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1.
Expansion of high education in Vietnam will be undermined without an effective student, loans policy to assist with tuition and living costs. We show the significance of this issue is by, constructing a hypothetical loans system and calculating repayment burdens (RBs) (the proportion of, a graduate's income required to repay the debt) for male and female in four different parts of Vietnam, and with respect to two levels of loans. Importantly, the exercises examine RBs across the whole, distribution of income using unconditional quantile techniques. We find that RBs involving loans for, tuition only are likely to lead to significant RBs for poor graduates, with much higher loans being, associated with critical financial difficulties for perhaps the majority of debtors. This will result in high, default rates and consumption difficulties for borrowers, implying strongly that a student loan system, with such high RBs is unlikely to be successful in Vietnam. 相似文献
2.
Government-backed income contingent student loans are increasingly being used to fund higher education. Until the outstanding balance is cleared, an income contingent repayment plan acts as an incremental marginal tax on earnings above a threshold. If this additional “tax” on earnings reduces the labor supply and hence the earnings of borrowers, this could reduce both loan repayments and tax receipts, increasing the cost of funding higher education. This paper investigates this under-studied topic by exploring bunching at various loan repayment thresholds between 2002 and 2014, using a novel, linked administrative dataset from the United Kingdom. Our findings suggest that the UK's income contingent repayment plan does not cause borrowers to reduce labor supply, at least for those with earnings near to the threshold. 相似文献
3.
美国已建立起较为完善的研究生贷款体系,贷款已成为研究生最主要资助方式之一。研究生贷款具有资助对象范围广、资助额度高、资助重点向女性和少数民族弱势群体倾斜、资助力度与学科专业相适应等特点。研究生贷款政策面临的主要风险包括研究生债务负担剧增,学习方式和学位完成率受到影响以及还款拖欠率上升等。美国的经验表明,制定专门的贷款政策、合理运用贷款工具以及完善贷款回收保障措施有助于这一政策的良性发展。 相似文献
4.
This paper simulates student loan schemes for Brazil. A copula approach is applied to simulate dynamic earnings paths for graduates. Repayment patterns are then simulated for time-based and income-contingent loan designs. The results show that the Brazilian time-based scheme involved unsustainable repayment burdens for many graduates and contributed to the scheme's high default rates. We also show that the new income-contingent scheme is also likely to involve high taxpayer subsidies. We consider alternative designs with different strengths and weaknesses but favour an income-contingent scheme with a loan fee, repayment rates at 50% of current income tax rates and an interest rate at the government's cost of borrowing upon graduation and above initial tax threshold. We conclude by emphasising that full involvement of the federal revenue system is more desirable than the present approach of employer withholding. This would increase the earnings base and reduce costs, which is important for Brazil's current precarious fiscal situation. 相似文献
5.
美国"耶鲁计划"的实施及其启示 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
始于1971年的美国"耶鲁计划"是世界上首个实施"接收入比例还款贷学金"项目,也是首例由高等学校主导的学生贷款项目.文章概括了"耶鲁计划"的基本内容,分析了"耶鲁计划"中止的原因.同时,总结出"耶鲁计划"给我们的启示:高等学校不宜承担学生贷款项目的回收责任;发挥个税征收系统在学生贷款回收中的积极作用;尝试多样化还款方式,降低毕业生还款负担. 相似文献
6.
The Japanese higher education sector has seen increases in tuition with stagnant household incomes in a society where family support for university students has been the norm. Student loans from the government have grown rapidly to sustain the gradual increase in university enrolments. These time-based repayment loans (TBRLs) have created financial hardship for increasing numbers of loan recipients and their families. There is some evidence that prospective students from low-income households are forgoing a university education to avoid student loan debt. The Japanese government has introduced some measures including grants and a partial income-contingent loan (ICL) scheme to help alleviate these problems.While the ICL scheme is a positive development, this paper shows that it requires further refinement and broader coverage if it is to adequately address the challenges facing higher education financing in Japan. We show that an affordable and universal ICL system could be introduced in Japan that avoids problems with the current partial income-contingent loan scheme and would help alleviate access issues for those from disadvantaged backgrounds. Importantly, the unique features of the Japanese labor market have to be carefully considered, especially the large gender wage gap for married women. By introducing dynamics into modeling graduate earnings and using carefully selected parameters, we show that it is possible to have a universal ICL which achieves a balance between access and affordable repayment with minimal long-run costs to taxpayers. 相似文献
7.
There is wide agreement that the US student loan system faces significant problems. Seven million borrowers are in default and many more are not repaying for reasons such as returning to school, or economic hardship. The stress of repayments faced by many students results at least in part from the design of US student loans. Specifically, loans are organised like a mortgage, with fixed monthly repayments over a fixed period of time, creating a high repayment burden on borrowers with low income. This paper draws on the experience of the income-contingent loan (ICL) systems operating in England and Australia, in which monthly or two-weekly repayments are related to the borrower's income in that period, thus building in automatic insurance against inability to repay during periods of low income. We discuss the design of this type of loan in detail since such an exercise seems to be largely absent in the US literature. Drawing on data from the US Current Population Survey (CPS) we provide two main empirical contributions: a stylised illustration of the revenue and distributional implications of different hypothetical ICL arrangements for the USA; and an illustration of repayment problems faced by low-earning borrowers in the US loan system, including a plausible example of adverse outcomes with respect to Stafford loans. Importantly, we compare repayment burdens under the existing and alternative systems. Our illustrations show how US mortgage-type loans can create financial difficulties for a significant minority of US borrowers, difficulties which an ICL is designed to address. We note also that the current small and ineffective income-based repayment system in the US has few of the characteristics of an ideal ICL. 相似文献
8.
The opportunities for increasing student contributions to the costs of higher education are many. Student loans have received much attention both in literature and in practice. While they have not always worked well, we have argued that suitably reformed, they can constitute a productive, though limited, mechanism for cost recovery. In certain countries, however, other mechanisms may be more appropriate. Indeed, the policy maker is presented with a wide menu of policy choices, though some creativity may be required in their application to particular local settings. Currently, loan programs exist in over 50 developing and industrial countries, and have been introduced most commonly to assist students to pay their living expenses.In order to improve financial effectiveness, programs should be targeted toward the most needy and able students. Hidden subsidies should be limited by charging positive real interest rates, combined with repayment plans that take account of the likely pattern of graduate earnings. Default reductions require that loan programs be managed by institutions with the capacity and financial incentives to collect - namely banks, private collection agencies, or taxation departments. Such reforms offer great potential to transform small programs into relatively efficient forms of student support.Larger programs, however, may be more difficult to manage. Some countries have considered alternatives which preserve the basic concept of paying for education from future income. The most notable is a graduate tax in which a student pays a fixed percentage of income over the entire working life, regardless of how much is repaid. Another option is national service which require students to perform socially productive work in exchange for part or all of education costs. In the presence of an effective tax system, a graduate tax could bring in significantly more revenue than traditional loan programs. Besides improved financial efficiency, income contingent payments may be more equitable since they limit the risk to poorer students. In countries with weak taxation systems, this option may not be feasible. 相似文献
9.
Student loans repayment and recovery: international comparisons 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Student loans schemes are in operation in more than seventy countries around the world. Most loans schemes benefit from sizeable built-in government subsidies and, in addition, are subject to repayment default and administrative costs that are not passed on to student borrowers. We probe two issues in this paper, for 44 loans schemes in 39 countries: how much of the original loan is an individual student required to repay (the “repayment ratio”) and what percentage of the total costs of loans schemes can the lending body expect to receive back in repayments (the “recovery ratio”)? The analysis shows considerable variation in the size of the repayment and recovery ratios across schemes. Moreover, many loans schemes exhibit sizeable built-in subsidies accruing to student borrowers—in over 40% of the schemes examined, the repayment ratio is 40% or less. Overall loans recovery is considerably lower. Policy implications of these findings are discussed together with a consideration of steps that may be taken to improve the financial outcome of loans schemes. 相似文献
10.
国家助学贷款对高等教育个人收益率的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
人力资本理论认为教育是一项能给个人带来收益的投资。借助学生贷款完成高等教育将改变个人的教育成本和收益,并影响借贷者的高等教育个人收益率。本文研究国家助学贷款政策对高等教育个人收益率的影响程度,以及不同的还款方案对高等教育个人收益率作用的大小。 相似文献
11.
通过对广西高职院校学生国家助学贷款还款现状进行调查发现,现行的校园地国家助学贷款还款违约率呈上升趋势,而生源地信用助学贷款逐渐成为国家助学贷款主要途径。分析学生还贷违约现象,找出学生还款违约的客观原因和主观原因,提出提高学生还贷率的对策。 相似文献
12.
13.
This empirical study examined postsecondary-student attitudes and preferences regarding five discrete student loan plans and loan plan features. Certain demographic variables were examined for their relationship to student attitudes toward the various loan plans. The study addressed the following questions: What debt ceiling do students identify as acceptable? Are students willing to indebt themselves over an extended time span? What percent of annual income do they feel reasonably can be applied to loan repayment? Will students alter their repayment plan choices given additional and more detailed information about loan options? A random sample of 218 recipients of federal higher education loans during the 1973–74 academic year was drawn from the population of 6,765 undergraduate borrowers at the University Park Campus of the Pennsylvania State University. 相似文献
14.
赖敏锋 《十堰职业技术学院学报》2013,26(4):19-22
高校助学贷款作为国家帮助贫困大学生完成学业的政策性优惠贷款,受到广大贫困生的欢迎。但随着高校助学贷款的发展,学生的还贷违约问题成为困扰银行和高校的一个重要问题。因此,如何解决贷款违约问题改善违约情况,一直是公众关注的焦点。本文从受贷学生、法律制度、管理方式等方面解析违约问题的诱因,对银行、高校、国家方面提出相应的建议,以降低助学贷款违约率。 相似文献
15.
Within the education sector, accountability regulations have been used with the intended purpose of improving student outcomes. In higher education, one such regulation aims to improve the ability of borrowers to repay their student loans by placing sanctions on institutions with excessive student loan defaults. This paper examines whether student loan accountability regulations were able to (1) lower student loan defaults, and (2) address the broader objective of improving repayment ability, by exploiting a change to the period in which the regulation’s performance measure was monitored. I find that the change to the regulation resulted in less student loan defaults at for-profit colleges. I also find that this reduction in student loan defaults resulted in a short-term improvement in repayment ability at for-profit, but not nonprofit, institutions. 相似文献
16.
Lifelong Debt: Rates of Return to Mature Study 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
High rates of return to first degrees have been used to justify increased student financial contributions to higher education. However, no discrete study of rates of return to mature graduates has been carried out although mature graduates now form a significant proportion of the student population. The General Household Survey 1983–1992 was used to examine the earnings of mature graduates compared with those of matriculates. The GHS yielded 616 mature graduate men in full-time work and 296 mature graduate women who were in full-time employment. It was found that the rate of return to mature male graduates was just above one per cent. With recent added costs, new male mature graduates can be forecast to make a sizeable loss on their study. Rates of return to women mature graduates were higher, between five and six per cent, and, based on these figures, the recent increased cost of mature graduate study should be covered by increased earnings. However, these calculations are based on average earnings for the modal age cohort of mature graduates. Those who are older when they complete or earn below the average (a large percentage) will not recoup the costs of study. 相似文献
17.
Clive R. Belfield 《Research in higher education》2013,54(1):1-29
This paper examines the institutional determinants of federal loan status for a recent cohort of college students. We first set out how institutions influence loan accumulations and repayment rates, with particular focus on for-profit colleges. We then test a set of hypotheses about loan status and repayment using national data on loans, defaults, and repayments merged with college-level data. For all measures of loan status there are significant raw gaps between for-profit colleges and public and not-for-profit colleges. After controlling for student characteristics, measures of college quality, and college practices, large gaps in loan balance per student remain: students in for-profit colleges, especially the 2-year colleges, borrow approximately four times as much as they would have at a 2-year public college. For a student attending the ‘average’ college, their repayment rate is predicted to be 5 [9] percentage points lower if that college is for-profit compared to public [non-profit]. Repayment rates are also lower for colleges with higher proportions of minority students and with lower graduation rates; contrary to some claims, single-program institutions appear to have higher repayment rates. 相似文献
18.
助学贷款是一种具有公益性的金融产品,市场并不能对其起到充分的调节作用,其突出表现是助学贷款的“贷款难”和“回收难”问题。在这种情况下,公共财政对助学贷款进行补贴,不但可以推动助学贷款发展,而且可以优化教育资源配置,促进收入再分配和宏观经济发展。因此,公共财政对助学贷款进行补贴,既是助学贷款发展的现实需求所致,也是公共财政履行自身职能的必然要求。 相似文献
19.
国家助学贷款作为发展我国高等教育的一项重要制度,为高校在校贫困生顺利完成学业提供了重要保障.但在实施的过程中,高违约问题却成为当前制约我国国家助学贷款发展的主要障碍,学生诚信出现重大问题.文章分析了在国家助学贷款中部分学生贷款、还款方面诚信缺失的现象及原因,提出了构建国家助学贷款失信惩戒机制的政策建议,并强调增强大学生诚信还贷意识的具体举措. 相似文献
20.
日本的国家大学生资助完全采取贷款形式,但是贷款制度有其固有的缺陷。为克服贷款制度的不足,服务于国家发展战略,吸引优秀大学生进入教师行业,日本政府在贷款制度的基础上设计出了还款特别豁免制度。贷款者只要从事教育和研究工作,满足国家规定的条件后就可以获得还款特别豁免。该制度实行50多年来为日本教师队伍输送了大批人才。 相似文献