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体育运动训练或竞赛不可避免地导致疲劳。消除疲劳的最佳方法不仅是积极的休息，还要补回运动时身体所消耗和丢失的东西。因此，需要在运动前补充水分、能量和矿物质，确保身体内水分和能量的储存；延缓疲劳的出现，增进运动能力；同时，加快身体恢复，重获运动能力。 相似文献
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一、前言在腾空,支撑和蹬地这跑步的三个阶段中,支撑是一个承上启下的重要阶段,应从理论上深入分析它。有人用功能原理分析跑步的着地缓冲阶段,因为此时人体要消耗一部分能量克服摩擦力做功,所以,整个人体的能量是减小了,然而由此认为在跑步的着地缓冲阶段中,人体的各部分都在减速,引出的这样的结论那就是不客观的。按能量转交守恒定理可知在该阶段中,人体的平动能量除了克服摩擦力做功消耗一部分,还有一部分能量使腿部肌肉拉长或压紧转换到腿部肌肉群,以弹 相似文献
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1人体运动时的能量供应
1．1运动时的直接能源
人体运动时的直接能源是来自体内一种高能磷酸化合物磷酸腺苷（ATP）。肌肉活动时,肌肉中的ATP在酶的催化,首先迅速分解为二磷酸腺苷和磷酸,同时放出能量供肌肉收缩。但是人体肌肉内的ATP含量甚微,只能供应短时间消耗,因此：肌肉要持续运动,就需要及时补充ATP。最终补充体内ATP消耗的是糖、脂肪、蛋白质等体内能量物质。 相似文献
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不同强度骑车和跑步的能量消耗与底物代谢特征研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
目的:研究比较不同强度骑车和跑步的能量消耗与底物代谢特征。方法:10名普通女大学生分别以45%、55%、65%、75%.VO2max强度进行骑车和跑步运动,采用气体代谢法测定机体的能量代谢状况。结果:1)骑车时,脂肪的消耗量和供能量在55%V.O2max强度达到最高,分别为4.26mg/min/kg和38.38cal/min/kg。跑步运动时,脂肪的消耗量和供能量在55%V.O2max强度达到最高,分别为6.41mg/min/kg和57.65cal/min/kg;2)在45%、55%、65%、75%V.O2max强度,跑步脂肪氧化量、总供能量、脂肪供能比例均高于骑车;而跑步的糖消耗量和呼吸交换率低于骑车。结论:1)无论骑车还是跑步,在45%、55%、65%、75%V.O2max4个运动强度中,55%V.O2max强度运动时的脂肪的氧化和供能量最大;2)在相同运动强度(%V.O2max)下,跑步总能量消耗、脂肪消耗和脂肪供能比例高于骑车,糖的消耗低于骑车。 相似文献
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蛋白质——人体的重要营养素 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
蛋白质是组成人体结构和酶等特殊的功能性物质，是生命的物质基础。构成人体的各种物质都在不断地更新，其中蛋白质也处于不断新陈代谢之中。正常情况下，成人机体的蛋白质摄入量和排出量处于动态平衡，即蛋白质的分解速率等于合成速率，称为氮平衡；青少年处于旺盛的生长发育期，因要长身体，蛋白质的摄入量大于排出量，称为正氮平衡；老年人因身体逐渐衰老，蛋白质的排出量大于摄入量，称为负氮平衡。运动训练时人体的代谢机能长时间大强度运动训练时，肌糖原被大量消耗，脂肪动用和利用加速，能量需求的平衡关系被破坏。为了补充骨骼肌和… 相似文献
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运动后机体能源物质的恢复机制 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
缪建奇 《武汉体育学院学报》2003,37(2):54-56
人体运动离不开能量，运动的全过程是一个不断消耗能量，又不断补充和恢复能量的过程，其中包括磷酸盐(ATP—CP)糖元，蛋白质和脂肪等能量物质的消耗与恢复。因此从理论上分析和掌握各种能源物质恢复过程和代谢产物(乳酸等)的消除问题，这无疑在运动训练中对提高人体机能水平和运动成绩有着重要意义。 相似文献
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《上海体育学院学报》2002,(3)
人体机能能力和能量储备由负荷后暂时下降和减少的状态回复到负荷前水平的过程 ,称为恢复。在恢复过程中 ,能源物质的补偿在一段时间内超过原有水平 ,这种现象叫做超量恢复。超量恢复持续一段时间再降回到原有水平 ,即完成了一次训练负荷后恢复的全过程。在一定范围内 ,运动负荷越大 ,消耗越剧烈 ,恢复过程就越长 ,超量恢复也越明显。正是由于运动训练能引起超量恢复效应 ,使得运动员竞技能力的提高成为可能并为之奠定了物质基础。所以 ,运动训练中的恢复 ,并不是满足于回到先前水平的恢复 ,而是要追求超量恢复人体机能能力和能量储备的超量… 相似文献
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Janet H. Zhang Aislinn J. C. McPhail Winko W. An Waqar M. Naqvi Daniel L. H. Chan Ivan P. H. Au 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(15):1533-1537
This study sought to compare the kinetics and kinematics data in a group of habitual shod runners when running in traditional running shoes and newly designed minimalist shoes with lug platform. This novel footwear design claims to simulate barefoot running and reduce energy loss during impact. We compared footstrike angle (FSA), vertical average (VALR) and instantaneous (VILR) loading rates, energy loss and initial vertical stiffness between two shoe conditions. Runners demonstrated a decreased FSA while running in minimalist shoes with lug platform than traditional shoes (P = 0.003; Cohen’s d = 0.918). However, we did not observe a landing pattern transition. VALR and VILR between two footwear conditions showed no significant difference (P = 0.191–0.258; Cohen’s d = 0.304–0.460). Initial vertical stiffness (P = 0.032; Cohen’s d = 0.671) and energy loss (P = 0.044; Cohen’s d = 0.578) were greater when running in minimalist shoes with lug platform. The results show that minimalist shoes with lug platform reduce the FSA but may not lead to a landing pattern switch or lower vertical loading rates. Interestingly, the new shoe design leads to a greater energy loss than traditional running shoes, which could be explained by a higher initial vertical stiffness. 相似文献
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Joel T. Fuller Dominic Thewlis Margarita D. Tsiros Nicholas A. T. Brown Joseph Hamill Jonathan D. Buckley 《European Journal of Sport Science》2019,19(3):402-412
This study investigated whether male runners improve running performance, running economy, ankle plantar flexor strength, and alter running biomechanics and lower limb bone mineral density when gradually transitioning to using minimalist shoes for 100% of weekly running. The study was a planned follow-up of runners (n?=?50) who transitioned to minimalist or conventional shoes for 35% of weekly structured training in a previous 6-week randomised controlled trial. In that trial, running performance and economy improved more with minimalist shoes than conventional shoes. Runners in each group were instructed to continue running in their allocated shoe during their own preferred training programme for a further 20 weeks while increasing allocated shoe use to 100% of weekly training. At the 20-week follow-up, minimalist shoes did not affect performance (effect size: 0.19; p?=?0.218), running economy (effect size: ≤?0.24; p?≥?0.388), stride rate or length (effect size: ≤?0.12; p?≥?0.550), foot strike (effect size: ≤?0.25; p?≥?0.366), or bone mineral density (effect size: ≤?0.40; p?≥?0.319). Minimalist shoes increased plantar flexor strength more than conventional shoes when runners trained with greater mean weekly training distances (shoe*distance interaction: p?=?0.036). After greater improvements with minimalist shoes during the initial six weeks of a structured training programme, increasing minimalist shoe use from 35% to 100% over 20 weeks, when runners use their own preferred training programme, did not further improve performance, running economy or alter running biomechanics and lower limb bone mineral density. Minimalist shoes improved plantar flexor strength more than conventional shoes in runners with greater weekly training distances. 相似文献
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ABSTRACTUltra-cushioning (ULTRA) shoes are new to the running shoe market. Several studies have evaluated kinematics and kinetics while running in ULTRA shoes, however it remains unknown how such shoes influence joint coordination. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate lower extremity coordination and coordination variability when running in minimalist (MIN), traditional (NEUT) and ULTRA shoes. Fifteen runners ran for ten minutes in each shoe type. Coordination patterns and coordination variability were assessed for rearfoot-tibia, rearfoot-knee, and tibia-knee couplings using a modified vector coding method during early, mid, and late stance periods. During late stance ULTRA shoes resulted in more antiphase coordination than MIN (p =.036) or NEUT (p =.047) shoes and less in-phase coordination than MIN (p =.048) or NEUT (p =.013) shoes. During late stance there was also more proximal phase rearfoot-knee coordination in ULTRA shoes than in either MIN (p =.039) or NEUT (p =.005) shoes and less in-phase coordination in ULTRA shoes than in NEUT shoes (p =.006). There were no differences in coordination variability between shoes during any phase. The differences in coordination may have implications for tissue loading and injury development when running in ULTRA shoes.. 相似文献
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Guillaume Millet Stéphane Perrey Caroline Divert Matthieu Foissac 《Sports Engineering》2006,9(4):209-220
The purpose of this review is to discuss how an athlete’s fatigue can be limited by using recent innovations in sports engineering.
The review focuses on human locomotion, i.e. mainly fatigue during endurance sports. First, through a general definition and
illustrations of means of locomotion such as running, cycling, walking/hiking or speed skating, several aspects of fatigue
reduction will be presented. With regards to the mechanical stress, it has been shown that (i) contrary to ‘invitro’ experiments and, in comparison with hard shoes, soft shoes do not appear to reduce impact forces during running and (ii)
too much cushioning can have side effects in terms of energy cost and thus in terms of fatigue in running and mountain biking.
On the contrary, the equipment weight-that also depends on the weight repartition may have dramatic effects in terms of fatigue.
Any equipment allowing better mechanical efficiency (e.g. chainrings, klapskate) or work distribution (e.g. walking with poles)
can potentially reduce an athlete’s fatigue under similar conditions without this equipment. However, among elite athletes,
the use of technical innovation does not seem to affect fatigueper se but provides performance improvement with similar fatigue occurrence. It appears that fatigue-related improvements caused
by technical innovations only occur among sportsmen exercising for leisure. In the second part of this review, recent textile
innovations aimed at decreasing fatigue by the use of elastic compression stockings or at regulating temperature will be discussed.
Finally, two methods designed to improve recovery after training or competition (elastic compression and electromyostimulation)
will be discussed. Both these techniques are widely used by elite athletes despite relatively poor scientific evidence of
their efficiency, with the exception of recovery after eccentric exercise. 相似文献
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《运动与健康科学(英文)》2014,3(2):102-112
BackgroundForefoot strike (FFS) and rearfoot strike (RFS) runners differ in their kinematics, force loading rates, and joint loading patterns, but the timing of their muscle activation is less clear.MethodsForty recreational and highly trained runners ran at four speeds barefoot and shod on a motorized treadmill. “Barefoot” runners wore thin, five-toed socks and shod runners wore neutral running shoes. Subjects were instructed to run comfortably at each speed with no instructions about foot strike patterns.ResultsEleven runners landed with an FFS when barefoot and shod and eleven runners landed with an RFS when barefoot and shod. The 18 remaining runners shifted from an FFS when barefoot to an RFS when shod (shifters). Shod shifters ran with a lower stride frequency and greater stride length than all other runners. All FFS runners landed with more plantarflexed ankles and more vertical lower legs at the beginning of stance compared to RFS runners. FFS runners activated their plantarflexor muscles 11% earlier and 10% longer than RFS runners.ConclusionThis earlier and longer relative activation of the plantarflexors likely enhances the capacity for the passive structures of the foot and ankle to store elastic energy, and may also enhance the performance of the active muscle by increasing the storage of elastic strain energy in the cross-bridges and activated titin. 相似文献
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Nicolas Chambon Violaine Sevrez Quoc Hung Ly Nils Guéguen Eric Berton Guillaume Rao 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(11):1013-1022
AbstractThis study investigates the effect of running shoes’ aging on mechanical and biomechanical parameters as a function of midsole materials (viscous, intermediate, elastic) and ground inclination. To this aim, heel area of the shoe (under calcaneal tuberosity) was first mechanically aged at realistic frequency and impact magnitudes based on a 660 km training plan. Stiffness (ST) and viscosity were then measured on both aged and matching new shoes, and repercussions on biomechanical variables (joint kinematics, muscular pre-activation, vertical ground reaction force and tibial acceleration) were assessed during a leg-extended stepping-down task designed to mimic the characteristics of running impacts. Shoes’ aging led to increased ST (means: from 127 to 154 N ? mm?1) and decreased energy dissipation (viscosity) (means: from 2.19 to 1.88 J). The effects induced by mechanical changes on body kinematics were very small. However, they led with the elastic shoe to increased vastus lateralis pre-activation, tibial acceleration peak (means: from 4.5 g to 5.2 g) and rate. Among the three shoes tested, the shoe with intermediate midsole foam provided the best compromise between viscosity and elasticity. The optimum balance remains to be found for the design of shoes regarding at once cushioning, durability and injury prevention. 相似文献
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Tania Socorro Amorim Soares Federico Pizzuto Rui Manuel Garganta João Paulo Vila-Boas Mario Casimiro da Anunciação Paiva 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(7):766-770
The effects of running with or without shoes on injury prevention have been extensively studied, and several investigations have assessed biomechanical differences between them. However, findings are not consensual and further insights on biomechanical load associated with differently shod or barefoot conditions may be needed. This study aimed to observe if habitually shod marathon runners show acute alterations when running barefoot or with minimalist shoes, and to determine whether the running kinematical adaptations of wearing minimalist shoes were similar to barefoot running. Twelve male marathon runners ran on the treadmill at their average marathon pace in different footwear conditions: habitual running shoes, minimalist shoes, and barefoot. High-resolution infrared cameras and visual 3D software were used to assess kinematic data. The following parameters were studied: foot strike angle, cycle time, stance time, normalized stride length, hip, knee, and ankle angular position at initial contact, and their respective range-of-motion (ROM) during stance phase. Contrary to the expectations, it was found that highly trained habitually shod elite marathon runners changed their lower limb kinematic pattern both when running barefoot or wearing minimalist shoes. Minimalist shoes showed a trend towards intermediate biomechanical effects between running with and without shoes. 相似文献
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为了给广大体育爱好者从琳琅满目的运动鞋中选择适合自己的慢跑鞋提出建议,从肌电学和气体代谢方面分析穿4种不同慢跑鞋的能耗。肌电实验结果表明,穿不同慢跑鞋走(1.5 m/s)、跑(3.5 m/s)时,由于跑鞋的重量差异以及结构差异导致下肢8块肌肉放电量出现比较明显差异;气体代谢结果表明,穿不同类型的慢跑鞋在跑台上进行15分钟3.5 m/s匀速跑时,能量消耗差异也比较大。结合跑鞋和自身情况,运动爱好者要有目的性地选择适合自己的运动鞋。 相似文献
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J. Sinclair R. Mcgrath O. Brook P. J. Taylor S. Dillon 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(11):1094-1098
Running economy is a reflection of the amount of inspired oxygen required to maintain a given velocity and is considered a determining factor for running performance. Athletic footwear has been advocated as a mechanism by which running economy can be enhanced. New commercially available footwear has been developed in order to increase energy return, although their efficacy has not been investigated. This study aimed to examine the effects of energy return footwear on running economy in relation to conventional running shoes. Twelve male runners completed 6-min steady-state runs in conventional and energy return footwear. Overall, oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, shoe comfort and rating of perceived exertion were assessed. Moreover, participants subjectively indicated which shoe condition they preferred for running. Differences in shoe comfort and physiological parameters were examined using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, whilst shoe preferences were tested using a chi-square analysis. The results showed that VO2 and respiratory exchange ratio were significantly lower, and shoe comfort was significantly greater, in the energy return footwear. Given the relationship between running economy and running performance, these observations indicate that the energy return footwear may be associated with enhanced running performance in comparison to conventional shoes. 相似文献
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Matthew K. Seeley Alyssa Evans-Pickett Gavin Q. Collins James B. Tracy Noelle J. Tuttle Parker G. Rosquist 《Journal of sports sciences》2020,38(16):1844-1858
ABSTRACT Running is a common exercise with numerous health benefits. Vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) influences running injury risk and running performance. Measurement of vGRF during running is now primarily constrained to a laboratory setting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new approach to measuring vGRF during running. This approach can be used outside of the laboratory and involves running shoes instrumented with novel piezoresponsive sensors and a standard accelerometer. Thirty-one individuals ran at three different speeds on a force-instrumented treadmill while wearing the instrumented running shoes. vGRF was predicted using data collected from the instrumented shoes, and predicted vGRF were compared to vGRF measured via the treadmill. Per cent error of the resulting predictions varied depending upon the predicted vGRF characteristic. Per cent error was relatively low for predicted vGRF impulse (2–7%), active peak vGRF (3–7%), and ground contact time (3–6%), but relatively high for predicted vGRF load rates (22–29%). These errors should decrease with future iterations of the instrumented shoes and collection of additional data from a more diverse sample. The novel technology described herein might become a feasible way to collect large amounts of vGRF data outside of the traditional biomechanics laboratory. 相似文献