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1.
In recent years questions concerning the impact of public research funding have become the preeminent site at which struggles
over the meanings and value of science are played out. In this paper we explore the ‘politics of impact’ in contemporary UK
science and research policy and, in particular, detail the ways in which UK research councils have responded to and reframed
recent calls for the quantitative measurement of research impacts. Operating as ‘boundary organisations’ research councils
are embroiled in what might be characterised as the ‘politics of demarcation’ in which competing understandings of the cultural
values of science are traded, exchanged and contested. In this paper we focus on the way the UK’s ‘Engineering and Physical
Sciences Research Council’ (EPSRC) has responded to contemporary policy discourses concerning the impacts of public research
expenditure. We argue that, in response to the shifting terms of contemporary science policy, the EPSRC has adopted three
distinct strategies. Firstly, in collaboration with other research councils the EPSRC have emphasised the intellectual and
metrological challenge presented by attempts to quantify the economic impact of public research expenditure, emphasising instead
the cumulative impacts of a broad portfolio of ‘basic science’. Secondly, the EPSRC has sought to widen the discursive meaning
of research impacts – specifically to include societal and policy impacts in addition to economic ones. Thirdly, the EPSRC
has introduced a new framing into the ‘impact agenda’, preferring to talk about ‘pathways to impact’ rather than research
impacts per se. In responding to government priority setting, we argue that the EPSRC has sought to exploit both the technical fragility
of auditing techniques and the discursive ambiguity of notions of impact. 相似文献
2.
Alvin Weinberg’s classic and much debated two articles in Minerva, “Criteria for Scientific Choice” (1963) and “Criteria for Scientific Choice II – The Two Cultures” (1964), represent two of the first and most important attempts to create a meta-discourse about priority setting in science policy, and many of the points advanced remain relevant. The goal of this paper is to elaborate on the relevance of some of Weinberg’s original arguments to priority setting today. We have singled out four issues for attention: The tension between scientific and institutional choice, the assumptions behind the triad of scientific, technological and social merit, the elusive ‘externality from size’ argument for funding promoted by Weinberg, and finally the problems involved in the idea of basic science as an ‘overhead cost’ for applied science, and applied science as an ‘overhead’ on a sectoral mission. These four issues will be elaborated from a policy perspective and connected to present day challenges for science and technology policy. 相似文献
3.
Fumi Kitagawa 《Minerva》2010,48(2):169-187
There are a number of different forms of inter-organisational collaborative arrangements between universities at international,
national and sub-national levels. This paper focuses on a particular form of inter-university collaboration mechanisms, which
represents one of the key recent policy developments in Scotland. Research pooling initiatives are a regional response to
create international research excellence and regional relevance by ‘pooling’ specific areas of research excellences that are
seen to be of strategic importance to Scotland universities across the region. Research pooling initiatives as networks can
be seen as strategic processes. Universities share resources and research facilities among selective partners and recruit professors and research students internationally by branding their subject areas together. This multi-scalar
institutional development is set against the background of devolution and globalisation of science, technology and innovation
policy on the one hand, and changing national higher education policies in the UK on the other. 相似文献
4.
David Tyfield 《Minerva》2012,50(2):149-167
Science and technology policy is both faced by unprecedented challenges and itself undergoing seismic shifts. First, policy is increasingly demanding of science that it fixes a set of epochal and global crises. On the other hand, practices of scientific research are changing rapidly regarding geographical dispersion, the institutions and identities of those involved and its forms of knowledge production and circulation. Furthermore, these changes are accelerated by the current upheavals in public funding of research, higher education and technology development in the wake of the economic crisis. The paper outlines an agenda for science & technology policy studies in terms of a research programme of a ‘cultural political economy of research and innovation’ (CPERI). First, the implications of the overlapping crises for science policy analysis are discussed. Secondly, three rough constellations of contemporary approaches to science policy are critically compared, namely: a techno-statist Keynesian governance; a neoliberal marketplace of ideas; and co-productionist enabling of democratic debate. CPERI is then introduced, showing how it builds on the strengths of co-production while also specifically targeting two major weaknesses that are of heightened importance in an age of multiple crises, namely neglect of political economy and the concept of power. 相似文献
5.
Louise Ackers 《Minerva》2008,46(4):411-435
This paper discusses the relationship between internationalisation, mobility, quality and equality in the context of recent
developments in research policy in the European Research Area (ERA). Although these developments are specifically concerned
with the growth of research capacity at European level, the issues raised have much broader relevance to those concerned with
research policy and highly skilled mobility. The paper draws on a wealth of recent research examining the relationship between
mobility and career progression with particular reference to a recently completed empirical study of doctoral mobility in
the social sciences (Ackers et al. Doctoral Mobility in the Social Sciences. Report to the NORFACE ERA-Network, 2007). The
paper is structured as follows. The first section introduces recent policy developments including the European Charter for
Researchers and Code of Conduct for the Recruitment of Researchers and the European Commission’s Green Paper on the ERA. The
discussion focuses on concerns around the definition of ‘mobility’ and the tendency (in both policy circles and academic research)
to conflate different forms of mobility and to equate these with notions of excellence or quality. Scientific mobility is
shaped as much by ‘push’ factors (limited opportunity) as it is by the ‘draw’ of excellence. Scientists are exercising a degree
of ‘choice’ within a specific and individualised framework of constraints. The following sections consider some of the ‘professional’
and ‘personal’ factors shaping scientific mobility and the influence that these have on the relationship between mobility,
internationalisation and excellence. The paper concludes that mobility is not an outcome in its own right and must not be
treated as such (as an implicit indicator of internationalisation). To do so contributes to differential opportunity in scientific
labour markets reducing both efficiency and equality.
相似文献
| Louise AckersEmail: |
6.
Many countries today have policies to encourage outstanding scientists to remain, or return, ‘home’. To date, the cumulative
effect of these policies remains unclear. This essay argues that we need a new approach to studying elites in science. It
draws upon three studies to suggest that migration is field-specific; that migration occurs more among potential, rather than
among established elites; and that policies aimed simply at attracting eminent scientists may prove inadequate to the task
of sustaining national scientific communities. 相似文献
7.
Rethinking Polanyi’s Concept of Tacit Knowledge: From Personal Knowing to Imagined Institutions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Half a century after Michael Polanyi conceptualised ‘the tacit component’ in personal knowing, management studies has reinvented
‘tacit knowledge’—albeit in ways that squander the advantages of Polanyi’s insights and ignore his faith in ‘spiritual reality’.
While tacit knowing challenged the absurdities of sheer objectivity, expressed in a ‘perfect language’, it fused rational knowing, based on personal experience, with mystical speculation about an un-experienced ‘external reality’. Faith alone saved Polanyi’s model from solipsism. But Ernst von Glasersfeld’s
radical constructivism provides scope to rethink personal tacit knowing with regard to ‘other people’ and the intersubjectively
viable construction of ‘experiential reality’. By separating tacit knowing from Polanyi’s metaphysical realism and drawing
on Benedict Anderson’s concept of ‘imagined communities’, it is possible to conceptualise ‘imagined institutions’ as the tacit
dimension of power that shapes human interaction. Whereas Douglass North claimed institutions could be reduced to rules, imagined
institutions are known in ways we cannot tell. 相似文献
8.
Governments often see it as their responsibility to support cultural life and at times spend a significant amount of resources
in the pursuit of this goal. The present article analyses whether and how municipalities influence each other in this decision
to spend resources on the arts (using data on local government cultural spending in 304 Flemish municipalities in 2002). Following
‘central place theory’, the focal point of the analysis is the idea that––especially for cultural expenditures––large municipalities
(and, specifically, ‘central places’) may affect their neighbours’ behaviour differently than small municipalities. The empirical
analysis supports this idea. Indeed, we show that Flemish municipalities’ cultural spending is generally positively affected
by that in neighbouring municipalities. This pattern is, however, significantly more complex for municipalities neighbouring
the 13 largest Flemish cities.
相似文献
| Benny Geys (Corresponding author)Email: |
9.
Using data on the ‘career’ paths of one thousand ‘leading scientists’ from 1450 to 1900, what is conventionally called the
‘rise of modern science’ is mapped as a changing geography of scientific practice in urban networks. Four distinctive networks
of scientific practice are identified. A primate network centred on Padua and central and northern Italy in the sixteenth
century expands across the Alps to become a polycentric network in the seventeenth century, which in turn dissipates into
a weak polycentric network in the eighteenth century. The nineteenth century marks a huge change of scale as a primate network
centred on Berlin and dominated by German-speaking universities. These geographies are interpreted as core-producing processes
in Wallerstein’s modern world-system; the rise of modern scientific practice is central to the development of structures of
knowledge that relate to, but do not mirror, material changes in the system.
相似文献
| David M. EvansEmail: |
10.
Douglas J. Hodgson 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2011,35(4):287-308
We conduct an empirical analysis of the effect on the auction price of a Canadian painting of the age of the painter at the
time of creation of the painting. We consider over two hundred artists, active over the entire history of Canadian art, who
are pooled in the estimation of a hedonic regression in which a polynomial function in age enters as a regressor along with
several other control variables. We consider the possibility that the age–price relationship has changed over time by: (a)
estimating separate age–price functions for three generational groups of artists—those born before 1880, between 1880 and
1920, and after 1920 and thus coming of age in the world of post-war ‘contemporary art’ and (b) estimating a parameterization
where the shape of the age–price profile is permitted to change continuously depending on the year of birth of the artist.
Our principal result is that artists born more recently tend to ‘peak’ earlier in their careers than those of previous generations. 相似文献
11.
The global community, from UNESCO to NGOs, is committed to promoting the status of women in science, engineering and technology,
despite long-held prejudices and the lack of role models. Previously, when equality was not firmly established as a key issue
on international or national agendas, women’s colleges played a great role in mentoring female scientists. However, now that
a concerted effort has been made by governments, the academic community and the private sector to give women equal opportunities,
the raison d’être of women’s universities seems to have become lost. This paper argues otherwise, by demonstrating that women’s universities
in Japan became beneficiaries of government initiatives since the early 2000s to reverse the low ratio of women in scientific
research. The paper underscores the importance of the reputation of women’s universities embedded in their institutional foundations,
by explaining how female scientific communities take shape in different national contexts. England, as a primary example of
a neoliberal welfare regime, with its strong emphasis on equality and diversity, promoted its gender equality policy under
the auspices of the Department of Trade and Industry. By contrast, with a strong emphasis on family values and the male-breadwinner
model, the Japanese government carefully treated the goal of supporting female scientists from the perspective of the equal
participation of both men and women rather than that of equality. Following this trend, rather contradictorily, women’s universities,
with their tradition of fostering a ‘good wife, wise mother’ image, began to be highlighted as potential gender-free institutions
that provided role models and mentoring female scientists. By drawing on the cases of England and Japan, this paper demonstrates
how the idea of equality can be framed differently, according to wider institutional contexts, and how this idea impacts on
gender policies. 相似文献
12.
Wendy McGuire 《Minerva》2016,54(3):325-351
This paper is based on a study that explored the responses of bioscientists to changes in national science policy and research funding in Canada. In the late 1990s, a range of new science policies and funding initiatives were implemented, linking research funding to Canada’s competitiveness in the ‘global knowledge economy’. Bourdieu’s theory of practice is used to explore the multi-scalar, cross-field effects of global economic policy and national science policy on scientific practice. While most science and educational policy studies use Bourdieu’s concepts ontologically, as “thinking tools” to theorize power, this study adopted Bourdieu’s relational epistemology, empirically linking objective positions of power (capital) with position-takings (rooted in habitus) towards market-oriented science. A relational epistemology made it possible to explore what forms and weight of capital scientists brought to bear on symbolic struggles over the legitimacy of a market and scientific logic. By empirically investigating how power shaped bioscientists’ responses to market-oriented science policy, this study was able to identify key mechanisms of change within the scientific field and between science, politics and the market. First, it identified the rise of a new form of entrepreneurial capital and a market-oriented logic that coexists alongside a traditional scientific logic within the scientific field in a bipolar system of stratification. Second, it illustrated changes in scientific practice, which contribute to change in the structure of the distribution of capital within the scientific field. This study challenges Bourdieu’s emphasis on a single dominant logic or symbolic order and challenges science and technology scholars to both use and extend his theoretical contributions. 相似文献
13.
In the following pages we discuss three historical cases of moral economies in science: Drosophila genetics, late twentieth
century American astronomy, and collaborations between American drug companies and medical scientists in the interwar years.
An examination of the most striking differences and similarities between these examples, and the conflicts internal to them,
reveals constitutive features of moral economies, and the ways in which they are formed, negotiated, and altered. We critically
evaluate these three examples through the filters of rational choice, utility, and American pragmatism, using the latter to
support the conclusion that there is no single vision of moral economies in science and no single theory—moral, political,
social—that will explain them. These filters may not be the only means through which to evaluate the moral economies examined,
but aspects of each appear prominent in all three cases. In addition, explanations for decisions are often given in the language
of these theories, both at the macro (policy) level and at the local level of the moral economies we discuss. In light of
such factors, the use of these frameworks seems justified. We begin with an attempt to define the nature of moral economies,
then move to a consideration of scientific communities as moral communities operating within material and other constraints
which we relate to wider questions of political economy and societal accountabilities.
Dr Atkinson-Grosjean is a Senior Research Associate in the WM Young Centre for Applied Ethics at the University of British Columbia where she leads several research projects focused on large-scale science and the ways in which novel institutional and organizational arrangements affect the production and translation of scientific knowledge. Current work focuses on the factors that affect scientists’ participation (or lack thereof) in the translational mandates attached to funding. The goal is to contribute to a more nuanced understanding within policy guidelines of what constitutes ‘translational science’. Cory Fairley is a research assistant on Dr Atkinson-Grosjean’s translational science project and a PhD student in the Department of History at the University of British Columbia, where he also obtained a Masters degree in Philosophy. His current research focuses on the social history of technology, particularly upstream impacts of market forces on biotechnology in the historical context of twentieth century. 相似文献
| Cory FairleyEmail: |
Dr Atkinson-Grosjean is a Senior Research Associate in the WM Young Centre for Applied Ethics at the University of British Columbia where she leads several research projects focused on large-scale science and the ways in which novel institutional and organizational arrangements affect the production and translation of scientific knowledge. Current work focuses on the factors that affect scientists’ participation (or lack thereof) in the translational mandates attached to funding. The goal is to contribute to a more nuanced understanding within policy guidelines of what constitutes ‘translational science’. Cory Fairley is a research assistant on Dr Atkinson-Grosjean’s translational science project and a PhD student in the Department of History at the University of British Columbia, where he also obtained a Masters degree in Philosophy. His current research focuses on the social history of technology, particularly upstream impacts of market forces on biotechnology in the historical context of twentieth century. 相似文献
14.
In April 1933, Albert Einstein was offered an ‘Extraordinary’ Chair of Physics at the University of Madrid. Einstein first accepted, then sought to withdraw without causing damage to the anti-Fascist Republican government. However, this proved an opportunity for the Spanish press to harness Einstein’s notoriety to their own programmes. This article discusses the genesis and resolution of this episode, which says much about Einstein and science and politics in modern Spain. 相似文献
15.
Between the 1880s and the 1920s, the German system of scientific research, traditionally dominated by the universities, underwent
rapid institutional change and functional differentiation. This paper analyses this development as a constitutive factor in
Germany’s transition from a predominantly industrial to a primarily ‘knowledge-based’ society. This perspective broadens and
deepens our understanding of the current debate concerning the social production of knowledge. 相似文献
16.
When the journal Minerva was founded in 1962, science and higher educational issues were high on the agenda, lending impetus to the interdisciplinary field of “Science Studies” qua “Science Policy Studies.” As government expenditures for promoting various branches of science increased dramatically on both sides of the East-West Cold War divide, some common issues regarding research management also emerged and with it an interest in closer academic interaction in the areas of history and policy of science. Through a close reading of many early issues of Minerva but also of its later competitor journal Science Studies (now called Social Studies of Science) the paper traces the initial optimism of an academically based Science Studies dialogue across the Cold War divide and the creation in 1971 of the International Commission for Science Policy Studies as a bridging forum, one that Minerva strangely chose to ignore. In this light, attention is drawn to aspects of the often forgotten history of Science Studies in the former Soviet Union and the Eastern European block. Reviewed also are several early discussions that are still relevant today: e.g., regarding differing concepts of Big Science, science and democracy, autonomy in higher education and what conditions are necessary to sustain academic freedom and scientific integrity (some of Edward Shils’ primary concerns). Finally, it is noted how the question of quantitative methods to measure scientific productivity lay at the heart of a “Science of Science” movement of the 1960s has re-emerged in a new form integral to the notion of a “Science of Science Policy.” 相似文献
17.
Geert J. Somsen 《Minerva》2008,46(3):361-379
That science is fundamentally universal has been proclaimed innumerable times. But the precise geographical meaning of this
universality has changed historically. This article examines conceptions of scientific internationalism from the Enlightenment
to the Cold War, and their varying relations to cosmopolitanism, nationalism, socialism, and ‘the West’. These views are confronted
with recent tendencies to cast science as a uniquely European product.
Geert Somsen is assistant professor in history of science. After a PhD in the history of chemistry, his current work focuses on socialist conceptions of science in the twentieth century and on scientific internationalism. With Harmke Kamminga, he edited Pursuing the Unity of Science: Scientific Practice and Ideology between the Great War and the Cold War (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, forthcoming). 相似文献
| Geert J. SomsenEmail: |
Geert Somsen is assistant professor in history of science. After a PhD in the history of chemistry, his current work focuses on socialist conceptions of science in the twentieth century and on scientific internationalism. With Harmke Kamminga, he edited Pursuing the Unity of Science: Scientific Practice and Ideology between the Great War and the Cold War (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, forthcoming). 相似文献
18.
Richard H. Beyler 《Minerva》2006,44(3):251-266
In responding to incidents of internal ‘indiscipline’, the Kaiser Wilhelm Society many times asserted its authority, sometimes in cooperation with agencies of the Nazi regime. Following the Second World War, however, the KWS represented itself as having been intrinsically anti-Nazi. This essay describes the assumptions inherent in this view, and points to its wider implications for post-war German science. 相似文献
19.
Understanding Academic Drift: On the Institutional Dynamics of Higher Technical and Professional Education 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jonathan Harwood 《Minerva》2010,48(4):413-427
‘Academic drift’ is a term sometimes used to describe the process whereby knowledge which is intended to be useful gradually
loses close ties to practice while becoming more tightly integrated with one or other body of scientific knowledge. Drift
in this sense has been a common phenomenon in agriculture, engineering, medicine and management sciences in several countries
in the 19th and 20th centuries. Understanding drift is obviously important, both to practitioners concerned that higher education
should be relevant to practice, but also to historians who seek to make sense of long-term trends in knowledge-production.
It is surprising, therefore, that although the existence of drift has been widely documented, remarkably little attention
has been given so far to explaining it. In this paper I argue that drift is not an invariant universal tendency but a historically
specific one which arises under particular circumstances. I outline a model of institutional dynamics which seeks to explain
why drift has occurred at some institutions but not others. In the second section I explore the implications of the model
for educationists and policy-makers concerned with the reform of higher education in these areas. 相似文献
20.
Horacio Ortiz 《Journal of Cultural Economy》2018,11(1):1-19
Financial imagination plays a fundamental, yet ambivalent role in the establishment of hierarchies within and between business schools, and in business life at large. This study examines this process in the ‘middle tier’ of business education: that is, in the social space in which students and instructors understand themselves to occupy a ‘mid-range’ position within an order of excellence and success. Largely articulated through business school rankings, this order strongly relies on the centrality of the financial curriculum, proficiency in which is understood as both a proxy for smartness and a sign of moneymaking capacity. In the ‘middle tier’, this order manifests in the form of an anxiety: an order that, though legitimate, is thought not to be attained, or hardly attainable. The study draws from ethnographic investigation in a ‘middle tier’ business school with attention to how finance is made sense of in relation to an alternative curriculum, and in connection with the aim of ‘making it to the top’. A comparison with a ‘top tier’ business school allows furthering understanding of how the order of business schools relies on the anxiety of finance in order to reproduce an acquiescence to dominant financial imagination. 相似文献