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1.
Anthony L. Riley Richard L. Hyson Cory S. Baker Paul J. Kulkosky 《Learning & behavior》1980,8(2):211-217
In Experiment 1, rats poisoned following schedule-induced saccharin consumption showed a moderate reduction in the schedule-induced consumption of saccharin. With repeated poisoning, schedule-induced saccharin polydipsia was markedly reduced. Acquisition of conditioned aversion under the schedule-induced procedure was significantly slower than acquisition under water deprivation. In addition, recovery of consumption of the previously poisoned solution during extinction was more rapid under schedule-induced polydipsia. Experiment 2 revealed that schedule-induced polydipsia was less sensitive to suppression by conditioned aversions than a prandial drinking condition in which subjects were equally food deprived but were given a mass feeding instead of spaced pellet deliveries, suggesting that the relative insensitivity of schedule-induced polydipsia to conditioned taste aversions is not simply a function of different levels of food deprivation. This relative insensitivity is offered as a partial basis for the occurrence and maintenance of schedule-induced alcohol polydipsia. 相似文献
2.
Eric W. Holman 《Learning & behavior》1976,4(3):329-332
In Experiment I, rats received eight habituation injections of either lithium chloride (LiCl) or sodium chloride (NaCl), then two aversion training trials in which access to saccharin solution was followed by LiCl injections, and finally eight extinction trials with saccharin but no injections. The rats habituated to LiCl showed less aversion to saccharin during training and extinction. In Experiment II, rats received two aversion training trials, then eight habituation trials to either LiCl or NaCl, then eight extinction trials, four more aversion training trials, and eight more extinction trials. The rats habituated to LiCl did not differ during the first extinction period from those habituated to NaCl, but showed less aversion to saccharin during the second training and extinction periods. Consequently, habituation to LiCl reduces the learning of an aversion to saccharin but does not reduce the performance of a previously learned aversion. 相似文献
3.
Thirsty rats were tested on a four-armed radial maze with three water locations and one distinctive taste location (saccharin). Rats that were injected with lithium chloride after drinking a novel saccharin solution visited the saccharin location less than did unpoisoned animals, primarily during the later portions of the test sessions. When saccharin was moved to a different location, previously poisoned rats rapidly avoided the new saccharin location and increased visits to the original saccharin location, now rebaited with water. A similar pattern of learned avoidance and approach was obtained in Experiment 2 with three water locations and one vacant location (no water). These results indicate that: (1) sampling the contents of alternative patches mediates both learning to avoid the location of an aversive substance and returning to a newly viable patch, and (2) avoiding the location of a novel substance after a single poisoning occurs because the location does not contain an edible substance, not because of an aversion conditioned to environmental cues. 相似文献
4.
Stephen A. Shumake Ray T. Sterner Stanley E. Gaddis Kenneth A. Crane 《Learning & behavior》1982,10(4):499-504
The effects of select drugs, dosages, and modes of administration upon learned taste aversions were compared among groups of wild-caught male and female Philippine rice rats (R. r. mindanensis). Experiment 1 compared two-choice saccharin aversions for 28 days among groups intubated with copper sulfate, cyclophosphamide, lithium chloride, red squill, sodium chloride (control), or deionized water (control). Main results were that 375 mg/kg lithium chloride produced the greatest sustained aversions, whereas 198 mg/kg cyclophosphamide and 210 mg/kg red squill produced moderate aversions, with males showing more resistance to extinction than females. Experiment 2 compared saccharin aversion among matched groups of male and female rats that received low (36 mg/kg), moderate (105 mg/kg), or high (368 mg/kg) dosages of lithium by gavage, ip injection, or ingestion. Sex differences in rates of extinction were found for the ingestion and injection-dosed rats, but no sex difference was again found for rats dosed by gavage. A significant mode × day interaction indicated that extinction progressed more rapidly for rats dosed by gavage. For all modes of administration, high dosages yielded intense 28-day aversion, moderate dosages produced intermediate 3–5 day aversion, and low dosages caused no aversion. 相似文献
5.
Experiment I demonstrated that the strength of a rat’s aversion to saccharin is a direct function of the amount of saccharin it consumed prior to poisoning. Using Kalat and Rozin’s (1973) procedure, Experiment II showed that results consistent with a “learned-safety” theory of taste aversion appear to depend on whether rats drink most saccharin on their first or second exposure to the solution prior to poisoning. Experiment III demonstrated that when animals drank equal amounts of saccharin solution on each of two exposures prior to poisoning, evidence strongly confirming the “learned-safety” theory was obtained. These experiments together demonstrate the importance of amount of solution drunk in the determination of taste aversion. 相似文献
6.
We showed, as had previous investigators, that young rats formed taste-sickness associations that were weaker than those of mature rats; associations were not formed over a delay greater than 45 min, and aversions did not survive a 60-min test session. The difficulty young rats had withholding consumption and their poor sensitivity to taste and sickness contributed to the weak aversions. Choice tests revealed aversions that had apparently extinguished during a no-choice test, and animals that were allowed to mature prior to the first test readily withheld consumption for 60 min. Furthermore, young rats formed an aversion over a delay of 2.5 h when the concentrations of saccharin and lithium chloride were increased. Aversions to the stronger saccharin did not extinguish over two one-bottle tests and were retained for 52 days. 相似文献
7.
Three experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of intravenous (IV) flavor injections in the formation of conditioned taste aversions and in the attenuation of neophobia. In Experiment 1, two groups of rats were permitted to drink either a .1% saccharin solution or tap water followed immediately by IV injections of lithium chloride (LiCl), and two more groups were given IV injections of a 2% saccharin solution followed immediately by IV injections of either LiCl or distilled water. Injected flavor did not serve as an effective CS for the conditioning of an aversion to .1% saccharin. The second experiment employed a two-bottle procedure to detect attenuation of neophobia using the injected-flavor technique. It was found that, whether saccharin had been injected intravenously (2%), injected intraperitoneally (2% IP), or orally consumed (.1%), neophobia for .5% saccharin was attenuated equally relative to controls. CS-US intervals were manipulated in the final experiment such that IP injections of 2% saccharin solution were followed 0–480 min later by IP injections of LiCl. In this case, it was shown that injected flavor (2% saccharin) could act as an effective CS if the US was delayed (optimally about 120 min) and when the test solution was .1% saccharin. The delay gradient found in Experiment 3 was interpreted as a generalization gradient where optimum conditioning was displayed at the point where the concentration of saccharin circulating in the animal at the time of illness onset most closely matched the concentration of the test solution. 相似文献
8.
Two groups of rats each received 5 drops of NaCl solution from a dropper placed directly inside the mouth. The experimental group was then injected with lithium chloride to establish a conditioned taste aversion. The control group was injected 24 h later. After a recovery day the above procedures were repeated. On the next day both groups received 5 drops of a saccharin solution followed immediately by 5 drops of the NaCl solution. Subsequent preference tests established that the experimental group had learned an aversion to the saccharin solution as a result of its pairing with the NaCl solution which had previously been associated with poisoning. These results demonstrate that higher order conditioning of a taste aversion can be established using tastes as both the first-order stimulus and the second-order stimulus. 相似文献
9.
Mark E. Bouton 《Learning & behavior》1982,10(2):233-241
Three experiments with rat subjects were designed to investigate the possibility that an extinguished saccharin aversion might be reinstated if the animals are made ill with lithium chloride (in the absence of saccharin) following extinction. Although reinstatement can be obtained when the unconditioned stimulus is presented following the extinction of other kinds of conditioned behaviors, the present experiments provided no evidence that an extinguished taste aversion can be reinstated. No reinstatement was observed, even when the aversion had been only partially extinguished and when multiple injections of lithium chloride were administered in an attempt to reinstate the aversion. 相似文献
10.
Richard L. Hyson Julie L. Sickel Paul J. Kulkosky Anthony L. Riley 《Learning & behavior》1981,9(2):281-286
In Experiment 1, animals poisoned following schedule-induced or prandial-induced saccharin consumption subsequently showed identical aversions to saccharin when tested under water deprivation. In Experiment 2, animals conditioned to avoid saccharin to similar levels under water deprivation were differentially affected when saccharin was subsequently presented on the baselines of schedule-induced and prandial-induced drinking. Together, these data indicate that the differential effects observed on schedule-induced and prandial-induced drinking when animals are poisoned following consumption under these two schedules do not reflect the differential acquisition of taste aversions, but instead reflect the differential tendencies to drink induced by the spaced and massed feedings. 相似文献
11.
Thirsty rats were allowed to choose between a striped arm of a T-maze that contained water and a black arm that contained a saccharin solution. After each exposure to the saccharin solution, half of the animals received a lithium chloride injection 1 min later and half received the same injection 30 min later. Comparable saline injections at these same delays were given after each exposure to the striped, water, arm. The results from saccharin aversion, spatial aversion, and instrumental learning tests generally supported the hypothesis that delayed reinforcement has a substantially greater negative impact on the acquisition of an instrumental response than it has on affective conditioning. 相似文献
12.
The relationship between absolute and relative stimulus novelty was examined within the context of the conditioned taste aversion paradigm in which the relative novelty of the conditioned interoceptive stimulus was manipulated by differential exteroceptive context habituation. Rats received similar isolation histories but either 5 or 30 days of habituation to the test environment prior to treatment. One group was administered lithium chloride following saccharin consumption, a second group was administered isotonic saline following saccharin consumption, and a third group was administered saline after water consumption. The animals habituated for 30 days exhibited greater conditioned avoidance and greater neophobic avoidance of saccharin than did animals habituated for only 5 days. The results are interpreted in terms of a cross-modality stimulus contrast effect which implicates context habituation as an important parameter of both taste neophobia and taste aversion learning. 相似文献
13.
Following ingestion of either water (Experiment 1) or saccharin (Experiment 2), experimental groups of rats were poisoned with lithium chloride and acquired an aversion to the ingested fluid. This aversion gradually extinguished and, in both experiments, was not reacquired when fluid intake was again followed by poisoning. These results are in marked contrast to usual findings of very rapid relearning following extinction with conditioning preparations other than taste-aversion learning. 相似文献
14.
Fred J. Boland 《Learning & behavior》1973,1(1):3-4
Seven experimental groups of seven rats each were allowed to consume saccharin solution at different times relative to intubation of lithium chloride solution. Six backward conditioning (BWD) groups were intubed 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 h before saccharin consumption, and a forward conditioning (FWD) group was intubed 0.5 h after saccharin consumption. A no-lithium control group of 14 rats received no intubation. Only the 0.5-h FWD and the 0.5-h BWD groups showed an aversion to saccharin relative to the no-lithium controls. The aversion to saccharin in the 0.5-h FWD group was more pronounced than that in the 0.5-h BWD group. This shows that the aversive effects of lithium toxicosis dissipate far sooner than the aversive effects of X-irradiation. 相似文献
15.
In five conditioned taste aversion experiments with rats, summation, retardation, and preference tests were used to assess the effects of extinguishing a conditioned saccharin aversion for three or nine trials. In Experiment 1, a summation test showed that saccharin aversion extinguished over nine trials reduced the aversion to a merely conditioned flavor (vinegar), whereas three saccharin extinction trials did not subsequently influence the vinegar aversion. Experiment 2 clarified that result, with unpaired controls equated on flavor exposure prior to testing; the results with those controls suggested that the flavor extinguished for nine trials produced generalization decrement during testing. In Experiment 3, the saccharin aversion reconditioned slowly after nine extinction trials, but not after three. Those results suggested the development of latent inhibition after more than three extinction trials. Preference tests comparing saccharin consumption with a concurrently available fluid (water in Experiment 4, saline in Experiment 5) showed that the preference for saccharin was greater after nine extinction trials than after three. However, saccharin preference after nine extinction trials was not greater, as compared with that for either latent inhibition controls (Experiments 4 and 5) or a control given equated exposures to saccharin and trained to drink saline at a high rate prior to testing (Experiment 5). Concerns about whether conditioned inhibition has been demonstrated in any flavor aversion procedure are discussed. Our findings help explain both successes and failures in demonstrating postextinction conditioned response recovery effects reported in the conditioned taste aversion literature, and they can be explained using a memory interference account. 相似文献
16.
Michael Domjan 《Learning & behavior》1978,6(2):133-142
Taste aversions were conditioned by exposing subjects to a 1.0% saccharin solution 30 min after an injection of lithium chloride. The aversion learning was disrupted if subjects had also received an additional lithium injection some time earlier (Experiments 1–3). This interference effect of US preexposure was a decreasing function of the preexposure interval, beyond the optimal interval (105 min) for observing the phenomenon (Experiment 1), and was directly related to the dose of the preexposure injection (Experiment 2). No interference with conditioning occurred at short (e.g., 30-min) preexposure intervals (Experiment 1), probably because under these circumstances the preexposure injection itself conditioned a strong aversion (Experiment 4). At moderate (105-min) but not at short (30-min) preexposure intervals, the interference with aversions learned as a result of taste exposure following drug injection was comparable to the interference with learning in a more conventional forward conditioning procedure (Experiments 3 and 4). These findings are similar to previously documented effects of proximal CS- and US-preexposure and are consistent with recent stimulus rehearsal and opponent-process theories. 相似文献
17.
Stephen F. Davis Michael R. Best Cathy A. Grover Scott A. Bailey Bobby L. Freeman Mechelle A. Mayleben 《Learning & behavior》1990,18(4):444-452
Four experiments investigated taste potentiation in weanling rats. In Experiment 1, the animals that drank a conditioning compound of denatonium and saccharin consumed significantly less on the test than controls that drank only saccharin during conditioning. This enhanced saccharin aversion was decremented by postconditioning extinction to denatonium in Experiment 2, and no generalization of saccharin aversions to the denatonium was observed in Experiment 3. Extinction of either saccharin or denatonium aversions after compound conditioning was shown in Experiment 4 to result in substantial decrements in aversions to the compound. The relationship of these outcomes to a multiple-association account of potentiation and to the role of discrimination processes in ingestional learning is discussed. 相似文献
18.
Thirsty Sprague-Dawley rats drank flavored water in a wind tunnel prior to lithium-induced toxicosis. Flavors were presented for 5 min; 30 min later a toxin, lithium chloride, was injected. After the rats had recovered, subsequent aversions to the taste and the odor were assessed separately. In Experiment 1, extensive preexposure to the taste component of the flavor attenuated neophobia to the flavor and the subsequent taste aversion. However, the subsequent odor aversion was unaffected. Experiment 2 partially replicated the results of Experiment 1 and showed that, in a situation in which only taste-potentiated odor aversions are usually found, nonpotentiated aversions were evident. Experiment 3 found that, in addition to attenuating taste aversions, taste preexposure enhances the capacity of rats to learn nonpotentiated odor aversions. The results are interpreted with a neural-based model of conditioned flavor aversions. 相似文献
19.
Anthony L. Riley David B. Peele Kathy D. Richard Paul J. Kulkosky 《Learning & behavior》1981,9(2):287-290
Animals poisoned following exposure to saccharin subsequently avoided the schedule-induced consumption of saccharin. While this suppression was transient for subjects who had access only to the saccharin solution during the free-food presentations, recovery of schedule-induced saccharin consumption was significantly retarded for subjects who had concurrent access to saccharin and a running wheel. It has been suggested that the transient suppression of schedule-induced polydipsia by conditioned taste aversions results from the pellet-induced tendency to drink within the schedule-induced polydipsia procedure. That access to the running wheel reduces schedule-induced polydipsia in general and prolongs the suppression of schedule-induced polydipsia by taste aversions supports this view. 相似文献
20.
Anthony L. Riley Cora Lee Wetherington Ashley M. Wachsman Harris A. Fishman Mary A. Kautz 《Learning & behavior》1988,16(3):292-298
Animals poisoned following the schedule-induced consumption of saccharin initially continued to drink following spaced pellet deliveries. Neither the initiation of postpellet drinking (i.e., bout, initiation) nor the size and duration of the bouts was effected by the conditioned aversion procedure. With repeated conditioning trials (i.e., repeated pairings of saccharin and LiCl), schedule induced drinking was eventually reduced. The specific components underlying schedule-induced consumption, however, were differentially affected by the aversion training. Specifically, the decrease in schedule-induced drinking was effected primarily by a decrease in licking occurring between 10 and 60 sec after pellet delivery. Bout initiation and licking immediately postpellet (i.e., within the first 10 sec following pellet delivery) were most resistant to suppression and appeared to be responsible for the relative insensitivity of schedule-induced drinking to conditioned taste aversions. The differential effects of taste aversion conditioning on individual components of elicited behavior are discussed. 相似文献