between acquisition and transfer testing, from evidence of concept learning to evidence for categorical color coding, on the grounds of parsimony. It is important to note that this finding affects only the explanation of conditional-discrimination transfer effects, and the fact remains that both pigeons and goldfish can learn to conditionally discriminate—pigeons for positive reinforcement, and goldfish to avoid shock. 相似文献
6.
Jacky Emmerton 《Learning & behavior》2001,29(1):21-35
Pigeons were trained to discriminate the proportion of red to green color in paired stimulus displays. Initially, the stimuli were horizontal bars composed of continuous blocks of color that varied from being all red versus all green to .5 proportions of these two colors. Discrimination accuracy decreased as a function of the disparity in the proportions of the two colors. This relationship was maintained when the stimulus configurations were altered in various ways. Tests with horizontal bars indicated that the pigeons could utilize differences in the lengths (or areas) of one of the colors when choosing between stimuli. They did not rely only on this type of cue to assess proportion disparities but rather on multiple stimulus parameters. Also, the form of the discrimination function suggests that the pigeons distinguished ratio differences, so that Weber’s law applies to this type of discrimination. 相似文献
7.
An attempt was madeto manipulate the strength of internal stimulus representations by exposing pigeons to brief delays between sample offset and comparison onset in a delayed conditional discrimination. In Experiment 1, pigeons were first trained on delayed conditional discrimination with either short (0.5-sec) delays or no delays. When delays were increased by 2.0 sec, birds trained with a delay performed at a higher level than did birds trained with no delays. In Experiment 2, subjects were first trained on a delayed simple discrimination. Following a circle stimulus, responses to a white key were reinforced; however, following a dot stimulus, responses to the white key were not reinforced. The pigeons were then trained on a delayed conditional discrimination involving hue samples and line-orientation comparisons with differential outcomes. Choice of vertical following red yielded food; choice of horizontal following green yielded no food. Mixed delays were then introduced to birds in Group Delay, whereas birds in the control group received overtraining. When tested on a delayed simple discrimination with hue stimuli (red and green initial stimuli followed by white response stimulus), pigeons in Group Delay tended to perform at a higher level than did birds in the control group (i.e., although the birds in both groups responded more following red than following green, birds in Group Delay did this to a greater extent than did birds in the control group). Thus, experience with delays appears to strengthen stimulus representations established during training. 相似文献
8.
张宏莉 《湖北广播电视大学学报》2007,27(12):151-152
不同民族对色彩的价值取向存在着明显的差异,决定这些差异的因素多种多样。本文通过对黑白本色、红黄蓝三原色及紫绿调和色进行跨文化对比,揭示出中西方民族对这几种色彩好恶的文化渊源。 相似文献
9.
由于汉英两个民族文化、风俗习惯及思维方式上存在着差异,对特定颜色词的观察和使用也不尽相同。以红、白、蓝、绿、黑为例,阐述其在两种文化中的共通之处以及不同之处,以期使异国语言学习者熟练掌握其熟语,避免在跨文化交际使用时引起误解。 相似文献
10.
随机选取某幼儿园126名4-6岁幼儿为研究对象,主要通过对幼儿的美术作品进行分析,辅之以对幼儿的美术活动进行观察的方法进行研究,发现:(1)4-6岁幼儿在美术作品中最偏好的颜色是红色和黄色,其次是蓝色、绿色、粉红、橙色、紫色、黑色。(2)不同年龄幼儿除了橙色没有显著性差异外,其余颜色均有显著性差异。(3)不同性别的幼儿在美术作品中对于色彩的偏好均有极其显著性差异(P0.001),男幼儿比女幼儿更喜欢黄色、蓝色,女幼儿比男幼儿更喜欢红色、粉色、橙色、紫色、绿色、黑色。 相似文献
11.
赵玲洁 《石家庄职业技术学院学报》2003,15(4):27-28,44
一种颜色在不同的民族语言中往往被赋予不同的文化内涵。通过比较白、红、绿、蓝、黄、黑、紫等色彩词在英汉语言中的意义差别，可了解中西方文化之差异。 相似文献
12.
赵芳 《雁北师范学院学报》2006,22(4):78-79
大千世界,色彩斑斓,每种语言都会尽力去表达出颜色的千变万化,英语也不例外。文章着重以red,black,blue,green,white为例说明英语颜色词的表述及其引申义。 相似文献
13.
张芳 《河北北方学院学报(社会科学版)》2013,(3):37-40
叠音颜色词是在单音颜色词的基础上发展起来的,但两者的词义程度不同。以北京大学现代汉语语料为依托,从组合能力、形状特征、感情色彩表达方面对现代汉语中白、黑、红、黄、蓝、绿、灰、紫8个基本颜色词及相对应的叠音颜色词进行分析,比较两者的词义程度。 相似文献
14.
In the present experiment, we compared directly pigeons’ short-term memory of temporal and visual stimuli in a delayed matching-to-sample task. The sample stimuli consisted of red and green lights presented for 5 and 30 sec, followed by a retention interval and blue and yellow comparisons. For subjects in the visual group, duration was irrelevant and the color of the sample was the conditional cue. For animals in the temporal group, color was irrelevant and duration of the sample was the conditional stimulus. The results showed that acquisition of the matching task was faster and accuracy was higher in the visual than in the temporal group. More importantly, memory of either sample generally declined at a similar rate when the duration of the retention interval was increased and when the intertrial interval was reduced. Taken together, the results indicate that with 1–8-sec retention intervals, short-term memory for temporal stimuli is similar to that found with color-visual samples. The findings are discussed in terms of retrospective and prospective processing. 相似文献
15.
沈从文在自己的文本世界中有意识地进行了意象的选择和营构,给同时代的中国现代文学保有了一种难得的审美形式。同时其作品中有着丰富的色彩语言和由此形成的色彩意象。传统的红、黄、绿、蓝;白、青、灰、黑在其文本世界中饱含了深刻的寓意性、哲理性,是其借以描摹自然景物、刻画人物形象和体悟人性的重要载体。 相似文献
16.
Goldfish, trained in the avoidance shuttlebox with a variant of the linear discrimination procedure, learned to conditionally discriminate between color signals, both for the matching (M) and oddity (O) criterion forms. Transfer to assess the possibility of concept learning was also tested. In original learning, oddity-trained groups learned faster and reached higher conditional discrimination performance levels than did matching-trained groups. In transfer, various groups were tested with the same criterion (MM or OO) or a shifted criterion (MO or OM), and half of each group retained the same color signals and the remaining half had its color signals changed in transfer. Groups with the same criterion in original learning and transfer (MM or OO), regardless of signal colors, showed comparable positive transfer. Groups with their criterion shifted between original learning and transfer (MO or OM) showed comparable negative transfer, regardless of signal colors. Since both positive- and negative-transfer effects were independent of signal colors, it is clear that what was learned for one set of signal colors transferred to at least one other signal-color set. These findings are consistent with the interpretation that goldfish learned the original conditional discrimination at a conceptual level, and learned about the general matching or oddity relationships between colors, rather than about a specific set of colors. 相似文献
17.
Pigeons were trained on delayed matching-to-sample trials in which red and green sample stimuli were equally often followed by color comparisons and by line-orientation comparisons. The color samples were preceded and accompanied by cues (a triangle or a black dot) that signaled whether the comparisons on that trial would be colors or lines. Length of the retention interval was manipulated during testing, and probe trials were included on which the dimension of the comparison stimuli either was cued incorrectly or was not cued. Accuracy on incorrectly cued and on no-cue trials was less than that on correctly cued trials, and the magnitude of this effect was not influenced by the length of the retention interval. Accuracy on incorrectly cued and on no-cue trials was equivalent, and was greater than chance. The data are inconsistent with two dual-coding interpretations of the effects of incorrectly cuing the dimension of the comparison stimuli in which it is held that both retrospective and prospective sample coding occurs in this task. 相似文献
18.
郝文华 《郧阳师范高等专科学校学报》2010,30(5):43-45
＂青＂是个表示颜色的词。其特殊之处在于,它反映了植物生长过程中颜色的变化：白里透红、浅绿、深绿。同时,它又有自己的发展轨迹,顺着颜色的深浅继续发展,表示浅蓝、深蓝甚至黑色。因此它几乎能表示各种颜色。而在＂白里透红＂的意义上,更是引申出了不少意义。 相似文献
19.
本文对文献[1]即:《不等间距Leslie矩阵对卧龙五一棚大熊猫群动态的应用》的不等间距Leslie矩阵进行了详细介绍,并用这个矩阵模型对唐家河地区的大熊猫种群动态进行了研究,得到与以上文献完全相同的结论,成年大熊猫的出生率下降10%对大熊猫种群数量的影响与各年龄段的大熊猫死亡率都提高10%的影响相当。大熊猫的出生率是重要因子,决定大熊猫种群是下降或增长的出生率的门坎值在0.189与0.21之间,野外大熊猫的出生率的值究竟是多大?这决定了大熊猫种群的动态。水池模型的意叉在于将抽象化的不等间距Leslie矩阵形象化,延伸出对其它不明基数物种的种群动态预测方法。 相似文献
20.
We investigated whether pigeons are able to discriminate color photographs of male and female pigeons, using a categorical
discrimination procedure. In Experiments 1 and 2B, 10 out of 14 pigeons learned the discrimination. Of these, 5 pigeons showed
transfer to novel stimuli, demonstrating the categorical nature of the trained discrimination. Experiment 3 showed that the
discriminative behavior was based primarily on the body, as opposed to the head and the neck region. In 1 out of 3 pigeons,
the discriminative behavior was maintained by the black-and-white photographs. The results suggest that some pigeons have
the ability to discriminate the sex of conspecifics without behavioral cues. 相似文献