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3种游泳出发技术的运动学分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
重点描述20世纪90年代后出现的后摆蹲踞式游泳出发技术,并与现在常用的前倾蹲踞式和前抓台式游泳出发技术进行比较。运用生物力学测试方法,使用超微摄像机对8名优秀女游泳运动员进行定点拍摄,通过对3种游泳出发技术的录像进行解析来比较研究它们的部分运动学特征,得出这3种游泳出发技术的特点。研究结果表明:后摆蹲踞式出发技术较前倾蹲踞式和前抓台式出发技术稳定性高;后摆蹲踞式出发技术较前倾蹲踞式和前抓台式出发技术离台水平速度大,手的拉台效果明显,但滞台时间也较长;后摆蹲踞式出发技术的台上预备姿势重心投影点距出发台前沿较前倾蹲踞式和前抓台式出发技术靠后,不利于快速起动。对3种游泳出发技术的综合评价表明,后摆蹲踞式游泳出发技术有利因素较多。 相似文献
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蹲踞式出发(Track start,TS)和抓台式出发(Grab start,GS)这两种技术占据了当前竞技游泳运动台上出发的绝对主导地位,也一直受到科研人员的关注.尽管对此有相当多数量的研究报道,然而,并没有形成一些结论性的意见.基于"2008年全国游泳冠军赛暨奥运会选拔赛"和"2008年全国游泳锦标赛暨全运会选拔赛"的决赛结果,对两种出发技术进行探讨,分析这两种出发技术对出发反应时间和出发效率(到达15 m线时间)的影响.分析结果揭示,蹲踞式出发技术的反应时间在大部分项目上具有显著优势.总体来说,出发效率也表现出蹲踞式优于抓台式的趋势.我国游泳运动员中,采用蹲踞式出发技术的男运动员比例占多数,而女子运动员则绝大部分采用抓台式出发技术,建议游泳运动员应采用蹲踞式出发技术. 相似文献
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游泳蹲踞式与抓台式出发技术运动学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对８名优秀青少年游泳运动员进行为期八周的出发技术系统训练，通过对蹲踞式和抓台式两种出发技术的影片和录像解析，进行了有关运动学的研究。研究结果表明：蹲踞式出发在离台时间和水平速度方面明显优于抓台式，而且蹲踞式出发可以创造与抓台式相同的出发成绩。又根据国外学者提出的蹲踞平式是最快的出发技术，建议在我国游泳教学和训练中进行蹲踞式出发技术的尝试。对蹲踞平式出发技术应进行进一步的研究。 相似文献
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第14届世界游泳锦标赛出发技术研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用现场研究、文献调查等方法对竞技游泳2种主要的出发技术进行研究。对第14届世界游泳锦标赛决赛运动员224人次的出发技术的分布比例进行了统计,对出发反应时(start reaction,SR)、出发15 m时间(start efficiency,SE)、800 m以下项目的成绩(Score,SC)等指标进行分析研究,同时梳理了近年来有关出发技术的研究文献数据。研究表明,蹲踞式出发技术(track start,TS)从10余年前不到40%的采用率增长到了2011年世界游泳锦标赛上的98%。蹲踞式出发技术在SR和SE上均比抓台式(grab start,GS)有优势。研究认为,抓台式技术将成为历史,所有运动员应掌握带有助推器的新型出发台的蹲踞式出发技术。 相似文献
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竞技游泳的出发台出发技术分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
林仪煌 《武汉体育学院学报》2001,35(6):76-77
游泳出发台出发技术包括摆臂式、抓台式、团身式、洞式、鞭式和蹲踞式,分析其技术要领和各自的优劣,可对不同泳姿、不同运动员运用不同的出发技术进行训练. 相似文献
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分析了游泳的摆臂式、抓台式、团身式、洞式、鞭式和蹲踞式六种出发台出发技术的技术要领及各自的优劣之处，指出不同项目、不同运动员应选用不同的出发姿势进行训练。 相似文献
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研究结果表明蹲踞式的优点在于由于增大身体的投影面积和降低重心,使稳定性比抓台式和摆臂式更好,使运动员可以增大前倾的程度,比前抓台式和摆臂式离台快和入水快。1975年爱尔伦等人(IsraelAyalon,Van Cheluwe and Kanitz)研究结果是在运动员从出发至5米处时蹲踞式比抓台式和摆 相似文献
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目的:基于青少年的生理特点,通过对比青少年游泳运动员采用蹲踞式和抓台式2种游泳出发技术时的运动学和动力学数据,以期为青少年游泳运动员的运动训练与比赛提供参考。方法:使用Kistler测力台和高速摄像机记录从青少年游泳运动员从准备姿势到入水的整个过程,通过对2种游泳出发技术参数的统计对比分析,总结这2种游泳出发技术的特点。结果:从游泳出发技术上来看,男性采用蹲踞式的加速蹬伸时间、地面反作用力峰值、腾空时间、腾空距离、平均水平腾空速度、出发总时间大于抓台式,而入水角度较小;女性采用蹲踞式的加速蹬伸时间、地面反作用力峰值、腾空距离、平均水平腾空速度大于抓台式,而腾空时间、入水角度、出发总时间较小。从性别角度看,男性采用蹲踞式的加速蹬伸时间、平均水平腾空速度、入水角度小于女性,而地面反作用力峰值、腾空时间、腾空距离、出发总时间较大;男性采用抓台式的加速蹬伸时间、平均水平腾空速度、入水角度小于女性,而地面反作用力峰值、腾空时间、腾空距离、出发总时间较大。结论:从游泳出发技术上来看,蹲踞式在滞台阶段加速蹬伸时间较长,但地面反作用力较大,且获得了更大的平均水平腾空速度,弥补了其滞台时间较长的缺点;在腾空阶段,在腾空时间无显著差异的情况下,蹲踞式具有明显较大的腾空距离,则蹲踞式在该阶段更具优势。从性别上来看,男性的加速蹬伸时间较小,且地面反作用力较大,但平均水平腾空速度较小,减小了男性在滞台阶段的优势;在腾空阶段,男性的腾空时间明显大于女性,但其腾空距离也较大。 相似文献
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Blanksby B Nicholson L Elliott B 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2002,1(1):11-24
This study examined the grab, track and handle swimming racing starts by elitelevel swimmers. Videography was used to analyse these starts before and after a period of dive start practice. Participants underwent 2-4 sessions weekly until 14 +/- 2 practice sessions were completed. Practice sessions comprised 5 grab starts (preferred technique) and 10 handle starts; or 5 grab starts and 10 track starts. The performance criterion measure was time to 10 m. Reaction, movement, block and flight times, flight distance, and the centre of mass at the set position were measured. No significant differences between dive groups in time to 10 m were revealed pre- or post-training. The training period further exaggerated the differences in centre of mass positions in the set position between the three techniques. The handle start revealed a significant change forward in the centre of mass that allowed for decreased movement and block times. The training period improved 10 m, reaction, movement, block and flight times irrespective of the technique used. Hence, regular dive start practice significantly improved the start performances of elite swimmers. Coaches should consider including regular dive practice sessions of approximately 15 minutes to improve dive start performances. 相似文献
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Welcher RL Hinrichs RN George TR 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2008,7(1):100-113
The aim of this study was to compare three competitive swimming starts (grab, rear-weighted track, and front-weighted track). The starts were compared in terms of time and instantaneous horizontal velocity, both at take-off from the block and at 5 m from the wall. Twenty US college female swimmers performed three trials of each of the three randomly ordered starts. Swimmers left the block significantly sooner using the front-weighted track start (0.80 s) than the other two starts (both 0.87 s; P < 0.001). In the rear-weighted track start, however, the athletes left the blocks with significantly higher horizontal velocity than in the grab or front-weighted track start (3.99 vs. 3.87 and 3.90 m/s, respectively; each P < 0.001). By 5 m, the front-weighted track start maintained its time advantage over the grab start (2.19 vs. 2.24s; P = 0.008) but not the rear-weighted track start (2.19 vs. 2.21 s; P = 0.336). However, the rear-weighted track start had a significant advantage over the front-weighted track start in terms of instantaneous horizontal velocity at 5 m (2.25 vs. 2.18 m/s; P = 0.009). Therefore, the rear-weighted track start had a better combination of time and velocity than the front-weighted track start. There was also a trend for the rear-weighted track start to have higher velocity at 5 m than the grab start, although this did not reach statistical significance (2.25 vs. 2.20 m/s; P = 0.042). Overall, these results favour the rear-weighted track start for female swimmers even though most of the athletes had little or no prior experience with it. Additional research is needed to determine whether males would respond similarly to females in these three different swimming starts. 相似文献
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Robert L. Welcher Thomas R. George 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(1):100-113
The aim of this study was to compare three competitive swimming starts (grab, rear-weighted track, and front-weighted track). The starts were compared in terms of time and instantaneous horizontal velocity, both at take-off from the block and at 5 m from the wall. Twenty US college female swimmers performed three trials of each of the three randomly ordered starts. Swimmers left the block significantly sooner using the front-weighted track start (0.80 s) than the other two starts (both 0.87 s; P < 0.001). In the rear-weighted track start, however, the athletes left the blocks with significantly higher horizontal velocity than in the grab or front-weighted track start (3.99 vs. 3.87 and 3.90 m/s, respectively; each P < 0.001). By 5 m, the front-weighted track start maintained its time advantage over the grab start (2.19 vs. 2.24 s; P = 0.008) but not the rear-weighted track start (2.19 vs. 2.21 s; P = 0.336). However, the rear-weighted track start had a significant advantage over the front-weighted track start in terms of instantaneous horizontal velocity at 5 m (2.25 vs. 2.18 m/s; P = 0.009). Therefore, the rear-weighted track start had a better combination of time and velocity than the front-weighted track start. There was also a trend for the rear-weighted track start to have higher velocity at 5 m than the grab start, although this did not reach statistical significance (2.25 vs. 2.20 m/s; P = 0.042). Overall, these results favour the rear-weighted track start for female swimmers even though most of the athletes had little or no prior experience with it. Additional research is needed to determine whether males would respond similarly to females in these three different swimming starts. 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to establish the effectiveness of a resistance training programme, designed to improve vertical jumping ability, on the grab, swing and rear-weighted track starts in swimming. Twenty-three female non-competitive swimmers participated (age 19.9 +/- 2.4 years; mean +/- s). The diving techniques were practised weekly for 8 weeks. The participants were randomly assigned to a control group (n = 11) or a resistance-training group (n = 12), which trained three times a week for 9 weeks. The tests before and after the training programme involved performing each dive technique and six dry-land tests: two countermovement jumps (with and without arms), two isokinetic squats (bar speeds of 0.44 and 0.70 rad x s(-1)) and two overhead throws (with andwithout back extension). A repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance was used to show that resistance training improved performance in the dry-land tests (P < 0.0001). No significant improvements due to training were found for any temporal, kinematic or kinetic variables within the grab or swing starts. Significant improvements (P < 0.05) were found for the track start for take-off velocity, take-off angle and horizontal impulse. The results suggest that the improved skill of vertical jumping was not transferred directly to the start, particularly in the grab technique. Non-significant trends towards improvement were observed within all starts for vertical force components, suggesting the need to practise the dives to retrain the changed neuromuscular properties. 相似文献
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Sebastian Fischer Armin Kibele 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2016,15(4):397-408
The aim of this study was to analyse the significance of various biomechanical parameters in swim start performance for the grab and track start techniques. To do so, structural equation models were analysed, incorporating measurements for the take-off phase, flight phase and entry phase. Forty-six elite German swimmers (18 female and 28 male; age: 20.1 ± 4.2 yrs; PB (100 m Freestyle): 53.6 ± 2.9 s) participated in the study. Their swim start performance was examined within a 25-m sprint test. Structural equation modelling was conducted in separate models for the block time, flight time and water time and in a combined model for swim start time. Our main finding was that swim start time is predominantly related to water time and determined to a lesser extent by block time and flight time. We conclude that more emphasis should be given to the water immersion behaviour and the gliding phase when analysing swim start performance. Furthermore, significant differences were found between the grab start and track techniques as regards the biomechanical parameters representing the take-off phase and water phase. 相似文献
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Starting block performance in swimming is of crucial importance in the individual competitions for the shorter swimming distances as well as for the relay events. The significance of this swim start performance will increase with the introduction of a new starting block with a longer and slightly steeper surface in conjunction with a push-off support for the feet and laterally adjustable handles. As grab starts and track starts were equally observed in international swimming competitions there are good reasons to assume that only the latter will remain the dominant starting technique. This report aims to summarize existing knowledge on the biomechanics of the swim start performed on a traditional starting block as a new starting block is introduced and new starting techniques are going to be developed. Following some introductory remarks on the assessment of the swim start performance, results will be discussed on the merit of different take-off techniques, on the entry behaviour, and on the force development profiles on the starting block. In conclusion, a tendency in favour of the rear-weighted track start was found in conjunction with a flat entry. In addition, it could be shown that an angular momentum around the transverse body axis combined with a dolphin kick (and a previously hyperextended hip joint) may provide hydrodynamic conditions to enter the water with a rather steep centre of mass trajectory. Finally, existing biomechanical knowledge will be presented on the relay start as well as on a possible change in the starting technique using the new block. 相似文献
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Philip K. Schot Dr. Kathleen M. Knutzen 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):137-147
Abstract The sprint starts of 12 skilled collegiate sprinter!hurdlers were filmed for four different sprint start conditions. Ground reaction forces were collected for the first step out of the blocks and velocities through a 2-m speed trap immediately following the first support phase were recorded. The subjects employed their preferred right-left leg placement in the blocks, while the anterior–posterior spacing of the front block with respect to the starting line and the amount of forward lean in the set position were varied. Four positions were constructed that accounted for anthropometric differences. The four positions consisted of combinations of two arm orientations (forward lean and perpendicular to ground) and two front block to starting line distances (bunched and elongated). Kinematic data were reduced to provide center of mass position and velocity measures and analyzed for critical periods throughout the starting action. Selected critical events from the first step kinetic records were also analyzed. The results indicated that the elongated starting positions resulted in greater horizontal displacement, greater propelling impulse, increased first step toe-off velocity, and greater average velocity through a 2-m speed trap. Arm orientation effects were less well defined. Forward lean tended to result in greater vertical velocity at block clearance and horizontal velocity at first step toe-off, whereas perpendicular arm positioning resulted in greater 2-m speed trap velocity. 相似文献
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Ricardo Peterson Silveira Pro Stergiou Pedro Figueiredo Flávio de S. Castro Larry Katz Darren J. Stefanyshyn 《European Journal of Sport Science》2018,18(10):1317-1326
The aim of this study was to determine the biomechanical parameters that explain ventral start performance in swimming. For this purpose, 13 elite swimmers performed different variants of the ventral start technique. Two-dimensional video analyses of the aerial and underwater phases were used to assess 16 kinematic parameters from the starting signal to 5?m, and an instrumented starting block was used to assess kinetic data. A Lasso regression was used to reduce the number of parameters, providing the main determinants to starting performance, revealing different combinations of key determinants, depending on the variant (r²?≥?0.90), with flight distance being the most relevant to all variants (r?≤??0.80; p?r?=??0.79; p?r?≤?0.61; p?r²?=?0.66) or block time and flight distance (r²?=?0.83). These data provide relevant contributions to the further understanding of the biomechanics of swimming starts as well as insights for performance analysis and targeted interventions to improve athlete performance. 相似文献