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1.
Abstract The relationship between organ weight and swimming capacity was determined in 42 male albino rats. Upon completion of a 4-week training program, the animals were forced to swim to exhaustion with 2 percent of the body weight attached. They were sacrificed and specific gravity and organ weights determined. The results warrant the following conclusions: A significant (p < .05) but low correlation exists between the relative weight of the spleen and lungs with swimming performance. The correlation of relative heart weight and swimming performance approached statistical significance (p < .06). Attaching a weight proportional to the body weight to increase the energy cost of swimming penalizes the heavier animals. Correcting for the inverse relationship between body weight and swim time does not alter appreciably the relationships between organ weights and swim time. 相似文献
2.
Donald H. Hardin 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):405-407
Abstract Endurance testing of small animals has been evident in the physical education literature in recent years (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8). Probably there will be an increase in the use of the laboratory rat in exercise testing, as the animal lends itself well to experimentations involving the effects of exercise during the formative periods on the adult, the effects of exercise on food consumption or voluntary exercise, the effects of radiation on endurance, and environmental effects on exercise. It is felt that standard methods of endurance testing with the laboratory rat should be developed to aid the investigator undertaking a study using the rat as an experimental animal. This study was an attempt to determine the reliability of some of the better known methods of measuring the swimming endurance of the laboratory rat. One of the following four tests was given to each group of 20 albino rats, trained for 5 weeks with a swimming regimen which progressed until each animal could swim for a period of 2 hr. without removal from the swimming tank. The water temperature was held at 30 C (± 2 degrees C). The tank used for the training was a circular one, 30 in. in diameter. After the 5-week conditioning period the rats were given the appropriate test, then retested after a one day rest, and then destroyed. A new group of animals was used for each endurance test. 相似文献
3.
Allen Jackson Andrew S. Jackson Ronald G. Frankiewicz 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):641-648
This study investigated the construct and concurrent validity of a 12-minute crawl stroke swim as a field test of swimming endurance. A sample of 42 male college students who ranged from certified life savers to competitive swimmers were administered three tests. The first, a multistage swimming endurance test, required that a tethered subject swim to exhaustion under a linear progressive increase in workload. The second measure was the crawl stroke count for two lengths of a 25-yard pool. The third test was a 12-minute crawl stroke swim for distance with total distance and distance covered each minute recorded for each subject. Alpha factor analysis of the 12 minute intervals of the crawl stroke swim produced one factor which demonstrated that swimming performance was internally consistent during the 12-minute swim. There was a correlation of .898 (p < .01) between the 12-minute swim and the tethered swim test. Cross validity procedures demonstrated a high degree of stability for the correlation between the 12-minute swim and the tethered swim and for resulting regression statistics. The construct validity was established for both the multistage test and the 12-minute swim using the known groups approach. On the basis of the data the 12-minute swim is a valid field test for swimming endurance for the population studied. 相似文献
4.
Robert G. McMurray 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):738-746
Abstract Eight college swimmers were tested on a swimming ergometer to investigate the effects of body position on land and immersion in the water on the heart rate recovery after swimming exercise. The subjects swam at a predetermined work load for 5 min. and then assumed one of the four conditions for recovery (erect and supine on the deck, motionless and swimming in the water). Heart rates were recorded for the 3 min. of recovery. After the allowance for recovery, the subject was timed for a 200-yd. swim. No statistically significant differences were noted when comparing the recovery heart rates for the four conditions. The same was found true when comparing the 200-yd. swim times. It was noted that the swim was felt to be harder when recovery was completed in an erect or supine position than after light exercise in the water. 相似文献
5.
Dale O. Nelson 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):389-393
Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of swimming on selected components of athletic performance as measured by the following tests: back strength, leg strength, bicycle ergometer (combination of strength and endurance, but predominantly endurance), and vertical jump (explosive power). Subjects were pretested for three days on each test, after which they participated in 45 minutes of swimming, and performance was tested oh one test one hour after the swim on any given day. A single day's swimming was found to significantly affect the vertical jump, but other performance tests were not affected. 相似文献
6.
Jack H. Wilmore 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(1):203-210
Abstract The relationship between maximal oxygen intake (Max V02) and the capacity for endurance performance was investigated in a sample of 30 male university students. Each subject performed two work capacity tests on a bicycle ergometer from which continuous, minute-by-minute oxygen intake values, the amount of work performed (kilopond-meters), and the length of the ride (seconds) were obtained. In addition, lean body weight and percent body fat were measured in order to ascertain their importance in the above relationship. The results indicate a fairly high correlation (r = .84) between Max VO2 (liters/min.) and endurance capacity, but this relationship was reduced considerably when Max VO2 was expressed relative to body weight (r=.37) and lean body weight (r = .18). However, when the influence of body weight and lean body weight were held statistically constant, the correlations of endurance capacity with Max VO2 (ml/kg per min.) and Max VO2 (ml/LBW/ min.) increased to r=.78 and r = .64 respectively. Thus, it was concluded that there is a substantial relationship between endurance capacity and Max V02 which is essentially independent of the form in which Max VO2 is reported providing the influence of body weight and lean body weight on both variables are taken into account. 相似文献
7.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(6):413-420
Abstract High-intensity intermittent exercise substantially increases muscle glucose transport, which is thought to be the rate-limiting step for glycogen synthesis. In the present study, we compared muscle glycogen supercompensation after high-intensity intermittent exercise with that observed after low-intensity continuous exercise in rats. Four- to five-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats performed either low-intensity swimming (240 min of swimming exercise with a weight equivalent to 1% of their body mass; LOW) or high-intensity swimming (twenty 30-s swimming bouts with 30 s rest between bouts with a weight equivalent to 16% of their body mass; HIGH) to deplete muscle glycogen. After the glycogen-depleting exercise, rats were given a rodent chow diet plus 5% glucose solution for 6 h or 24 h. Immediately after the two types of exercise, glycogen concentration in rat epitrochlearis muscle was similarly depleted. After the 6-h and 24-h recovery periods, muscle glycogen concentrations in both the HIGH and LOW groups were restored well above the normally fed state. Furthermore, muscle glycogen accumulation in the HIGH group for the 6-h and 24-h recovery periods was not significantly different from that observed in the LOW group. The high-intensity intermittent swimming exercise also induced muscle glycogen supercompensation in well-trained rats that had performed 7 days of endurance swimming training (6 h per day). Our results indicate that high-intensity intermittent exercise as well as low-intensity continuous exercise could induce glycogen supercompensation in rat skeletal muscle. 相似文献
8.
Kerry J. Stewart Christine M. Williams Bernard Gutin 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):413-419
Abstract The relationship between cardiorespiratory (CR) endurance performance and various physiological and anthropometric measures was determined in 33 college women. Bivariate and multiple regression analysis was used to determine the extent to which the independent variables, individually and collectively, accounted for the variance in the 2-km run. Independent variables included maximal [Vdot]O2, [Vdot]E, R, and HR; submaximal HR; response to a standard workload of steps during a l-min steptest; percent body fat predicted from skinfolds; body circumferences; height; and weight. [Vdot]O2 max in ml/kg of body weight accounted for the greatest amount of variance in run time (39%). The steptest added 5.9%, the other physiological measures collectively added 9.7%, while the anthropometric measures collectively added only 2.1% to the explained variance for a total of 56.7%. Although anthropometric factors play a role in CR endurance performance, their influence is small in this population when physiological factors are accounted for. 相似文献
9.
Gail M. Dummer David H. Clarke Paul Vaccaro Lee Vander Velden Allan H. Goldfarb James M. Sockler 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):97-102
Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine age-related differences in muscular strength and muscular endurance among 73 female masters swimmers aged 24 to 71 years. Each subject was assessed on measures of body size, grip strength, peak isokinetic torque of shoulder and knee flexion and extension, and endurance of shoulder and knee movements. Although swim training appears to have resulted in higher strength values for these swimmers than for less active women, an age-related decline in muscular strength values was nevertheless apparent. The results fail to reveal a similar age-related trend for muscular endurance, suggesting that swim training influences muscular endurance more than muscular strength among adult women. 相似文献
10.
Abstract The swim section of Sprint- and Olympic-distance triathlon race formats is integral to the success of subsequent cycle and running disciplines, and to overall race performance. The current body of swimming-based triathlon research suggests that the energy used, and the positioning gained among competitors during the swim, is important in determining the success of an athlete's race, especially professional athletes in draft-legal settings. Furthermore, by swimming at a reduced intensity, it has been shown that the performance of the subsequent disciplines may be enhanced. However, reductions in energy output can be obtained without compromising swimming speed. This review highlights the importance of swimming intensity during a triathlon and how it impacts on the ensuing cycle and run. Furthermore, consideration is given to current methods used to manipulate swimming performance. 相似文献
11.
目的:通过对4周负重游泳运动前、后小鼠脾脏CD4+CD25+Treg表达水平变化及相关细胞因子IL-2、IL-10和TGF-β1水平变化的分析,探讨和研究有氧耐力运动对小鼠脾脏CD4+CD25+Treg表达及细胞因子IL-2、IL-10和TGF-β的影响。方法:KM种雄性小鼠100只随机分为对照组(50只)和运动组(50只)。运动各组分别按运动方案进行45min的负重(5%体重)游泳运动每天1次,每周6次。分别于实验前、每周末次运动后24h,处死小鼠,摘取脾脏和胸腺、采集血样。计算脾指数和胸腺指数,流式细胞仪检测小鼠脾脏CD4+CD25+Treg的表达,ELISA法测定血清IL-2、IL-10和TGF-β含量。结果:在4周负重游泳运动过程中,运动组小鼠脾指数在第1周末增加并在随后2、3、4周表现出下降的趋势,胸腺指数表现为逐周减少。运动组小鼠脾脏CD4+CD25+Treg的表达率表现为逐周增高,运动3周组、4周组高于运动0周组和对照组(P<0.05)。运动2周组和3周组血清IL-2水平升高,高于对照组(P<0.05);运动3周组和4周组血清IL-10和TGF-β1水平高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:4周有氧耐力游泳运动可延缓小鼠脾脏生长,加快胸腺萎缩,进而影响免疫器官的发育和功能。4周有氧耐力游泳运动可诱导小鼠T细胞活化,脾脏CD4+CD25+Treg表达水平提高,血清IL-10和TGF-β1水平升高,诱导免疫偏移。 相似文献
12.
Dr. B. Robert Carlson 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):475-480
Abstract Relative isometric endurance tests of 50, 60, 70, and 80 percent weight loads were used to evaluate the muscular endurance of three groups of male college students. The 47 students were grouped according to level of athletic achievement. Analysis of variance models failed to detect any differences between the endurance of the three groups. Consideration was given to the use of relative endurance tests for evaluating levels of motivation. 相似文献
13.
Abstract Six female collegiate swimmers were used to evaluate the hypothesis that the recovery procedure after exercise will not only affect subsequent performance, but will also affect the recovery process after the subsequent performance. Each swimmer exercised for two minutes at 90% [Vdot]O2 max on a swimming ergometer, recovered for 15 minutes by walking on land or swimming, then swam 200 yds. for time. Oxygen uptake was measured for 15 minutes after the 200 yd. swim. Venous blood, obtained after the ergometry swim, and before and after the 200 yd. swim, was analyzed for lactate. Two hundred yard swim times were not significantly affected by either the walking or swimming recovery procedures. Blood lactate after the ergometry swim averaged 96.7 ± 18 mg/100 ml. The swimming recovery reduced the lactate levels by 53.3% compared to a 38.5% reduction during the walking recovery. Significant differences in blood lactate were also noted after the 200 yd. swim, with the trials in which swimming recovery protocol was used yielding less than the trials involving the walking recovery (99 ± 8 mg/100 ml compared to 113 ± 8 mg/100 ml, respectively). The post 200 yd. swim oxygen uptakes averaged 7.74 ± 1.51 liters and were not affected by protocol. It was concluded that a 15 minute recovery period may be sufficient for repeated bouts of high intensity work lasting less than three minutes. It was also concluded that self-selection of the mode of recovery is not always the most effective for removal of blood lactate. 相似文献
14.
葛根素对游泳训练小鼠红细胞和血红蛋白升高的消退作用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
观察葛根素对游泳训练小鼠血液成分和运动能力的影响。将 4 0只小鼠随机分成对照组、葛根素对照组、游泳训练组和葛根素游泳训练组。游泳训练小鼠分别进行 6周每天 80 min的游泳训练 ,葛根素实验小鼠游泳训练开始后第 3周腹腔注射 6 0 m g/ kg葛根素 ,对照组注射等体积生理盐水 ,连续 3周 ,于游泳停止后 4 h进行尾静脉取血 ,测定白细胞、红细胞、血小板和血红蛋白等指标 ;次日进行一次性力竭游泳。结果表明 ,游泳训练组小鼠的血红蛋白浓度、红细胞数、血小板数都比对照组明显增加 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,而葛根素游泳训练组血红蛋白、红细胞数和血小板数与对照组之间则无明显差异。葛根素游泳训练组小鼠的力竭游泳时间与游泳训练组比较明显延长 (P<0 .0 5 )。说明葛根素可降低因运动训练引起的血红蛋白的升高、红细胞数和血小板数的增多 ,降低血液的粘度 ,延长力竭游泳的时间 ,提高机体的运动能力。 相似文献
15.
Abstract Eighteen girth, skinfold, cardiovascular, cable tension strength, and response time measurements were obtained in order to assess the effects of weight reduction on a group of college wrestlers. In 10 of the 18 measurements mean differences were found to be significant at the .05 level from the statistical analysis provided by a repeated measures analysis of variance. It was generally concluded that for the ten subjects studied up to 7 percent of body weight may be lost without adversely affecting factors apparently related to wrestling performance —strength, cardiovascular endurance, and response time. 相似文献
16.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(3):145-154
Abstract The purpose of this study was to characterize changes and variability in test performance of swimmers within and between seasons over their elite competitive career. Forty elite swimmers (24 male, 16 female) performed a 7×200-m incremental swimming step test several times each 6-month season (10±5 tests, spanning 0.5–6.0?y). Mixed linear modeling provided estimates of percent change in the mean and individual responses (within-athlete variation as a coefficient of variation) for measures based on submaximal performance (fixed 4-mM lactate), maximal performance (the seventh step) and lean mass (from skinfolds and body mass). Submaximal and maximal swim speed increased within each season from pre to taper phase by ～2.2% for females and ～1.5% for males (95% confidence limits ±1.0%), with variable contributions from stroke rate and stroke length. Most of the gains in speed were lost in the off-season, leaving a net average annual improvement of ～1.0% for females and ～0.6% for males (±1.0%). For submaximal and maximal speed, individual variation between phases was ±2.2% and the typical measurement error was ±0.80%. Step test and anthropometric measures can be used to confidently monitor progressions in swimmers in an elite training program within and between seasons. 相似文献
17.
Abstract The purpose of the study was to determine whether there are differences in kinematics between sprint and distance front crawl specialists when swimming at a distance pace using a six beat kick. Seven sprint and eight distance male specialists performed one maximum 400 m swim through a 6.75 m3 calibrated space recorded by six gen-locked cameras. The following variables were calculated: average swim velocity, stroke length, stroke frequency, upper limb and foot displacement, elbow angle, the shoulder and hip roll angle, duration of the stroke phases and time corresponding to particular events within the stroke cycle relative to hand entry. Differences between the groups were assessed by an independent t-test and effect size (d) calculations for each variable. The groups only differed significantly with respect to the average swim velocity, with the distance swimmers maintaining a greater velocity throughout the 400 m. However, effect sizes were moderate for elbow angle range during the pull phase (d = 0.78) and the total hip roll magnitude (d = 0.76). There was little evidence to suggest that sprint and distance swimmers using a six beat kick pattern differ in technique when swimming at a distance pace and therefore coaches should not encourage the development of different techniques between these groups. 相似文献
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19.
Melody Oliver Hannah M. Badland Grant M. Schofield Janine Shepherd 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):779-783
Abstract This study was designed to investigate the swimming endurance trainability of smokers as compared to nonsmokers. Nonsmokers (N = 47) and smokers (N = 34) of college age were selected from intermediate swimming classes and timed while swimming distances of 100 yd. and 200 yd. prior to participation in an 8-week training program. After 4 weeks of training, swimming times were again recorded for these same distances. At the end of eight weeks, swimming times were taken for distances of 100, 200, and 400 yards. The mean changes of both smokers and nonsmokers during the pretraining to 4-week period, the 4-week to 8-week period, and the pretraining to 8-week period were all significant at the .05 level. However, no significant differences were found between the mean swimming times of smokers and nonsmokers for any of the pretraining, 4-week, or 8-week distances. 相似文献
20.
AbstractThis study examined changes in the propulsive force and stroke parameters of arm-amputee and able-bodied swimmers during tethered swimming. Eighteen well-trained female swimmers (nine unilateral arm amputees and nine able-bodied) were videotaped performing maximal-effort 30 s front-crawl swims, while attached to a load cell mounted on a pool wall. Tether force, stroke rate, stroke phase durations and inter-arm angle were quantified. The able-bodied group produced significantly higher mean and maximum tether forces than the amputee group. The mean of the intra-cyclic force peaks was very similar for both groups. Mean and maximum tether force had significant negative associations with 100 m swim time, for both groups. Both groups exhibited a similar fatigue index (relative decrease in tether force) during the test, but the amputees had a significantly greater stroke rate decline. A significant positive association between stroke rate decline and fatigue index was obtained for the able-bodied group only. Inter-arm angle and relative phase durations did not change significantly during the test for either group, except the recovery phase duration of the arm amputees, which decreased significantly. This study’s results can contribute to the development of a more evidence-based classification system for swimmers with a disability. 相似文献