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1.
辞格是修辞学重要的构成要素,对辞格的研究一直是修辞学的核心任务。然而,在今天各种学术运动不断涌现的背景下,辞格研究发生了很大的变化。研究突破了过去修辞学的传统,将辞格与其他现代的学科领域及研究内容结合起来,从而进行跨学科的研究。从语用学言语行为理论的角度看,辞格在语言交际中具有交际功能,即交际中的辞格话语是种种言语行为的实施,这种行为的实施是通过态度的表达来完成的。辞格的这一施事功能事实有力地证明了言语行为理论对于分析辞格的可行性。 相似文献
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In the last 50 years, researchers have debated over the lexical or grammatical nature of children's early multiword utterances. Due to methodological limitations, the issue remains controversial. This corpus study explores the effect of grammatical, lexical, and pragmatic categories on mean length of utterances (MLU). A total of 312 speech samples from high‐low socioeconomic status (SES) French‐speaking children aged 2–4 years were annotated with a part‐of‐speech‐tagger. Multiple regression analyses show that grammatical categories, particularly the most frequent subcategories, were the best predictors of MLU both across age and SES groups. These findings support the view that early language learning is guided by grammatical rather than by lexical words. This corpus research design can be used for future cross‐linguistic and cross‐pathology studies. 相似文献
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Acoustic Cues to Grammatical Structure in Infant-Directed Speech: Cross-Linguistic Evidence 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Several theorists have suggested that infants use prosodic cues such as pauses, final lengthening, and pitch changes to identify linguistic units in speech. One potential difficulty with this proposal, however, is that the acoustic shape of an utterance is affected by many factors other than its syntax, including its phonetic, lexical, and discourse structure. This has raised questions about how the infant could use timing and pitch as cues to any aspect of linguistic structure without simultaneously factoring out other effects. Acoustic analyses of connected samples of spontaneous speech addressed to 13.5–14-month-old infants by American English- and by Japanese-speaking mothers revealed that both utterance- and phrase-level acoustic regularities were large enough to be detected in spontaneous speech without correcting for other influences on the same acoustic features. (1) Utterance-final vowels were lengthened and underwent exaggerated pitch changes in both languages, and (2) local acoustic changes in duration (English) or pitch (Japanese) were reliably associated with some phrase boundaries within utterances. These findings suggest that a naive listener could estimate a rough prosodic template for each language based on robust acoustic patterns in observed sentences. We discuss ways in which the learner could combine acoustic and distributional analyses across utterances to acquire language-specific variations in prosodic bracketing cues and to obtain indirect perceptual evidence for the internal structure of utterances. 相似文献
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由语句内特定词汇和结构表达的命题意义叫言内意义,言内意义对听者或读者造成影响的意义叫言外意义.同时具有言内意义和言外意义的话语叫言语行为,而出于礼貌考虑间接执行请求、拒绝或抱怨等功能的言语行为就是间接言语行为.表示同一言外行为的言内行为,异彩纷呈,各具特色.文章选取一段极具个人特色的电影台词作为案例,介绍间接言语行为等一系列有关概念及其相互横向和纵向关系,并且探索与言内行为有关的各个翻译原则及其横向、纵向关系,从而从一个侧面展示语言学课程如何解决理论和实践联系这一个大的问题. 相似文献
5.
Klatter-Folmer J van Hout R Kolen E Verhoeven L 《Journal of deaf studies and deaf education》2006,11(2):238-251
The language development of two deaf girls and four deaf boys in Sign Language of the Netherlands (SLN) and spoken Dutch was investigated longitudinally. At the start, the mean age of the children was 3;5. All data were collected in video-recorded semistructured conversations between individual children and deaf and hearing adults. We investigated the lexical richness and syntactic complexity of the children's utterances in SLN and spoken Dutch, as well as language dominance and interactional participation. Richness and complexity increase over time, as well as children's participation. An important outcome is that syntactic complexity is higher in utterances with both sign and speech. SLN does not have higher outcomes on richness or complexity, but is dominant in terms of frequency of use. 相似文献
6.
Learning about letters is an important component of emergent literacy. We explored the possibility that parent speech provides information about letters, and also that children’s speech reflects their own letter knowledge. By studying conversations transcribed in CHILDES (MacWhinney, 2000) between parents and children aged one to five, we found that alphabetic order influenced use of individual letters and letter sequences. The frequency of letters in children’s books influenced parent utterances throughout the age range studied, but children’s utterances only after age two. Conversations emphasized some literacy-relevant features of letters, such as their shapes and association with words, but not letters’ sounds. Describing these patterns and how they change over the preschool years offers important insight into the home literacy environment. 相似文献
7.
成语的生成 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
徐盛桓 《暨南大学华文学院学报》2004,(1):42-51
成语有4点特性、3种品格：字构成的相传性、字表达的不透明性和不完备性、字面义与旨的距离性、字面义与旨关系的约定性；历史性品格、结构化品格、蕴含力品格。但这些特性和品格并不只是成语独有的，日常话语也或多或少地具有不透明性、不完备性和蕴含力。成语的特性和品格，是语言表达不完备、不透明的共性的集中和突出的表现。成语表现出的这种“表里不一”的现象，本质上也是含意现象。因此，对成语的生成，可以用研究日常话语中含意运用的理论模型即含意本体论的“语句解读常规关系理论模型”作出说明。 相似文献
8.
闫素芬 《黑龙江教育学院学报》2011,30(5):130-132
参照Locher的方法,分析在网络论坛上建议言语行为的特点.通过对其语段特征和语言特征的分析发现:在网络论坛上,大部分言语行为是由两个以下的语段实施的;在建议语段中,使用最多的句型是祈使句;建议话语大部分是以直接建议的方式给出的. 相似文献
9.
This article examines simultaneous communication (SC) by analyzing the changes in productions of teachers who underwent a program specifically designed to address improvements in the signed modality by working with both English-based signing and American Sign Language (ASL). Based on theoretical concepts found in bilingualism, language contact situations, and conversational analysis, we focus on the process of constructing utterances by examining the teachers' spontaneous repair sequences as evidence of an active productive system. Two teachers received special instruction in SC that included both ASL and English-based signing systems as separate but equal systems. Videotapes of their use of SC, collected over four years, were analyzed for sign/speech ratio and repair sequences. Repairs were classified as repetitions, replacements, or synchronization. We found that the sign/speech ratio of both teachers increased over time. Examination of repair sequences showed that repetitions tended to occur in speech with the sign channel more completely encoded in the repair. Changes in speech tended to be accompanied by changes in sign. Errors in synchrony were relatively rare. We conclude that the simultaneous communication of both teachers was speech-driven, but error detection was largely sign-driven. The greater the automaticity of both languages, the more attention could be devoted to monitoring the coordination of the two modalities. The amount and quality of monitoring that actually occurred, however, were subject to individual differences. 相似文献
10.
与隐喻一样,转喻在本质上也是人们言语行为中非常普遍的一种思维和认知方式。Thornburg和Panther从认知的角度提出言语行为脚本模式,为转喻的认知功能提供了很好的理论依据,对间接言语行为进行研究并提出了转喻解释理论,从而揭示了间接言语行为的转喻本质。笔者对特定的间接言语转喻推理的实践性进行了探讨,具有一定的意义。 相似文献
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Functional analysis of the communication between the young child and his father or mother when reading an illustrated book 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Štefan Bartanusz Lenka Šulová 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2003,18(2):113-134
Our research is concerned with the observation of communication between the child and his parents (mother-baby vs. father-baby). The children are aged from 30 to 36 months old. Communication was analysed according to utterances functions and social aims. 14 French children, 7 boys and 7 girls were filmed with each of their two parents in their home environment. 5 minutes of verbal interactions were entirely rewritten and analysed according to categories adapted from the speech acts theory. The results indicate that mothers generate more expressive utterances and fathers more commissive ones. Mothers also tend to ask more information requests. The children generate more assertive utterances with the mothers and are more directive with the fathers. Concerning parental feedback functions (approval, reformulation, clarification requests), there is no significant difference between mothers and fathers. These results are being discussed from a pragmatic and differential point of view. 相似文献
13.
《Early childhood research quarterly》1995,10(2):145-169
This study examined the correspondence between ontogenetic and microgenetic change in private speech, the association of private speech with task performance, and the relationship of maternal interaction during a teaching session to preschoolers' verbal self-regulation and success in independent problem solving. Thirty 4- and 5-year-olds were observed while their mothers assisted them in solving two challenging tasks. In three subsequent sessions, children's private speech and performance were tracked as they worked on tasks requiring skills similar to those taught in the mother-child session. Correspondences between age- and session-related trends in private speech and task performance appeared that are consistent with Vygotsky's assumption that private speech undergoes progressive internalization with increasing cognitive competence. Contrary to Vygotskian assumptions, utterances accompanying action were not replaced by those preceding action (planning statements) with advancing age and task mastery. Private speech predicted gain in task performance more effectively than concurrent performance. A global index of authoritative parenting was a better predictor of private speech and task performance than were microanalytic measures of scaffolding, suggesting that microanalytic indices may miss critical features of maternal teaching behavior that promote transfer of cognitive strategies from adult to child. 相似文献
14.
将基于多个嵌入图组合形式的半监督判别分析(SDA)以及核SDA(KSDA)应用于全监督的语音情感识别.在语音信号样本情感成分的预处理阶段,从样本语段中提取出多种特征及其统计参数,包括基音、过零率、能量、持续长度、共振峰和MFCC(Mel频率倒谱系数).在将样本特征送入分类器之前的维数约简阶段,使用经过参数优化的SDA或KSDA进行降维.Berlin语音情感数据库上的实验表明,在使用多类SVM分类器时的全监督语音情感识别中,SDA优于其他一些先进的基于谱图学习的维数约简算法,如LDA,LPP,MFA等,而KSDA通过核化的数据映射,能够取得比上述所有算法更好的识别效果. 相似文献
15.
Maternal language to prelinguistic infants: syntactic aspects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Maternal speech to children has been shown to vary by age and language ability of the children. Previous studies have usually involved children over 1 year of age. In this study maternal speech to male and female 4-, 6-, and 8-month-old infants was recorded in the laboratory. Mothers used shorter utterances to 8-month-olds than to 4- or 6-month-olds, presumably in response to the infant's changing level of comprehension. Mothers used more sentences with subjects, verbs, or objects deleted to 8-month-olds and more complex sentences to 4-month-olds. 相似文献
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Across several independent studies, infants from a few days to 9 months of age have shown preferences for infant-directed (ID) over adult-directed (AD) speech. Moreover, 4-month-olds have been shown to prefer sine-wave analogs of the fundamental frequency of ID speech, suggesting that exaggerated pitch contours are prepotent stimuli for infants. The possibility of similar preferences by 1-month-olds was examined in a series of experiments, using a fixation-based preference procedure. Results from the first 2 experiments showed that 1-month-olds did not prefer the lower-frequency pitch characteristics of ID speech, even though 1-month-olds were able to discriminate low-pass filtered ID and AD speech. Since low-pass filtering may have distorted the fundamental frequency characteristics of ID speech, 1-month-olds were also tested with sine-wave analogs of the fundamental frequencies of the ID utterances. Infants in this third experiment also showed no preference for ID pitch contours. In the fourth experiment, 1-month-olds preferred a natural recording of ID speech over a version which preserved only its lower frequency prosodic features. From these results, it is argued that, although young infants are similar to older infants in their attraction to ID speech, their preferences depend on a wider range of acoustic features (e.g., spectral structure). It is suggested that exaggerated pitch contours which characterize ID speech may become salient communicative signals for infants through language-rich, interactive experiences with caretakers and increased perceptual acuity over the first months after birth. 相似文献
18.
本文试图借鉴语用学对外语教学的启示,通过英汉语用对比来寻求符合具体情境的跨文化言语行为模式。一方面,运用语用学中的礼貌原则分析言语行为表达的非自然话语意义;另一方面,从具体的案例分析中探索礼貌原则对提高外语学习者语用能力的促进作用。 相似文献
19.
H. Oldman 《Educational research; a review for teachers and all concerned with progress in education》2013,55(2):97-100
A sample of spontaneous speech by unselected children engaged in normal nursery activities was examined for developmental features, and for the effect on language of different interpersonal situations. Using a unit of measurement based on the length of the major clause, the predicate unit, an analysis of the sample showed that length of clause was associated closely with increasing age but insignificantly with socio‐economic status. A second measure, utterance length, was used to measure communication flow and this showed that certain adult‐dominated conversational styles which reduced the child to a respondent position, markedly restricted the length of the child's utterances, while other types of adult/child communication facilitated fluent speech. Although immature constructions appeared in a decreasing proportion of the predicate units of children from all backgrounds as the age of the children advanced, colloquial omission of subject and verb auxiliary persisted more strongly in the speech of working‐class children and this might cause some initial difficulty in learning to read and write the extended form of standardized English text which would be alien to their normal speech in many of the commonest constructions. 相似文献
20.
马忠才 《浙江工贸职业技术学院学报》2006,6(3):49-54
语用学中的话语行为、合作原则、会话含义、指示语、语境和关联等几个核心理在准确推断话语语用意义、推动翻译实践发展方面具有重要价值。语用等值是语用学理论指导下翻译活动追求的最高目标。作者通过归纳习语的翻译方法说明了翻译中如何实现语用等值。 相似文献