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Topic choice,gendered language,and the under-funding of female scholars in mission-oriented research
《Research Policy》2023,52(6):104758
We investigate the participation of male and female applicants to a competition for research funding, using an original dataset with detailed information on both successful and unsuccessful applicants to 21 calls by a mission-oriented funding agency. We use this information to construct a fictitious pool of 277,464 potential applicants and to model their probability to submit an application. We find that, even after controlling for productivity, quality of research, seniority, years of career discontinuity, number of prior applications, affiliation, and ethnicity, women were still less likely to apply than men. The lower likelihood of females to apply was not explained by the use of masculine language in the text of the calls. Instead, women's research interests were more distant from the topics of the calls than men's. Topic proximity fully mediated female penalization in the likelihood to apply for research funding. These results are an important heads-up, in view of the increasing focus of governments in mission-oriented programs. 相似文献
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针对世界知识产权组织在日内瓦发布的《2020世界知识产权指标》报告中的专利数据展开分析。《2020世界知识产权指标》报告显示,我国专利申请总数和授权总数均位列世界第一。但数据显示,我国居民海外专利申请量还远远低于美国、日本等国家,我国海外专利布局区域不平衡,我国申请人有效专利流失严重,平均使用年限偏低。为此,我国应加快推进顶层设计,助推企业创新主体全球范围专利布局,构筑技术竞争优势;引导培育高价值专利,规范知识产权过程化管理;着力促进知识产权运用,推动专利成果转化实施;深化改革知识产权基础设施建设,全领域支撑知识产权保护工作。 相似文献
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This paper compares and contrasts the invention patents of the US and China focusing on the application and granting practices. The findings show that both countries appear to make efforts to provide equal treatment to domestic and foreign applicants for patents in terms of pendency, but domestic applicants seem to enjoy more certainty of the patent being granted within the pendency period than foreign applicants in both countries. As regards grants, the US is equal in granting patents to domestic and foreign applications; China appears to give preferential treatment to domestic applications. Such practices have implications for both patenting policy and activities. 相似文献
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数字创新的策略性专利行为及相互作用研究 《科学学研究》2022,40(3):545-554
数字创新是典型的专利密集型创新，近年来，该领域的策略性专利行为日益凸现，对数字创新产生了不容忽视的负面影响，有必要深入研究数字创新的策略性专利行为。针对时间序列数据的分析表明，同族专利导致了该领域专利数量激增；同时，专利诉讼也呈现爆发式增长态势；在此基础上的研究表明，数字创新领域的同族专利与专利诉讼不是孤立的，二者存在显著的相互促进作用，即同族专利的增长引发专利诉讼的涌现，而专利诉讼的涌现刺激布局更多的同族专利。因此，有必要提高同族专利审查授权标准，以达到“一石二鸟”的效果，遏制策略性专利行为泛滥对数字创新的负面影响。 相似文献
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发明专利的数量与质量是衡量一个企业甚至国家创新活动的重要指标。专利引证活动可以反映知识转移情况。针对2011年申请的中国“收获和割草”领域的发明专利,从申请人、发明人、分类号、关键词等多个方面展开分析,并且考察了其中的专利引证活动,包括对专利文献的引证和对非专利文献的引证,对我国基于专利引文的农业知识转移研究现状进行了梳理,总结了基于专利引文的农业知识转移的特点。 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2022,51(7):104517
Examiners’ instructions and academic studies on patent validity determination focus on identification of “blocking” citations that invalidate claims in applications as non-novel or obvious, generally ignoring the non-blocking majority as irrelevant to validity. Recently available datasets allow us to identify, for the first time, “forward” citations received by applications before grant, as well as “backward” citations in those applications, and distinguish those identified by the examiner as blocking (submitted mainly by examiners), as well as non-blocking examiner and applicant citations. Categorical analysis confirms that blocking citations in an application strongly negatively predict its grant, but positively predict grant of the cited blocking applications. Non-blocking applicant and examiner citations in an application equally strongly predict its grant, but do not predict grant of cited applications. We test whether expected value – measured by applicant forward citations to the application prior to its grant – affects probability of grant, with negative results. These findings expand our understanding of the scope of examiners’ and applicants’ roles as mediators of validity-relevant information in applications. 相似文献
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Does it matter where patent citations come from? Inventor vs. examiner citations in European patents
Paola Criscuolo 《Research Policy》2008,37(10):1892-1908
This paper addresses the question of whether patent citations are useful indicators of technology flows. We exploit the distinction between citations added by inventors and patent examiners. We use information from the search reports of European Patent Office patent examiners to construct our dataset of patenting activity in Europe and the US, and apply various econometric models to investigate what determines the probability that a citation is added by the inventor rather than the examiner. Contrary to previous work which uses US Patent and Trademark Office data, we find that geographical distance is a factor that strongly diminishes the probability of knowledge flows. We find other significant effects of such factors as cognitive distance, time and strategic factors on citing behaviour. 相似文献
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芯片产业是现代产业体系中基础性、战略性和先导性的产业,基于合作专利数据研究芯片产业加权网络的结构特征,有助于揭示我国芯片专利合作网络的内在耦合机制以及互补机制,为决策者制定合理的产学合作政策和芯片产业发展战略提供理论依据。本文以中国芯片产业为研究对象,运用社会网络分析方法,通过构建芯片产业加权专利合作网络,从网络结构、关联性、社群和重要节点等方面,研究了芯片产业加权专利合作网络的结构特征。研究结果表明：中国芯片产业加权专利合作网络具有幂律分布的特性；企业在芯片产业的专利合作申请中占据主导地位,北京、上海和广东等经济发达地区是该网络节点的重要组成；度值较大的专利申请人呈现明显的连接偏好,节点的权重比度值增加的更快,网络具有同配性质；国家电网公司是该网络最为重要的节点,电子科大、台积电占据该网络中的重要位置。据此,本文对提升中国芯片产业发展提出了建议。 相似文献
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在激烈的市场竞争中,越来越多的企业开始采用专利诉讼战略来获得竞争优势。笔者在综述国内外研究现状的基础上,从博弈的视角建立企业专利诉讼的博弈树模型,对企业间的专利诉讼战略进行分析,并重点对专利钓饵的诉讼战略进行论证。结果表明,企业专利诉讼战略的根本动机是通过司法手段,战略性运用专利获得利润最大化。在此基础上,提出了我国企业有效应对专利诉讼国际化、多样化的对策建议。 相似文献
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Patent indicators for the technology life cycle development 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Reinhard Haupt 《Research Policy》2007,36(3):387-398
Investments in a technology have to consider its current life cycle stage. The widespread approach of studying technology life cycles by measuring patent activity indices, especially patent applications, raises a practical problem: it requires the survey of all applications and applicants on a technological field. On the basis of an empirical study on pacemaker technology the paper identifies several patent indices as appropriate life cycle stage indicators which do not require the survey of the complete patent activity. 相似文献
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用于预防和治疗新型冠状病毒的药物尚在研发试验阶段,核酸检测方法和试剂研发是防控新冠病毒之重要措施。对核酸检测方法和试剂专利进行分析有利于科研工作者利用专利情报,提高科研成果的专利保护意识。以新型冠状病毒感染肺炎防疫专利信息共享平台为基础数据来源,对新型冠状病毒核酸检测和诊断的175项专利申请数据进行整理-筛选-归纳-可视化,分析申请量年变化、申请类型和申请人信息,并重点梳理关键申请人的专利申请动向及布局。得出结论:核酸检测和诊断领域专利申请发展受疫情发展影响显著;核酸检测和诊断领域检测方法众多,发展较为成熟;核酸检测和诊断领域申请人以中国的高校及科研机构为主,科研成果专利转化率高;专利布局成为重要申请人保护知识产权、加强专利竞争力的有意之举。 相似文献
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Dietmar Harhoff Karin Hoisl Bettina Reichl Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie 《Research Policy》2009,38(9):1423-1437
One feature of the European patent system that is heavily criticized nowadays is related to its fragmentation and the induced cost burden for applicants. Once a patent is granted by the EPO, the assignee must validate (and often translate) it and pay the renewal fees to keep it in force in each country in which protection is sought. The objective of this paper is to assess to what extent validation and renewal fees as well as translation costs affect the validation behavior of applicants. We rely on a gravity model that aims at explaining patent flows between inventor and target countries within the European patent system. The results show that the size of countries, their wealth and the distance between their capital cities are significant determinants of patent flows. Validation fees and renewal fees further affect the validation behavior of applicants. Translation costs seem to have an impact as well. The implementation of cost-reducing policy interventions like the London Protocol will, therefore, induce a significant increase in the number of patents validated in each European country. 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2023,52(2):104670
Encouraging disclosure is important for the patent system, yet the technical information in patent applications is often inadequate. We use algorithms from computational linguistics to quantify the effectiveness of disclosure in patent applications. Relying on the expectation that universities have more ability and incentive to disclose their inventions than corporations, we analyze 64 linguistic measures of patent applications, and show that university patents are more readable by 0.4 SD of a synthetic measure of readability. Results are robust to controlling for non-disclosure-related invention heterogeneity. The linguistic metrics are evaluated by a panel of “expert” student engineers and further examined by USPTO 112(a) – lack of disclosure – rejection. The ability to quantify disclosure opens new research paths and potentially facilitates improvement of disclosure. 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2019,48(9):103810
We analyze the impact of accession to the regional patent system established by the European Patent Convention (EPC) on 14 countries that acceded between 2000 and 2008. We look at changes in patenting behavior by domestic and foreign applicants at the national patent offices and the European Patent Office (EPO). We find a strong change in patent filing behavior among foreigners seeking patent protection in the accession states, substituting EPO patents for domestic patents immediately. However, there is no discernible reaction among domestic entities in terms of domestic filings, although we do find some evidence that applicants in accession states increased their propensity to file patents with the EPO post-accession. Inventors in accession countries also increase their patent filings slightly post-accession, both at the EPO and at the national offices. 相似文献