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《Research Policy》2023,52(3):104709
Franzoni and Stephan (2023) recommend a probabilistic ‘subjective expected utility’ technique for addressing challenges of uncertainty in research evaluation. Whilst acknowledging strengths in F&S's analysis, this Response highlights a series of important practical, theoretical and methodological deficiencies. The stakes are raised, in that these are widely shared in a growing body of practice across research policy and beyond. This practice seeks to reduce and aggregate real-world complex, ambiguous, qualitative, multidimensional and contested challenges through ostensibly precise calculation. Taking associated problems in turn, this Response shows how F&S: make scientifically dubious claims; understate the depths of uncertainty; overstate the sufficiency of quantification; neglect foundational limits to calculation; and ignore crucial interpretive dimensions of policy making. Highlighting roles for greater methodological diversity, this Response points at the end to alternative methods that collectively allow more robustly plural approaches to contrasting aspects of incertitude. In the process, the steering of directions for research can become more rigorous and accountable and less vulnerable to manipulation and inadvertent bias. With globally growing ‘post-truth’ authoritarian populism arguably partly provoked by the kind of technocracy criticised here, research evaluation may in a small way help re-invigorate democracy by ‘opening up’ in this particular area, the hiding of politics behind expertise. 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2023,52(3):104707
In their Discussion Paper, Franzoni and Stephan (F&S, 2023) discuss the shortcomings of existing peer review models in shaping the funding of risky science. Their discussion offers a conceptual framework for incorporating risk into peer review models of research proposals by leveraging the Subjective Expected Utility (SEU) approach to decouple reviewers' assessments of a project's potential value from its risk. In my Response, I build on F&S's discussion and attempt to shed light on three additional yet core considerations of risk in science: 1) how risk and reward in science are related to assessments of a project's novelty and feasibility; 2) how the sunk cost literature can help articulate why reviewers tend to perceive new research areas as riskier than continued investigation of existing lines of research; and 3) how drawing on different types of expert reviewers (i.e., based on domain and technical expertise) can result in alternative evaluation assessments to better inform resource allocation decisions. The spirit of my Response is to sharpen our understanding of risk in science and to offer insights on how future theoretical and empirical work—leveraging experiments— can test and validate the SEU approach for the purposes of funding more risky science that advances the knowledge frontier. 相似文献
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This article examines the relationship between the general public's understanding of science and the attitude towards public funding of scientific research. It applies a multivariate and discriminant analysis (Wilks' Lambda), in addition to a more commonly used bivariate analysis (Cramer's V), to data compiled from the Third National Survey on the Social Perception of Science and Technology in Spain (FECYT, 2006). The general conclusion is that the multivariate analysis produces information complementary to the bivariate analysis, and that the variables commonly applied in public perception studies have limited predictive value with respect to the attitude towards public funding of scientific research. 相似文献
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《Endeavour》2019,43(4):100709
The independence of science was long seen as of prime importance. This position has become less common today. The perception of scientific research as a public service has led to the opinion that it must be accountable to citizens and produce knowledge and innovation that meet their expectations. Numerous authors have voiced the need for anticipatory ethical control of innovation focusing on the scientific research process. This control is considered as the must-have guarantee for “good science.” The current article attempts to trace the ideological origins of the ethical control of innovation, examines its effectiveness against the challenge of globalization and technology-derived major threats and its compatibility with scientific methodology. It also suggests ways to both regulate the innovation process and preserve the independence of science. On the whole, we conclude that truly effective ethical regulation of innovation, i.e. one that protects the greatest number from its adverse effects, is achieved first and foremost by questioning our liberal economic model and the place given to science in our societies. 相似文献
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As China＇s leading academic institution and comprehensive research and development center in natural science, technological science and hightech innovation, the Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） is committed to making fundamental, strategic and forwardlooking contributions to China＇s economic reconstruction, national security and sustainable development. 相似文献
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We investigate whether having an advisor of the same gender is correlated with the productivity of PhD science students and their propensity to stay in academic science. Our analysis is based an original dataset – combined from dissertation abstracts, faculty directories and bibliometric data – covering nearly 20,000 PhD graduates and their advisors from U.S. chemistry departments. We find that students working with advisors of the same gender tend to be more productive during the PhD; and that female students working with female advisors are considerably more likely to become faculty themselves. We suggest that the under-representation of women in science and engineering faculty positions may perpetuate itself through the lower availability of same-gender advisors for female students. 相似文献
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《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2007,(2)
A special issue devoted to the progress achieved by China's separation science was published recently by a world-renown periodical Journal of Separation Science. 相似文献
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Theme and Style in Hemingway''''s A Farewell to Arms 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
I.I ntroduction Ernest Hemingway is one of the foremost American writers, an epoch-making stylist with a highly original talent. Like no other writers of his time, he has become a symbol not merely of literature and books, but of a particular way of living and dying. His name is often associated with war and courage, with love and violence, with beauty and death. Throughout his life, Hemingway wrote a lot, and A Farewell to Arms is one of his early works. As what American critic John Brow… 相似文献
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Maienschein J Laubichler M Loettgers A 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2008,99(2):341-349
History of science has developed into a methodologically diverse discipline, adding greatly to our understanding of the interplay between science, society, and culture. Along the way, one original impetus for the then newly emerging discipline--what George Sarton called the perspective "from the point of view of the scientist"--dropped out of fashion. This essay shows, by means of several examples, that reclaiming this interaction between science and history of science yields interesting perspectives and new insights for both science and history of science. The authors consequently suggest that historians of science also adopt this perspective as part of their methodological repertoire. 相似文献
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Emotions are an integral component of all human activities, including human–computer interactions. This article reviews literature on the theories of emotions, methods for studying emotions, and their role in human information behaviour. It also examines current research on emotions in library and information science, information retrieval and human–computer interaction, and outlines some of the challenges and directions for future work. 相似文献
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《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2007,(3)
The Executive Board (EB) Meeting of the Third World Organization for Women in Science (TWOWS) opened on 15 August in Beijing. 相似文献
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There is a common problem in artificial intelligence (AI) and information security. In AI, an expert system needs to be able
to justify and explain a decision to the user. In information security, experts need to be able to explain to the public why
a system is secure. In both cases, an important goal of explanation is to acquire or maintain the users’ trust. In this paper,
I investigate the relation between explanation and trust in the context of computing science. This analysis draws on literature
study and concept analysis, using elements from system theory as well as actor-network theory. I apply the conceptual framework
to both AI and information security, and show the benefit of the framework for both fields by means of examples. The main
focus is on expert systems (AI) and electronic voting systems (security). Finally, I discuss consequences of the analysis
for ethics in terms of (un)informed consent and dissent, and the associated division of responsibilities. 相似文献
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Gray J 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2011,102(3):511-517
For some years now, the history of modern mathematics and the history of modern science have developed independently. A step toward a reunification that would benefit both disciplines could come about through a revived appreciation of mathematical practice. Detailed studies of what mathematicians actually do, whether local or broadly based, have often led in recent work to examinations of the social, cultural, and national contexts, and more can be done. Another recent approach toward a historical understanding of the abstractness of modern mathematics has been to see it as a species of modernism, and this thesis will be tested by the raft of works on the history of modern applied mathematics currently under way. 相似文献
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Chinese science and technology personnel＇s views on academic misconduct： A survey result of 30,000 science and technology personnel 
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下载免费PDF全文 《科研管理》2012,33(8)
对全国三万名科技工作者的抽样问卷调查结果显示：接近半数的科技工作者认为当前学术不端行为是普遍现象;超过一半的科技工作者表示确切知道自己周围的研究者有过“抄袭剽窃”、“弄虚作假”和“一稿多发”和“在没有参与的研究成果上署名”等至少一种学术不端行为。多数被调查者认为当前“学术评价制度不合理”是造成学术不端行为的最主要原因。相当部分科技工作者对学术不端持宽容态度。科技工作者对学术规范的了解情况堪忧,近四成科技工作者表示自己对科研道德和学术规范了解很少或者不了解,近一半的人从来没有系统地学习过科研道德和学术规范的知识。根据调查结果,文章提出了治理学术不端行为的政策建议。 相似文献
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《Information processing & management》2022,59(2):102832
This paper applies text analytics to study how the orientation of an endorsement strategy affects the public's willingness to participate in citizen science projects. Using 850 citizen science projects with 1,243 endorsements from an online citizen science platform Experiment.com as corpus, the orientation of the endorsement strategies is detected using the naïve Bayesian inference model with a Laplace estimator. Our results inform that 39% of the endorsements are persona-oriented while 61% are content-oriented. A persona-oriented endorsement strategy draws more participants but reduces the per capita invested. A content-oriented endorsement strategy has the opposite effect. Further, the project initiator's identity strengthens or weakens the effect of the endorsement orientation strategy. In the number of participants model, the projects initiated by the professional scientists and research students are positively moderated by persona-orientation endorsements, whereas the projects initiated by the amateur researchers are negatively moderated. The converse holds for the per capita invested model. 相似文献
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《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2005,(3)
Climate change is real There will always be uncertainty in understanding a system as complex as the world’s climate. However there is now strong evidence that significant global warming is occurring1. The evidence comes from direct measurements of rising surface air temperatures and subsurface ocean temperatures and from phenomena such as increases in average global sea levels, retreating glaciers, and changes to many physical and biological systems. It is likely that most of the warming in r… 相似文献