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1.
A major conclusion from the last decade of research on children with poor reading performance is that early, systematic instruction in phonological awareness and letter-sound correspondences improves early reading and spelling skills and results in a reduction of the number of students who are reading below grade level. To teach reading to at-risk students and students with learning disabilities, teachers need to have positive perceptions regarding the role of systematic, explicit instruction, as well as knowledge of English language structure. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions and knowledge of general educators at two professional levels toward early literacy instruction for students at risk for reading failure. Unfortunately, our findings are similar to those obtained by Moats in 1994: Many general education teachers, at both preservice and inservice levels, are not prepared adequately for this challenging task. 相似文献
2.
《Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties》2013,18(1):17-24
Abstract In the context of a national inquiry into the teaching of literacy in Australia, an investigation of beliefs about early reading and spelling instruction and knowledge of metalinguistics of primary pre‐service teachers in Western Australia was undertaken. We also sought to discover how confident this group felt about teaching reading and spelling and how their teacher training could better prepare them for these complex and challenging tasks. Results indicated that pre‐service teachers in this particular sample were strongly in favour of code‐based instruction and believed that it was important to know how to assess and teach phonological awareness and phonics. Despite these beliefs, it was found that knowledge of spoken and written language structure and linguistics terminology was not well developed and only 7 per cent of participants stated that they felt well prepared to teach reading and spelling. These findings highlight a disparity between what educators know and believe and what convergent research purports as effective early reading and spelling instruction. 相似文献
3.
Are preservice teachers prepared to teach struggling readers? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Reading disabilities such as dyslexia, a specific learning disability that affects an individual’s ability to process written
language, are estimated to affect 15–20% of the general population. Consequently, elementary school teachers encounter students
who struggle with inaccurate or slow reading, poor spelling, poor writing, and other language processing difficulties. However,
recent evidence may suggest that teacher preparation programs are not providing preservice teachers with information about
basic language constructs and other components related to scientifically based reading instruction. As a consequence preservice
teachers have not exhibited explicit knowledge of such concepts in previous studies. Few studies have sought to assess preservice
teachers’ knowledge about dyslexia in conjunction with knowledge of basic language concepts. The purpose of the present study
was to examine elementary school preservice teachers’ knowledge of basic language constructs and their perceptions and knowledge
about dyslexia. Findings from the present study suggest that preservice teachers, on average, are able to display implicit
skills related to certain basic language constructs (i.e., syllable counting), but fail to demonstrate explicit knowledge
of others (i.e., phonics principles). Also, preservice teachers seem to hold the common misconception that dyslexia is a visual
perception deficit rather than a problem with phonological processing. Implications for future research as well as teacher
preparation are discussed. 相似文献
4.
Early interactive processes of development in reading, spelling and implicit and explicit phonological awareness were assessed in a group of children at four time-points as they progressed through their first three years in school. Exploratory causal path analyses were used to investigate the contribution of each ability to the subsequent growth of skill in reading, spelling and phonological awareness. The resultant structural models demonstrate a role of spelling in the early stages of reading acquisition, as well as differential contributions of implicit and explicit phonological awareness to both reading and spelling. They also suggest a developmental cascade from implicit to explicit phonemic awareness in the normal acquisition of phonological knowledge and associated skills. In the early formulative stages of reading implicit phonemic awareness and reading act reciprocally to build skill in each other. But, as ability in word recognition improves, implicit phonemic awareness plays a diminished role in reading. This pattern of initial reciprocal influence and later dissociation is repeated in the relationship between implicit phoneme awareness and spelling. Explicit phonemic awareness is an important factor in the first stages of spelling development but only emerges later as a significant contributor to reading. The early influence of explicit phoneme awareness on spelling, in conjunction with the major contribution of spelling to beginning reading, indicates that experience in spelling promotes the use of a phonological strategy in reading. Within a developmental context, explicit phoneme awareness initially appears to grow out of an implicit appreciation of the overall sound properties of words. Thereafter, ability to identify and segment phonemes develops independently of implicit phonemic awareness and plays an increasingly important role in the further growth of reading and spelling. 相似文献
5.
In the Jackson and Coltheart theory of acquisition of word reading it is claimed that, near the beginning of the partial alphabetic
phase of development, children have full use of abstract letter units (ALUs). This claim and less exclusive alternatives were
examined. In Experiment 1, normal progress children with on average 9 months of school reading instruction, either with or
without explicit phonics, read with moderate accuracy (orthographically) familiar words in upper-case letters (e.g., AND)
that are visually dissimilar from their lower-case forms. Lower-case forms were read with greater accuracy but only for familiar
words, there being no letter-case effect for less familiar words. Children with explicit phonics showed less impairment in
reading accuracy when words were presented in upper-case form than children without such phonics. Children with on average
22 months of instruction, in Experiment 2, read relatively unfamiliar words that required some phonological mediation. Those
without explicit phonics instruction read words with digraphs in unfamiliar upper case less accurately than in lower case,
while those with explicit phonics showed no such letter-case difference. The results supported the view that children do not
have full use of ALUs in early alphabetic reading, both children with and without explicit phonics to some extent using letter
identities specific to lower case for representation of familiar words. 相似文献
6.
Teachers’ acquisition of knowledge about English word structure 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Previous research suggests that teachers’ knowledge about English word structure (e.g., the phonological structure of words
and common orthographic patterns in English) may be limited, although this knowledge is important for effective teaching of
word decoding. This study examined teacher education students’ knowledge about word structure, and improvements in their knowledge
as a result of instruction, using three tasks: graphophonemic segmentation, classification of pseudowords by syllable type,
and classification of real words as phonetically regular or irregular. Participants came from a special education certification
program and included both preservice and inservice teachers. Results indicated that prior preparation to teach reading influenced
participants’ initial performance on two of the three word-structure tasks (all but graphophonemic segmentation); however,
prior experience in teaching reading did not influence word-structure knowledge. A subset of participants who received specific
instruction about word structure improved their knowledge relative to a comparison group of teacher education students who
did not receive word-structure instruction. Prior preparation did not influence participants’ responsiveness to instruction.
Conclusions support the viewpoint that teacher education must include information about English word structure for educators
who will teach reading and suggest that sufficiently intensive instruction may be important in developing word-structure knowledge. 相似文献
7.
Lori E. Skibbe Hope K. Gerde Tanya S. Wright Chelsea R. Samples-Steele 《Early Childhood Education Journal》2016,44(3):225-233
Commonly used early childhood curricula were examined to consider the degree to which they support research-based instruction for phonological awareness (PA) and phonics. A content analysis was completed for two types of curricula widely used in Head Start: overarching general curricula and lesson-based curricula, which usually provide more explicit teaching instructions. Both types of curriculum demonstrated the same pattern of findings; while all curricula included some content aligned with standards, programs differed greatly in the number of objectives and instructional strategies included for PA and phonics instruction. Overall, curricula were most likely to address earlier developing PA skills (e.g., rhyming, alliteration) with more limited attention to advanced skills that are closely linked with reading development (e.g., segmenting and blending of phonemes). Phonics instruction was not included often in any of the curricula studied, and opportunities for individualizing instruction were rare, particularly for children with special needs. Results suggest that instructional recommendations for PA and phonics in most of these commonly-used Head Start curricula, even those curricula which typically provide more explicit instruction for teachers, do not align with the instruction provided in effective intervention studies, and therefore may not be powerful enough to influence children’s reading trajectories. 相似文献
8.
Philip B. Gough 《Annals of dyslexia》1996,46(1):1-20
The present article considers the contrast between conceptions of reading as a natural and as an unnatural act, relying on
the simple view of reading as a theoretical framework (Gough and Tunmer 1986). According to the simple view, reading comprehension
is a product of both listening comprehension and decoding. Here it is argued that the comprehension aspect of reading depends
on those same—natural—forces that govern acquisition of spoken language, whereas decoding depends on explicit tutelage, with
little evidence that children will induce the cipher from simple exposure to written words and their pronunciations (sight-word
instruction). Rejecting both sight-word and phonics instruction as inadequate in and of themselves, evidence is reviewed suggesting
that successful readers require explicit awareness of the phonological structure of spoken words, which can and should be
taught in kindergarten, prior to formal reading instruction. Beyond this point, reading success depends on a modicum of phonics
instruction together with extensive practice with reading itself. 相似文献
9.
Caressa Janssen Eliane Segers James M. McQueen Ludo Verhoeven 《Early education and development》2019,30(3):375-399
Research Findings: The present study compared effects of explicit instruction on and practice with the phonological form of words (form-focused instruction) versus explicit instruction on and practice with the meaning of words (meaning-focused instruction). Instruction was given via interactive storybook reading in the kindergarten classroom of children learning Dutch. We asked whether the 2 types of instruction had different effects on vocabulary development and 2 precursors of reading ability—phonological awareness and letter knowledge—and we examined effects on these measures of the ability to learn new words with minimal acoustic-phonetic differences. Learners showed similar receptive target-word vocabulary gain after both types of instruction, but learners who received form-focused vocabulary instruction showed more gain in semantic knowledge of target vocabulary, phonological awareness, and letter knowledge than learners who received meaning-focused vocabulary instruction. Level of ability to learn pairs of words with minimal acoustic-phonetic differences predicted gain in semantic knowledge of target vocabulary and in letter knowledge in the form-focused instruction group only. Practice or Policy: A focus on the form of words during instruction appears to have benefits for young children learning vocabulary. 相似文献
10.
The Discrepancy Hypothesis posits that childrenearly in the acquisition process read visually(holistically) and spell phonologically. Thisclaim was examined and rejected. Weinvestigated reading and spelling in Grade 1and Grade 2 children using controlled nonwordand word materials with a variety oforthographic patterns. While reading andspelling were strongly correlated even amongthe younger readers, discrepancies betweenperformance levels occurred in both directions. Children's responses were affected by wordcharacteristics and whether or not theyreceived school phonics instruction. Phonologically complex words, such as thosecontaining consonant clusters, wereparticularly difficult for Grade 1 children toread, while words that were difficult to spellcorrectly but not to read tended to havemultivalent mappings from sound to spelling.The generation of reading responses tospecially selected nonwords was affected byboth implicit and explicit phonological sourcesof knowledge. Orthographic knowledge gained inspelling did not always transfer to reading,and vice versa. 相似文献
11.
Examining preservice teacher content and pedagogical content knowledge needed to teach reading in elementary school 
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下载免费PDF全文 Recently, increased attention has been placed on the importance of having knowledgeable and skilled teachers in order to influence reading achievement. Yet many international reports suggest that large numbers of children are not learning to read. How can we better prepare teachers with the necessary knowledge to teach reading? The current study examined the reading instructional knowledge of elementary education preservice teachers (N = 87) from two teacher education programmes. Programme A required five reading methods courses and Programme B required two methods courses. Findings indicate that the preservice teachers presented fairly robust levels of knowledge in the areas of phonological awareness, phonics, comprehension and vocabulary. However, we found statistically significant differences in knowledge based on the programme attended and the number of courses completed. Suggestions for improving reading teacher education are provided. 相似文献
12.
Disciplinary knowledge of K-3 teachers and their knowledge calibration in the domain of early literacy 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Recently, investigators have begun to pay increasing attention to the role of teachers’ domain-specific knowledge in the area
of reading, and its implications for both classroom practice and student learning. The aims of the present study were to assess
kindergarten to third grade teachers’ actual and perceived reading related subject matter knowledge, and to investigate the
extent to which teachers calibrate their reading related subject matter knowledge by examining relationships between actual
and perceived knowledge. Results indicated that while teachers demonstrated limited knowledge of children’s literature, phoneme
awareness, and phonics, the majority of these same teachers evaluated their knowledge levels quite positively. Teachers demonstrated
some ability to calibrate their own knowledge levels in the area of children’s literature, yet they were poorly calibrated
in the domains of phoneme awareness and phonics. These findings suggest that teachers tend to overestimate their reading related
subject matter knowledge, and are often unaware of what they know and do not know. Implications for the design of teacher
education at both the preservice and inservice levels are discussed.
Note: This research was funded through the National Science Foundation IERI 00-74 Initiative to Anne E. Cunningham, University
of California, Berkeley. acunning@uclink.berkeley.edu 相似文献
13.
Phonological processing problems have been consideredcritical in explaining developmental readingdisability. Reading disabled children were comparedwith two matched reading-level normal control groupson indicators of phonological processing. The readingdisabled children had lower nonword readingperformance than the phonics taught controls. However, performance was equivalent to that of thecontrols without phonics teaching. Therefore anonword reading deficit was not in itself diagnosticof developmental reading disability. The readingdisabled children and the non-phonics control groupwho exhibited lower nonword reading did not differfrom the phonics taught control group in phonemeawareness, nor in magnitude of the word regularityeffect. Nevertheless, within all groups thosechildren with higher phonemic awareness skills showedlarger word regularity effects and better nonwordreading. Processes involving two sources of knowledgefor phonological recoding are discussed asexplanations of these and many previous results onphonological deficits and of the phonological effectsof phonics instruction. 相似文献
14.
Learning to read is a process that begins well before children commence formal schooling and well before children learn to decode print. Children's early reading skills are, first and foremost, foundationally contingent upon children's oral language and phonological awareness proficiencies – skills that can be mapped across a continuum of development from speech‐to‐print. Nine educators from Victoria, Australia, were interviewed, asked to share their understandings and planning for literacy learning when working with 2–3‐year‐old children. Findings showed that the educators exposed children to opportunities to develop their communication and oral language skills, privileging general conversation and storybook reading. However, some educators appeared unaware of the various stages of phonological awareness and/or appeared to privilege phonics over and above earlier stages of development. The authors recommend that educators, managers and course designers seeking to support young children's emergent literacy development use a framework such as the one presented in this paper to evaluate their knowledges/practices/programmes and that further, larger scale research be conducted that compares educators' interview data with what they do in practice. 相似文献
15.
Awareness of the internal phonological structure of words is a causal factor in success with the alphabetic principle in word
recognition. However, findings with the Lindamood Auditory Conceptualization (LAC) Test reveal 25–30% of the population show
deficiency in a subtle component of phonological awareness termed comparator function. We argue that this comparator function—an
ability to hold the phoneme and/or syllable segments of two phonological structures in mind and compare and represent any
variations in the number, identity, or order of their segments—is a primary sensory-cognitive function underlying the secondary
function of self-correction in word recognition and spelling. And since word recognition correlates highly with comprehension,
comparator function also indirectly impacts this basic purpose for reading. We suggest that the needs of many individuals,
including educators themselves, for development and refinement of phonological awareness/comparator function may be misdiagnosed
and underaddressed unless more sensitive measures of phonological awareness are used. The consequence of inadequate assessment/remediation
of these deficiencies in educators is that they may be less able to assess and address these deficiencies in their students.
Standard phonics instruction is known to be ineffective in developing phonological awareness for many individuals. However,
phonological deficits can be addressed both preventively and remedially using procedures that are fundamentally different
from typical phonics instruction. 相似文献
16.
17.
This paper describes an applied training study which investigated the differential effects of two instructional methods on the reading performance of primary school children with reading difficulties. Sixty five children aged 7-10 participated. Twenty five children were assigned to each of two experimental groups: direct instruction in phonological awareness and the alphabetic principle, or the same direct instruction in phonological awareness in conjunction with training in specific metalinguistic concepts and metacognitive strategies. Fifteen children were selected as controls. Reading performance from baseline was measured within a pretest, posttest, and delayed posttest experimental design. Data and results are presented on 60 children owing to attrition. Results showed that direct instruction in phonological awareness improved the reading performance of children with reading difficulties over time. However, direct instruction in phonological awareness in conjunction with explicit training in specific metalinguistic concepts and metacognitive strategies was more advantageous overall. 相似文献
18.
Teacher reading-related knowledge (phonological awareness and phonics knowledge) predicts student reading, however little is known about the reading-related knowledge of parents. Participants comprised 70 dyads (children from kindergarten and grade 1 and their parents). Parents were administered a questionnaire tapping into reading-related knowledge, print exposure, storybook reading, and general cultural knowledge. Children were tested on measures of letter-word knowledge, sound awareness, receptive vocabulary, oral expression, and mathematical skill. Parent reading-related knowledge showed significant positive links with child letter-word knowledge and sound awareness, but showed no correlations with child measures of mathematical skill or vocabulary. Furthermore, parent reading-related knowledge was not associated with parents' own print exposure or cultural knowledge, indicating that knowledge about English word structure may be separate from other cognitive skills. Implications are discussed in terms of improving parent reading-related knowledge to promote child literacy. 相似文献
19.
Narr RF 《Journal of deaf studies and deaf education》2008,13(3):405-416
Visual phonics, a system of 45 hand and symbol cues that represent the phonemes of spoken English, has been used as a tool in literacy instruction with deaf/hard-of-hearing (DHH) students for over 20 years. Despite years of anecdotal support, there is relatively little published evidence of its impact on reading achievement. This study was designed to examine the relationship between performance on a phonological awareness task, performance on a decoding task, reading ability, and length of time in literacy instruction with visual phonics for 10 DHH kindergarten through Grade 3 students receiving academic instruction with sign-supported English and American Sign Language. Findings indicate that these students were able to use phonological information to make rhyme judgments and to decode; however, no relationship between performance on reading ability and length of time in literacy instruction with visual phonics was found. 相似文献
20.
Fifteen Portuguese children with dyslexia, aged 9–11 years, were compared with reading and chronological age controls with
respect to five indicators related to the phonological deficit hypothesis: the effects of lexicality, regularity, and length,
implicit and explicit phonological awareness, and rapid naming. The comparison between groups indicates that Portuguese children
with dyslexia have a phonological impairment which is revealed by a developmental deficit in implicit phonological awareness
and irregular word reading (where younger reading level controls performed better than dyslexics) and by a developmental delay
in decoding ability and explicit phonological awareness (where dyslexics matched reading level controls). These results are
discussed in relation to the idea that European Portuguese is written in an orthography of intermediate depth. 相似文献