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1.
Abstract

This study was conducted for the purpose of determining the relationship between specific factors of personality adjustment and levels of motor achievement in a select group of junior and senior high school boys. Pertinent scales from the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire and the Guilford Zimmerman Temperament Survey were administered to 154 subjects for the purpose of determining existing personality characteristics. The motor achievement data were collected from administration of the McCloy General Motor Ability and Motor Capacity Test. The data were statistically analyzed through the use of the Pearson product-moment correlation technique, the t test, and the multiple regression technique. The study concluded that, (a) individual group dependance was a factor in extent of exhibited motor achievement and, (b) that levels of motor achievement were predictable with the use of grouped measured personality characteristics.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

Three anthropometric and eight physical performance measures selected by the author were related by correlational methods to the performance of 87 secondary school boys in the running hop, step, and jump. All variables showed a significant relationship with the criterion beyond the .05 level of confidence. The criterion could be employed as a measure of motor ability since three of the highest single-variable correlations with the criterion were measures that are known predictors of motor ability: the running broad jump (r = .859), 50-yd. dash (r = .815), and standing broad jump (r = .778). Three selected combinations of measures yielded multiple correlations with the criterion which were significant beyond the .01 level of confidence. A regression equation developed from the optimal set of variables that was considered to be feasible for administration in school systems consisted of two items from the Youth Fitness Test Manual: the standing broad jump and the 50-yd. dash.  相似文献   

3.
Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of self-controlled feedback on the learning of a sequential-timing motor task in introverts and extroverts. Method: Fifty-six university students were selected by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. They practiced a motor task consisting of pressing computer keyboard keys in a specific spatial and temporal pattern. The experiment consisted of practice, retention, and transfer phases. The participants were distributed into 4 groups, formed by the combination of personality trait (extraversion/introversion) and type of feedback frequency (self-controlled/yoked). Results: The results showed superior learning for the groups that practiced in a self-controlled schedule, in relation to groups who practiced in an externally controlled schedule, F(1, 52) = 4.13, p < .05, η2 = .07, regardless of personality trait. Conclusion: We conclude that self-controlled practice enhances motor learning in introverts and extroverts.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

The problem under investigation was to determine if were distinguishing personality traits when women who compete in team sports were compared to women who compete in individual sports. The subjects were chosen from a selected group of 156 women AAU athletes and the 1964 United States Olympic team. Those women who agreed to take part in the study were sent a copy of Form A of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, which was the instrument used to measure selected personality factors. Differences between groups were analyzed by means of the t test.

The results indicated that women athletes who compete in individual sports rated higher on the personality factors of dominance, adventurousness, sensitivity, introversion, radicalism, and self-sufficiency and lower on the factor of sophistication when compared to women athletes who compete in team sports. No differences were found in the factors of sociability, intelligence, stability, surgency, conscientiousness, suspecting, guilt-proneness, high self-sentiment, or high ergic tension.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

The underlying rationale for the study was based on the conviction that biological factors are important in accounting for human behavior. This study was undertaken to compare the results of selected personality traits with the somatotypes of college women. Somatotypes were determined by the use of somatotype ratings as established by Sheldon. The personality profiles were determined by two personality measuring instruments: (a) the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, and (b) the California Psychological Inventory. Of the 23 hypotheses which were arbitrarily derived from Sheldon's work on physique and temperament of men, only one proved to be tenable. This tenable hypothesis stated that the component of mesomorphy is significantly correlated with the second order Factor I of the 16 PF (Low Anxiety).  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

The relative importance of body size, body composition, cardiovascular-respiratory capacity, and running speed in determining individual differences in performance on 600-yd run and mile run tests was investigated using data on 196 children, ages 7 to 12 years. A multivariate, multistage path model was developed in which height, % fat, [Vdot]O2 max (ml/kg FFW · min) and the 50-yd dash time were postulated as determinants of individual differences on the two distance-running tests. These four independent variables accounted for 71% and 66% of the variance in the 600-yd run and mile run, respectively. All four independent variables had significant associations with the two distance runs when the influence of the other independent variables was taken into account. The 50-yd dash time and % fat were found to be the most important determinants of both distance runs. It was concluded that determinants of the 600-yd run and mile run in elementary-school-age children are complex and that individual differences on these tests reflect a number of attributes in addition to cardiovascular-respiratory capacity.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

Relationships between performance scores in reading achievement, Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception, Lincoln-Oseretsky Motor Development Scale, two perceptual-motor tasks and eye-hand dominance tests were studied in 75 first and second grade children. Correlations among many variables were significant although none were high enough for reliable prediction of one variable from another. Mixed eye-hand dominance was not found to be associated with deficient performance in any of the tests. Factor analysis failed to provide factors indicative of interrelationships among elements of visual, motor, and reading functions.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare regular and nonregular adult exercisers on selected physiological and personality measures over a four-year period. Forty-eight participants in the 1971 Purdue Adult Fitness Program were retested four years later. As a result three groups of 16 subjects each were established, based on responses to an Exercise and Leisure Questionnaire. Relevant physiological data were collected and physical fitness scores were obtained for each subject using the criterion of Ismail and others. Personality traits were assessed using the same form of the Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire as both pre- and posttests. The data were analyzed at both test periods using the ANOVA technique. The effect of different activity levels was assessed by several fitness parameters such as percent lean body weight, resting and submaximal heart rates, submaximal RQ, [Vdot]O2 max, and physical fitness score. The two regularly active groups increased significantly in physical fitness over the four-year period. At both test periods the regularly active group was significantly more confident (Factor O) than the other two groups, indicating that the relationship between physical fitness and self-confidence is stable.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

This study examined the interrelationships among perceived physical competence, motor competence, and participation in organized sport in young children. Males and females in Grades K through 4 (n = 250) were given The Perceived Competence Scale for Children (Harter, 1979) or The Pictoral Scale for Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children (Harter, Pike, Efron, Chao, & Bierer, 1983), a 9-item motor competence assessment battery, and a questionnaire regarding their participation in sport. Results revealed that perceived physical competence for children in these grade levels was not significantly related to their participation in organized sport programs. Motor competence was significantly related to participation in that participants in organized sport programs performed selected gross motor tasks better than did nonparticipants. Further, children's reported perceptions of physical competence were significantly related to their demonstrated motor competence. Discussion focused on the theoretical and practical implications of the results.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

The effects of physical education courses in judo I, judo II, handball, badminton, basketball, and volleyball on certain personality traits of male freshmen at the University of North Carolina were compared. Subjects used were randomly selected from a student population meeting prespecified constraints and assigned to the Experimental (judo I and judo II, N = 73), Control 1 (handball and volleyball, N = 34), and Control 2 (badminton and basketball, N = 42) Groups. Personality trait measures on all subjects were obtained through repeated administrations of Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, 1962 Edition of Form A; i.e., pretreatment, 8-week, and 16-week measures. Using pretreatment measures as covariates, analysis of variance techniques indicated that the judo experimental group became more warmhearted, easygoing, and participating than did either of the control groups.  相似文献   

11.
The purpose of this study was to determine the association of somatotype, body composition, and physical performance in 7- through 12-year-old boys. Two objective methods of measuring somatotype, Sheldon's trunk index method and Heath–Carter's anthropometric method, were used. Body composition was estimated as fat and lean body mass from 40K measurement, using a whole-body counter, and from two skinfold thickness measures. Physical performance measures consisted of three tests of running (mile run, 600-yd run and 50-yd dash) and two tests of jumping (standing broad jump and vertical jump). In general, somatotype components had lower correlations with running and jumping variables than did body composition or body size variables such as height, weight, and percent fat. Heath and Carter's third component, derived from the inverse ponderal index, correlated more closely with performance scores than did other components of somatotype. Somatotype components in combination with each other and with body size and body composition variables in a multiple regression analysis indicated little association with running performance, but some association with jumping. Mesomorphy and second component were the least significant somatotype components, as indicated by the standardized regression coefficients.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

Thirty national level female fencers were studied with the Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire and the Edwards Personal Preference Study to determine if there were distinct personality traits characteristic of champion level female fencers and if there was any correlation between personality traits and level of achievement in the 1968 National Championship. A definite fencer's personality emerged when they were compared with the national norms. In general, the competitive fencer may he described as a very reserved, self-sufficient, autonomous individual with a below-average desire for affiliation and nurturance. She has a strong need to be the very best and is an intelligent, creative, experimenting, and imaginative person. She also tends to be assertive and aggressive. An analysis of variance revealed that only one personality factor would differentiate levels of achievement. The top level competitor was significantly more dominating than the low level competitor.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of variable decision-making teaching models upon the development of body coordination and self-concept of children in grades one through five. Students in two socioeconomically equivalent schools of a large, inner-city school system constituted the sample (N = 285) for this study. Intact classroom groups from the experimental school were randomly assigned to one of two experimental treatments. The control school did not receive any treatment. The experimental treatments consisted of two physical education programs which varied only in the type of teacher behavior exhibited. Cheffers' Adaptation of Flanders' Interaction Analysis System (Cheffers, Mancini, & Marlinek, 1980) was used to verify the two treatments used. The Schilling Body Coordination Test (Schilling & Kephart, 1976) was used to evaluate motor skill development, and the Marlinek-Zaichkowsky Self-Concept Scale (1977) was used to evaluate self-concept development. Results indicated that learners can be given decision-making responsibility within the physical education environment and, at the same time, maintain a level of motor skill achievement equal to that of learners who have not been allowed to make decisions within the learning environment. No conclusions could be drawn concerning the effects of student decision making upon self-concept development. Additional results indicated that the development of body coordination is a function of maturation, and that no relationship exists between self-concept and body coordination.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

Selected physiological and psychomotor variables of depressed and nondepressed psychiatric patients were investigated. A comparison of the fractionated MMPI D Scale and Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) was also made. A further subsidiary problem studied was the role of alcoholism in depression as it contributed to selected physiological and psychomotor variables. Participants in this study consisted of 69 male psychiatric patients between the ages of 20 and 50 years. All patients were tested within 48 hours after admission to the Toledo State Hospital and prior to the administration of medication. Previous research indicating that motor dysfunction was closely related to the degree of psychopathology was generally not substantiated by this investigation. It was concluded that the patient's verbalization of physiological and psychomotor retardation appeared to mirror his affective state rather than his physical competence. The SDS appeared to be the most efficacious method of assessing quantitatively the common clinical view of depression. The alcoholic patient appeared to be characterized by an elevated “preparedness to react.”  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

The study was designed to determine the relationships between achievement in reading and achievement in selected motor skills for children in grades 1, 3, 5. The Iowa tests of basic skills were used to determine reading achievement and the Johnson motor achievement battery was employed to measure achievement in selected motor skills. The Pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation was applied to compute the relationships between the reading and motor achievement variables. The subjects were divided into three reading achievement levels and Scheffe's method of comparing pairs of means from a two-way analysis of variance table was employed to determine if the achievement differences in the motor skills tests were significant. The following conclusions were drawn: a) Highly significant correlations were found to exist between achievement in reading and the throw and catch test and achievement in reading and the zig-zag run test; b) Little or no consistent relationship existed between achievement in reading and the kicking test or the jump and reach test; c) Significant differences among the selected reading levels were found for the throw and catch test and the zig-zag run test; d) Few significant differences among the selected reading levels were found for the kicking test and for the jump and reach test.  相似文献   

16.
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17.
Abstract

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of a supplementary physical education program in improving selected motor skills and behavior adjustment of primary school children who were poor in motor skills and deficient in behavior adjustment. Tests were administered to members of two experimental groups (instruction and non-instruction) and two control groups (deviant and normal) at various times during a one-year period. Improvement in motor performance demonstrated by each of the two experimental groups was significantly greater than such improvement made by each of the control groups. The level of motor performance attained by each of the experimental groups did not significantly differ from the level of motor performance exhibited by normal primary school children. Changes in behavior adjustment among the participants were not statistically significant.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

This article presents seven tests which were devised for measuring selected motor skills in fourth, fifth, and sixth grade boys and girls. An analysis of the data indicated that the tests were reliable for the population measured, and that age, height, and weight factors were not statistically significant in determining performance as measured by these tests. Performance standards were computed for each sex within each grade level.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

This study evaluated the influence of biological and environmental variables on the differences between the throwing performance of 5-year-old girls and boys. A total of 100 children (48 girls, 52 boys) were tested on throwing for distance and rated on two components of throwing form—trunk rotation, and foot action. Children were evaluated on eight biological characteristics—height, weight, body mass index, ponderal index, sum of four skinfolds, body diameters, arm and leg girths, and somatotypes—and four environmental characteristics—older brother, older sister, presence of adult male, and playing with older children. Results indicated that boys threw farther than girls and exhibited more mature form. Boys had greater joint diameters than girls, a smaller sum of four skinfolds, and more estimated arm muscle. Boys were more likely to play regularly with older children. Girls' throwing performance was only 57% that of boys, but when throwing was adjusted for a linear composite of biological variables, girls' throwing performance increased to 69% of boys'. Thus, while the differences in most motor performance tasks between boys and girls prior to puberty have been attributed to environmental factors, some of the differences in throwing performance appears to reflect biological characteristics, even as early as 5 years of age.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

A cross-sectional study was carried out to analyse, through a limited number of fitness tests, the main conditioning and coordinative abilities in children aged 8–9 years, and their relationship with gender, anthropometric variables and physical activity habits. The height and weight of 256 boys and 241 girls were measured and information about physical activity habits was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Physical performance was assessed by means of a few standardised tests: ‘sit & reach’, medicine-ball forward throw, standing long jump, 20 m running speed, and forward roll test. In both boys and girls, body weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) were positively correlated with the medicine-ball throw performances and negatively correlated for the standing long jump and speed tests, while no association was found with tests measuring back flexibility and total body coordination. Daily physical activity and participation in sport were not significantly correlated with body weight and BMI, but were positively associated with children's motor performance. The standardised fitness tests selected in the current study have been found to be suitable to identify fitness levels of primary school children. Thanks to their limited number and ease of measurement, they can be used in any school context to classify children and for monitoring the effects of targeted interventions promoting physical activity.  相似文献   

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