The world’s third largest producer of scientific research, Germany, is the origin of the research university and the independent, extra-university research institute. Its dual-pillar research policy differentiates these organizational forms functionally: universities specialize in advanced research-based teaching; institutes specialize intensely on research. Over the past decades this policy affected each sector differently: while universities suffered a lingering “legitimation crisis,” institutes enjoyed deepening “favored sponsorship”—financial and reputational advantages. Universities led the nation’s reestablishment of scientific prominence among the highly competitive European and global science systems after WWII. But sectoral analysis of contributions to science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medical and health journal publications (1950–2010) finds that Germany’s small to medium-sized independent research institutes have made significant, growing contributions, particularly in publishing in higher impact journals proportionally more than their size. Simultaneously—despite dual-pillar policy implications—the university sector continues to be absolutely and relatively successful; not eclipsed by the institutes. Universities have consistently produced two-thirds of the nation’s publications in the highest quality journals since at least 1980 and have increased publications at a logarithmic rate; higher than the international mean. Indeed, they led Germany into the global mega-science style of production. Contrary to assumed benefits of functional differentiation, our results indicate that relative to their size, each sector has produced approximately similar publication records. While institutes have succeeded, the larger university sector, despite much less funding growth, has remained fundamental to German science production. Considering these findings, we discuss the future utility of the dual-pillar policy.
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Shanghai Science and Technology Hall was for the first time unveiled in October 2001. As the main venue for APEC where global leaders were to meet, the museum instantly drew the attention from the world over. One of the landmark buildings in Shanghai, the museum is Shanghai's new name card to the world. Since the APEC, the museum has become a huge tourist attraction. People have been flocking to tour the avant-garde 相似文献
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The paper examines Pierre Bourdieu’s extensive writings on the production of scientific knowledge. The study shows that Bourdieu
offered not one but two - significantly different - approaches to scientific knowledge production, one formulated in his theoretical,
or programmatic, writings on the subject, the other developed in his empirical writings. Addressing the question as to the
relevance of Bourdieu’s work for science studies, the analysis argues that the former of these two approaches is at once very
visible in Bourdieu’s work but characterized by limitations from the standpoint of scholarship in STS, whereas the latter
approach is less conspicuous but of broader empirical value. 相似文献
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Chinese Science and the ‘Nobel Prize Complex’ 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
China's scientists have so far failed to win a Nobel Prize. Political interference, certain aspects of cultural heritage, and a problematic value system have arguably been major contributing factors. This essay examines the ways in which these factors have operated, and discusses why there is a growing Nobel Prize mania in China today. 相似文献
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Lindy A. Orthia 《Minerva》2016,54(3):353-373
Since the mid-twentieth century, the ‘Scientific Revolution’ has arguably occupied centre stage in most Westerners’, and many non-Westerners’, conceptions of science history. Yet among history of science specialists that position has been profoundly contested. Most radically, historians Andrew Cunningham and Perry Williams in 1993 proposed to demolish the prevailing ‘big picture’ which posited that the Scientific Revolution marked the origin of modern science. They proposed a new big picture in which science is seen as a distinctly modern, western phenomenon rather than a human universal, that it was invented in the Age of Revolutions 1760–1848, and that science be de-centred within the new big picture: treated as just one of many forms of human knowledge-seeking activity. Their paper is one of the most highly cited in the history of science field, and has the potential to transform the way that science educators, science communicators, science policy-makers and scientists view science. Yet the paper and historians’ scholarly response to it are not well-known outside the history discipline. Here I attempt to bridge that disciplinary gap with a review of scholarly papers published 1994–2014 that cited Cunningham and Williams or otherwise discussed the Scientific Revolution, to gauge the extent of support for the old and new big pictures. I find that the old big picture is disintegrating and lacks active defenders, while many scholars support aspects of the new big picture. I discuss the significance of this for scholars in ‘applied’ fields of science studies such as education, communication and policy. 相似文献
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China does not seem to believe the existence of universally acknowledged values in science and fails to promote the observation of such values that also should be applied to every member of the scientific community and at all times. Or, there is a separation between the practice of science in China and the values represented by modern science. In this context, science, including the pursuit of the Nobel Prize, is more a pragmatic means to achieve the end of the political leadership – the national pride in this case – than an institution laden with values that govern its practices. However, it is the recognition and respect of the latter that could lead to achievement of the former, rather than the other way around. 相似文献
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Conceição Cristina Palma Ávila Patrícia Coelho Ana Rita Costa António Firmino 《Minerva》2020,58(1):1-24
Minerva - This project began with the changes in the names of the European Commission’s action plans for the relationship between science and society. Analysing the main relevant documents in... 相似文献
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This work explores the attitudes of American scientists towardsinternational scientific activity, with particular respect to theoceanic sciences, during the three decades after the First WorldWar. In the mid-1950s, the Eisenhower Administration favouredthe thesis that increased international collaboration wouldstrengthen the Free World, ease Cold War tensions, and promotethe growth of science. This essay analyses elements in thatthesis, namely, scientific chauvinism, humanitarianism, andscientific interdependence. The narrative traces these themesthrough key episodes in the history of international cooperationin oceanic science, revealing how this experience shapedstrategies and expectations for cooperative scientific research. 相似文献
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Minerva - In the 1990s, China created a research evaluation system based on publications indexed in the Science Citation Index (SCI) and on the Journal Impact Factor. Such system helped the country... 相似文献
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In this paper we critically review recent developments in policies, practices and philosophies pertaining to the mediation
between science and the public within the EU and the UK, focusing in particular on the current paradigm of Public Understanding
of Science and Technology (PEST) which seeks to depart from the science information-transmission associated with previous
paradigms, and enact a deliberative democracy model. We first outline the features of the current crisis in democracy and
discuss deliberative democracy as a response to this crisis. We then map out and critically review the broad outlines of recent
policy developments in public-science mediation in the EU and UK contexts, focusing on the shift towards the deliberative-democratic
model. We conclude with some critical thoughts on the complex interrelationships between democracy, equality, science and
informal pedagogies in public-science mediations. We argue that science and democracy operate within distinct value-spheres
that are not necessarily consonant with each other. We also problematize the now common dismissal of information-transmission
of science as inimical to democratic engagement, and argue for a reassessment of the role and importance of informal science
learning for the “lay” public, provided within the framework of a deliberative democracy that is not reducible to consensus
building or the mere expression of opinions rooted in social and cultural givens. This, we argue, can be delivered by a model
of PEST that is creative and experimental, with both educational and democratic functions. 相似文献
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Dusdal Jennifer Powell Justin J. W. Baker David P. Fu Yuan Chih Shamekhi Yahya Stock Manfred 《Minerva》2020,58(3):319-342
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During the Cold War, Franco’s dictatorship attempted to use technological transfer and nuclear technology to strengthen the geopolitical influence of his Government in Spain. This paper studies this process, with particular reference to the role played by German scientists as advisers to the Spanish nuclear project. 相似文献
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