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1.
Abstract The expression “transborder data flows'’ (TBDF) is shorthand for a complex set of issues that have come to the forefront as a result of the electronic transfer or exchange of information across national boundaries. It involves the flow of digital information across borders for the storage or processing in foreign computers and reflects the interests of governments in regulating or otherwise intervening in the free flow of such exchanges for a variety of reasons including economic, social, political, and cultural. This paper provides an overview of these TBDF issues and discusses the policies and experiences of the U.S. National Library of Medicine pertaining to the transfer of biomedical information worldwide. Trends in the international interchange of all types of scientific and technical information are noted and the future of U.S. information policy is addressed. 相似文献
2.
美国国际地位的取得与其拥有一套卓有成效的科技政策关系密切,美国科技政策跃迁为美国科技发展提供了系统指导,研究和回答美国科技政策跃迁给美国科技发展带来的成绩,借鉴美国科技政策的成功经验,完善我国科技政策,对我中国的科技发展具有重要指导意义。 相似文献
3.
Abstract By 1986 (a decade after their invention) microprocessors had diffused to about 18 percent of all U.S. households and 6 percent of U.S. farmers. In addition to general consumer uses, farm households in the United States utilize microcomputers for such small business applications as record keeping, word‐processing, payroll handling, etc. A special application of microprocessor technology occurred in 1980–1981 when 200 Kentucky farmers participated in a trial of the Green Thumb Box, a video‐text system providing market, weather, and technological information. The nature of the information needs of U.S. farm people seems to fit well with the new information technologies built around the microprocessor, although little of this potential has yet been realized. Since that experiment, videotex has shown itself to have doubtful value as a channel for the distribution of agricultural information, leaving open the question of what might be the best technological vehicle for this audience. Research is needed on two issues: (1) the adoption and use of the new communication technologies, and (2) their social impacts on rural society. 相似文献
4.
K. Ravi Srinivas 《The Information Society》2013,29(3):227-228
Abstract The efforts of other nations to develop comprehensive approaches to the development and application of information technology have given rise to concern in many quarters about the adequacy of the U.S. government's response to information issues. A bill, H.R. 3137, was introduced in the House of Representatives in April 1981 by Congressman George E. Brown, Jr., in an attempt to stimulate movement toward a coordinated development of U.S. information policies. Hearings on this legislation elicited a wide variety of opinion concerning how best to proceed toward this development. This paper surveys the testimony presented at the hearings and some recent actions taken by Congress and by the Reagan Administration on information issues. 相似文献
5.
Abstract The information age is bringing about a change in the world division of labor. Many of the great trading cities that arose during the Industrial Revolution as shipping, railroad, and financial centers are now facing new challenges, challenges brought about by global telecommunications. Information technology and the changing nature of business and government offer new opportunities and threats to these and other cities as they strive to acquire or retain treasured economic activity. Telecommunications and computation capacity are among the tools cities can use as they vie with one another for this commerce. This study describes how U. S. cities are affected by these trends and summarizes some of the key technological and policy issues involved. Several case studies are reported, which show the various strategies used by large cities such as New York and Boston, progressive Midwest cities such as Omaha, and small cities such as Heathrow, Florida. Some preliminary principles of success are adduced. 相似文献
6.
美国在对中国的301调查报告指出,中国关于技术转移方面的法律、政策或实践是不合理的或歧视性的,加重或限制了美国的商业。我国主要通过两种途径引入国外技术,一是通过技术转让合同,二是通过对外投资。虽然我国法律、政策或实践对于这两种途径或有所限制、或加以鼓励,但我国政府的行为并未违反相关的国际条约与义务。美国的指控并没有证据的支持,属于无稽之谈。我国应大力发展科学技术,掌握关键核心技术。同时,可以对某些法律加以完善,促进我国法治国家的建设。, 美国在对中国的301调查报告指出,中国关于技术转移方面的法律、政策或实践是不合理的或歧视性的,加重或限制了美国的商业。我国主要通过两种途径引入国外技术,一是通过技术转让合同,二是通过对外投资。虽然我国法律、政策或实践对于这两种途径或有所限制、或加以鼓励,但我国政府的行为并未违反相关的国际条约与义务。美国的指控并没有证据的支持,属于无稽之谈。我国应大力发展科学技术,掌握关键核心技术。同时,可以对某些法律加以完善,促进我国法治国家的建设。 相似文献
7.
Lee Edwards 《The Information Society》2013,29(3):161-168
Abstract The open flow and sharing of information are essential for the economic and scientific progress and political freedom of nations as well as the promotion of international peace and harmony. Yet, more and more nations are developing restrictive information policies to maintain their political, cultural and economic status. The author calls this phenomenon, “information protectionism,” and examines a number of cooperative steps that are being taken to assure the open exchange of ideas and information and to create a policy of global information interdependence. The basic challenge, the article concludes, is to find and maintain a realistic balance between open transborder data flow and national concerns and priorities. 相似文献
8.
[目的/意义]准确研判美国智库对于中美科技竞争的基本观点,是分析美国对中国进行科技竞争的舆论走向、战略认知与政策取向的重要依据。[方法/过程]选取美国8家主流智库的11份代表性研究成果作为研究样本,发现美国智库主要围绕中国科技实力的发展对美国产生的影响与美国如何同中国展开科技竞争这两个议题进行全面与深入的探讨。总体而言,美国主要智库已就中国科技实力对美国形成重要挑战这一点达成一定的共识,但在美国同中国展开科技竞争应实行的具体政策上存在一定的分歧。[结果/结论]美国智库总体上对中美科技竞争持消极观点,这是美国对中国的战略认知出现转变的结果。这些观点的传播将影响美国政府对华科技政策的取向,影响其他国家同中国展开的科技合作。中国应该在理性与辩证地看待美国主流智库观点的基础上,消除美国智库观点带来的消极影响,管控中美间在科技领域的战略竞争,努力拓展同美国以及其他国家在科技领域的合作空间,增强自主创新能力,化解中国在科技外交上可能面临的不利局面。 相似文献
9.
摘要：将科技创新政策归纳为六种类型,建立三阶段通径模型,以上海市为案例进行实证分析,研究了科技创新政策对企业不同创新阶段能力及企业创新的影响。研究结果表明,六类创新政策对于企业创新产业化实现的路径影响存在异质性,财政政策、外部规范性政策只对创新基础投入能力产生直接正向影响,金融政策对创新基础投入能力及创新中间转化能力产生直接正向影响;知识产权政策对创新基础投入能力及创新产业化实现能力产生直接正向影响;税收政策、人才政策对创新成果产业化三个阶段均产生直接正向影响。且六类创新政策对于促进企业创新成果产业化的政策效应大小依次是创新投入能力、创新中间转化能力、创新产业化实现能力。 相似文献
10.
有关技术创新激励政策效应的研究对产业特征的关注还不充分,影响了对激励政策产业层面效应的深入理解。本文认为更为系统地重审技术创新激励政策的效应,有必要将产业市场竞争度与产业技术吸收能力同步纳入研究模型,因为它们分别影响产业创新主体的技术创新动机和技术创新能力。当产业市场竞争度与产业技术吸收能力都处于高水平时,技术创新激励政策对产业技术创新的正向效应最为明显。实证数据来自和五类使能技术的应用密切相关的16个制造业的2013—2017年的数据,包括R&D资本存量、全时人员当量、发明专利申请数、新产品开发项目数、新产品销售收入数据,和以DEA视窗方法计算得到的产业技术创新绩效数据,分析结果表明：产业技术吸收能力放大了税收优惠政策对技术创新绩效的正向作用;但是R&D补贴政策对于技术吸收能力低的产业有更高的正向效应;当技术市场竞争度高时,技术吸收力对税收优惠与R&D补贴的正向促进作用最高。本研究深化了对技术创新激励政策的作用机理的理解,并提示政策制定者需要充分重视产业的市场竞争度。 相似文献
11.
Abstract Australia's treatment of information technology (IT) has vacillated between two policy directions: laissez faire, market directed strategy on the one hand, and strong government interventionist, plan directed strategy on the other. The resultant policy mix is more a collection of individual initiatives than a coherent strategy. It produces conflict between initiatives aimed at developing indigenous information industries and those improving the productivity and competitiveness of all industry by encouraging the wider application of IT. Unlike its East Asian neighbors, Australia does not have a powerful, independent economic planning agency capable of creating and implementing industrial and technology policy. Policies must be developed through the give and take of a democratic political process, a process that can lead to fragmented, uncoordinated policies based on bureaucratic inertia, the demands of special interest groups, and short‐term political considerations, rather than long‐term strategic plans. The future of IT policy in Australia will depend upon the kinds of consensus that can be achieved on the role of IT in economic development. It will also depend on the government's skill in implementing policy and on the reactions of the private sector to whatever policies emerge. 相似文献
12.
对广东省2000-2019年的科技人才政策、科技人才规模、科技人才空间分布及2019年高被引学者分布情况进行分析.认为广东省科技人才政策对其科技人才资源的开发起到了重要作用,但还存在前瞻性不足、创新突破力度不大、缺乏闭环设计等问题.2010-2019年期间,广东省科技人才规模逐步增加,总量位居全国第一,但人均科技力量位列北京、上海、江苏之后.广东省各地科技人才分布存在较大的空间差异,主要积聚在珠三角9市.广东在牙医、兽医、计算力学方面具有独特的优势,但在航空工程、海洋工程、工业和制造工程、经济计量学和金融、艺术和人文等学科方面尚未达到国际一流,目前广东顶尖科技创新人才资源储量不足,战略新兴产业、工程类、人文类的学科高水平力量亟需加强. 相似文献
13.
U.S. advocacy for increased international intellectual property protection and a free and open Internet has been criticized as being inconsistent at best and hypocritical at worst. Placing U.S. copyright and Internet policy in a historical context and using Susan Strange's concepts of structural power and knowledge structures, we argue that copyright and Internet policies cannot be analyzed in isolation, but are intimately and inextricably linked forms of knowledge regulation. All knowledge regulation policies involve balancing access and restriction. Our analysis suggests that the current U.S. policy of Internet freedom and strong copyright protection represents a particular, historically situated strategy designed to exert structural power in the global information economy: Free flow of information creates markets by exposure to intellectual properties, while copyright secures economic benefit to copyright holders from the flow. We argue that a full and honest debate over issues of information access requires acknowledgment of contemporary and conflicting values, with the realization that different societies and interests will weigh access and dissemination differently. Recognizing as legitimate and incorporating these different perspectives into the global governance structures of the Internet comprise the key challenge facing those who favor truly democratic global Internet governance. 相似文献
14.
《普罗米修斯》2012,30(4):249-266
ABSTRACTThe discourse of openness has proved to be a very powerful instrument for promoting new research policies and the (neoliberal) reforms of higher education in all so-called ‘advanced economies’. It has triggered positive democracy-, transparency-, and accountability-related associations when used in the context of politics, fair resource distribution when used in the sphere of public service, and free access to information and knowledge when used in the field of science and higher education. At the same time, international research shows that university autonomy is increasingly being attacked, reduced, and marginalized by the same policies. Power instances outside academia impose new criteria, such as ‘accountability,’ ‘performance,’ ‘quality assurance,’ and ‘good practice.’ They also impose ideas about what good research is, which scientific method is to be prioritized, and what good data are. The process of the de-professionalization, polarization, and proletarianization of the academic profession is increasingly affecting academia. However, none of this has much in common with the open-access discourse. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how this discussion applies to Sweden. Courses, forces, and discourses of the national research infrastructure development policy in general, and qualitative data preservation policy in particular, are described and deliberated. 相似文献
15.
学科领域期刊科研数据发表政策剖析——以美国化学学会期刊为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
【目的】剖析化学学科领域科学期刊的数据发表政策,了解期刊数据政策的现状。【方法】 以ACS期刊为例,以期刊投稿指南为数据源,梳理和比较分析ACS期刊对发表论文的数据内容、数据格式、数据共享的要求。【结果】ACS的47种期刊要求论文作者将数据作为支撑信息提交,对于包含序列数据、结构数据、电子显微镜数据、微阵列数据、转基因生物和突变体五类特定类型数据的论文要求将该数据存储到推荐的数据仓储中,涉及五类数据的期刊总共有20种。【结论】可作为化学领域科研人员在ACS上发表论文的参考依据,为国内学术期刊数据政策的实施提供借鉴。 相似文献
16.
Anne W. Branscomb 《The Information Society》2013,29(3):167-190
Abstract The United States and Japan lead the world in information technology. Yet they occupy opposite ends of the spectrum with respect to planning for the development of the information infrastructure—the central nervous system of a democratic society. While the Japanese expend great resources on centralized planning and monitoring the impact of the information society, United States officials are engaged in a mammoth deregulation exercise intended to dismantle government involvement in the competitive marketplace. While this policy may be appropriate for a period of technological innovation, it may be less efficacious in the period of consolidation, merger, and acquisition which usually follows. 相似文献
17.
Wilson P. Dizard 《The Information Society》2013,29(3-4):179-216
Abstract American competitiveness in international information services trade will be determined by the skill with which government and industry can improve the coordination of commercial and technical policies and actions. This article examines some of the key issues, including federal R&D funding, tariff policies, economic assistance programs, and international technical standards. 相似文献
18.
高端装备制造业是我国的七大战略性新兴产业之一，国家出台了一系列创新政策支持其发展。本文收集了2006-2017年间高端装备制造业的67项创新政策以及专利数量、新产品销售收入等数据，通过量化评估政策文本、构建结构方程模型等方法研究创新政策对专利数量、新产品销售收入等创新产出的影响，结果发现，第一，技术创新规划、研究开发活动、产业化活动等对专利产出、新产品销售收入等具有不同程度的推动作用；第二，我国高端装备制造业创新政策已经走出宏观勾画轮廓的初级阶段，趋向于专业化和精细化；第三，创新政策存在着对科技成果转化重视不足、核心部门联合颁发的政策较少、力度不强等问题。 相似文献
19.
2016年5月,习近平总书记发出了"为建设世界科技强国而奋斗"的号召,并在"科技三会"上明确了"我国要建设世界科技强国,关键是要建设一支规模宏大、结构合理、素质优良的创新人才队伍"。近年来,我国相继出台各项政策以构建科技人才队伍。在引进全球科技人才方面,公安部在上海、北京、广东等地,依托对人才、企业、产业具有高度聚集效应和政策先行优势的中国(上海)自由贸易试验区、中关村国家自主创新示范区等园区推出了一系列政策,在聚集科技人才方面发挥了重要的作用。文章对科技人才、科技人才政策及其对世界科技强国的作用做了简单阐述,分析了我国国际科技人才出入境政策突破现状、国内外最新发展形势,提出了放宽外国留学生在华实习就业限制、吸引优秀留学人员回国创新创业、实施华裔卡制度吸引海外科技专业人士贡献力量、推动科技人才职业资格国际认证、进一步推动创新资源向国际开放、强化知识产权保护和服务等政策建议,以期助推我国世界科技强国建设。 相似文献
20.
欠发达地区不良的国际科技合作环境不仅能够直接影响国际科技合作的可能性,而且其负面效应还可以通过国际关系决策的相互依赖性而放大,从而严重影响了科技进步及生产力的发展。本文从经济环境、文化环境、政策环境和法律环境四个维度着手,并使用SEM-PCA方法首次将欠发达地区国际科技合作环境因素引入实证研究领域。实证研究结果表明:(1)对于欠发达地区来说,文化环境对其开展国际科技合作可能性影响的作用最大,在文化环境中,人员素质及文化的融合已经成为欠发达地区与其他国家或地区竞争国际科技合作伙伴的优势;(2)欠发达地区国际科技合作的可能性并不依赖于当地的经济环境;(3)吸引其他具有技术优势的国家或地区与欠发达地区进行国际科技合作的一个重要原因在于欠发达地区有着稳定而又优惠的政策;(4)与欠发达地区进行国际科技合作的伙伴看重的是在欠发达地区能够进行法律风险规避和节约交易成本的优势。 相似文献