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1.
高等教育阶段是与劳动力市场衔接最紧密的阶段,高等教育的学科专业直接决定了人们日后所从事的职业。从社会性别的角度看,女性倾向于选择女性密集型学科专业,男性倾向于选择男性密集型学科专业;男性密集型学科专业对应的职业领域收入往往高于女性密集型学科专业。学科专业的性别隔离导致职业性别隔离和职业分层,改善高等教育学科专业的性别隔离状况有助于解决性别收入差距问题。 相似文献
2.
This paper aims to problematise how gender is being done—1. through occupational choices in two occupations that are traditionally gender divided, elderly care and police work, and 2. through the division of work assignments in police work. Interviews with care workers and police officers are analysed using a “doing gender” perspective, a post-structural notion of subjectivity inspired by Michel Foucault and positioning theory. We argue that a caring discourse operates in elderly care workers’ and police officers’ statements concerning occupational choices, while a daring discourse operates in statements concerning occupational choices within police work. Through these discourses, gender is being done in different ways; caring dispositions are constructed as totally female within the context of elderly care but as more gender-neutral in police work. At the same time, a macho or daring attitude is constructed as a male attribute in police work. Such constructions may have social consequences in terms of dividing work tasks for police, where male officers work in more prestigious and “dangerous” areas, while female officers are left with less prestigious, more caring-associated working areas. 相似文献
3.
Anthony Heath 《牛津教育评论》2013,39(3):361-374
abstract Data from the 1981 and 1991 sweeps of the National Child Development Study are used to explore the educational qualifications and the subsequent occupations of people who had experienced care as children. The results confirm previous investigations which show that people who have been in care have much lower educational qualifications than their peers who have never been in care; they also show that they have higher risks of unemployment and, if they obtain jobs, are more likely to be in lower‐level jobs. These results do not, however, apply equally to all people who have ever been in care. People who experienced short periods of care before the age of one perform close to the national average, while one of the most disadvantaged groups are people who came into care before eleven years of age and did not leave care until after eleven. This group typically remained in care for around nine years, and they not only had low educational attainments but also had even lower occupational attainments than would have been expected given their lack of qualifications. 相似文献
4.
The paper explores the incidence of over and under education and the effect on earnings for immigrants and natives who hold UK qualifications, drawn from the Quarterly Labour Force Survey 1993–2003. The paper also compares earnings penalties associated with over and under education across immigrant and minority ethnic groups for men and women. The results show that compared to Whites, Black African, Other Non-White and Indian men are more likely to be over-educated, whilst for women it is Indian and Pakistani/Bangladeshi's who are more likely to be over-educated. Estimating earnings equations shows significantly large over-education penalties for South Asian immigrant and native men, as well as White immigrant men, Black women and White UK born women. However, there are large returns to occupational skills for some minority ethnic and immigrant groups, over and above the returns to qualifications. It is suggested that these groups may therefore find it easier to find a suitable job for their UK education level if higher or further education programmes for immigrants were combined with occupational specific training. 相似文献
5.
Liat Kulik 《International journal for the advancement of counseling》1995,18(2):85-96
The study examined the impact of ethnic culture and gender on attitudes toward work and occupations among Soviet immigrant and Israeli students. The research focused on image of occupations (sex-typing and prestige of occupations), as well as on perceived salience of work rewards.On the whole, it was found that ethnic culture had a greater impact than gender on these attitudes. Most of the occupations were evaluated as more masculine by the immigrants than by the Israelis. Moreover, occupations related to law enforcement were viewed as more prestigious by the immigrants than by the Israelis. With regard to work rewards, the Israelis attributed more salience than the immigrants to three aspects (social factors, instrumental factors, and working conditions). No differences were found between the two groups in the intrinsic aspect of work. At the same time, gender also had an impact on the attitudes examined, although this impact was less significant than that of ethnic culture. Regardless of origin, some of the prestigious occupations were perceived as more feminine by the women than by the men. In the same vein, women tended to attribute a higher degree of salience to comfortable working conditions than men.These findings elicited a number of practical recommendations for career counsellors working with new immigrants.The author is a lecturer at the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Bar-Ilan University, Israel, and a research associate at the Vocational Counselling and Information Center of the National Employment Service, Tel Aviv. Research interests include women at work and sex roles in the family. 相似文献
6.
The role of educational choice in occupational gender segregation: Evidence from Trinidad and Tobago
We analyse the role of educational choice on the degree of occupational segregation in Trinidad and Tobago during a period in which educational policies intent on equating gender opportunities in education were implemented. To this end we utilize waves of the Trinidad and Tobago labour force survey over the period 1991–2004. Our results show that while educational segregation has fallen substantially over our sample period, this has not translated into less occupational segregation. This suggests that the educational policy has not been sufficient to combat occupational segregation. However, results at a more disaggregated level show that experiences have been heterogeneous across educational and occupational groups. 相似文献
7.
Alan Davis 《Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk》2013,18(2):141-152
This study compared the occupational aspirations of beginning high school students by gender and ethnicity, and examined the relationship between the educational demands of the occupations desired by students and their academic performance before and after entering high school. Desired occupations were obtained from 662 entering 9th-grade students in a large urban district, and linked to General Educational Demand ratings and to student grades. Young women were more likely than young men to aspire to professional occupations and to occupations requiring more education. The educational demands associated with students' aspirations accounted for about 3% of variance in grades. Educational demands of desired jobs were highest across all groups for Latina young women and lowest for Latino young men. Forty-one percent of African American young men aspired to be professional athletes, but this aspiration was not associated with grade point average before or after entering high school. 相似文献
8.
Following the recommendations of Lent, Brown and Hackett's Social Cognitive Career Theory (2000), we measured eighth grade boys' and girls' perception of the proportion of men and women employed in occupations and their level of interest and self-efficacy for those occupations. Results indicated that eighth grade boys and girls expressed stronger career interest in and higher self-efficacy for those occupations that they rated as employing more of their own gender. The study highlights how career practitioners can work with adolescents to widen their perceived range of occupational choices. 相似文献
9.
Entry of men and women to an academic career was studied through a survey of 230 men and women who in 1991 held a full-time appointment at lecturer level or above in Arts and Science disciplines in an Australian university. The women more often than the men had learned about the position they obtained from a source inside the department in which the job was being filled, had been encouraged by senior members of the department to apply, and had gained a position that was filled without advertisement. However, these differences arose because more of the women than the men had been a tutor in the department where they gained a lectureship. There were no differences in terms of how men and women had been recruited when allowance was made for this factor and whether a person had been residing within Australia immediately prior to appointment. The results are discussed with reference to why men have in the past and now do substantially outnumber women among academics in Australian universities. Although the survey suggests men and women who gained positions were recruited on similar bases, successful applicants need to be compared with unsuccessful applicants to obtain comprehensive understanding whether selection practices have disadvantaged women.The survey reported in this article was undertaken while Ray Over held an appointment as Visiting Professor in the Faculty of Education at Griffith University. 相似文献
10.
Research on the transition from post-secondary education to the labour market refers mainly to differences between academic and vocational tracks in secondary education. In this paper we analyse Israeli data focusing on the transition from different levels of post secondary degrees and from various fields of study to the labour market. We examine three labour market outcomes: employment status, occupational prestige attainment, and job match. Data are drawn from a supplement to the 1983 Israeli Census, which includes a random sample of Israel's tertiary education degree holders (vocational and academic). Our central finding is that men who work in female-dominated occupations get better returns than women, and women who work in male-dominated occupations get better returns than men. We discuss several explanations of this finding. 相似文献
11.
INA WAGNER 《European Journal of Engineering Education》1986,11(3):321-329
In the context of an action-research project on young women in non-traditional occupations, a variety of barriers as well as chances to build up a career as skilled workers have been identified. Although the women are motivated and competent craft workers, their abilities and aptitudes are measured against what women in industry ‘normally’ do. As a consequence, they find themselves in an unstable in-between position between unskilled women workers and their skilled male colleagues. This unequal situation (which becomes visible in specific work assignments and on the pay slip) restricts opportunity for promotion and makes many women behave as if they were locked in low income, dead-end positions. Still, the women have developed pride in their skills. They identify strongly with craft work and use their technical competence successfully in their private struggle for recognition and independence. 相似文献
12.
Lotta Vikström 《Interchange》2003,34(2-3):241-259
It is often hard to unravel the actual work of women in history. Generally few sources are able to give vital information on their occupational structure. What we know, though, is that a vast majority of women were engaged in domestic work. Servants frequently appear in quantitative data, such as parish registers, poll-taxes, or censuses. Nevertheless, these sources fail to cover what women really were doing in order to pay for their daily bread. But in what ways the occupation reported in the quantitative records disagreed from women's actual work is difficult to judge. Additionally, in many cases these records leave no occupational information on women at all. With the computerized parish registers of the Demographic Data Base at Umeå University, Sweden, it is possible to link alternative information on individual women's work to the quantitative data and build on the picture of women's occupations. Consequently, whereas the parish registers enable us to deal with demographic issues concerning the marital, geographical, and social path of women in the past, the alternative sources formed by local newspapers, patient records, and business statistics offer further information on their life and working conditions. This paper reveals that alternative sources are better than the quantitative data at revealing the often multi-occupational and part-time work of urban women. Newspaper advertisements, announcements, and police reports, for instance, reveal the voices of the otherwise silent women workers and tell us about their urban context. The town and time in focus is Sundsvall in 1860–1893, a Swedish sawmill town situated about 400 kilometers north of Stockholm. 相似文献
13.
This paper examines how workers’ earnings change after involuntary job separations depending on the workers’ acquired IT skills and the specificity of their occupational training. We categorize workers’ occupational skill bundles along two independent dimensions. First, we distinguish between skill bundles that are more specific or less specific compared to the skill bundles needed in the overall labor market. Second, as digitalization becomes ever more important, we distinguish between skill bundles that contain two different types of IT skills, generic or expert IT skills. We expect that after involuntary separations, these different types of IT skills can have opposing effects, either reducing or amplifying earnings losses of workers with specific skill bundles. We find clearly opposing results for workers in specific occupations—but not in general occupations: Having more generic IT skills is positively correlated with earnings after involuntary separations, whereas more expert IT skills is negatively correlated. 相似文献
14.
The results of this study indicate wide variation in the effect of occupational sex segregation on the job satisfaction of women college graduates employed in public and private organizations. Women employed in sex-balanced and male- and female-dominated occupations in the public sector have comparable levels of job satisfaction. In private firms, however, women college graduates employed in sex-balanced careers are more satisfied with theintrinsic andoverall nature of their jobs than those employed in female-dominated occupations, and those in female-dominated jobs are more satisfied with theextrinsic nature of their careers than women in male-dominated jobs. The implications of these findings for those who conduct research on the career consequences of women employed in sex-dominated career fields and for college officials responsible for the educational and professional development of women college students are discussed. 相似文献
15.
Franziska Moser Bettina Hannover 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2014,29(3):387-407
Schoolbooks convey not only school-relevant knowledge; they also influence the development of stereotypes about different social groups. Particularly during the 1970s and 1980s, many studies analysed schoolbooks and criticised the overall predominance of male persons and of traditional role allocations. Since that time, women’s and men’s occupations and social functions have changed considerably. The present research investigated gender portrayals in schoolbooks for German and mathematics that were recently published in Germany. We examined the proportions of female and male persons in pictures and texts and categorized their activities, occupational and parental roles. Going beyond previous studies, we added two criteria: the use of gender-fair language and the spatial arrangements of persons in pictures. Our results show that schoolbooks for German contained almost balanced depictions of girls and boys, whereas women were less frequently shown than men. In mathematics books, males outnumbered females in general. Across both types of books, female and male persons were engaged in many different activities, not only gender-typed ones; however, male persons were more often described via their profession than females. Use of gender-fair language has found its way into schoolbooks but is not used consistently. Books for German were more gender fair in terms of linguistic forms than books for mathematics. For spatial arrangements, we found no indication for gender biases. The results are discussed with a focus on how schoolbooks can be optimized to contribute to gender equality. 相似文献
16.
E. B. Fred 《Journal of Experimental Education》2013,81(2):158-172
Typically, the PhD degree is said to be more research oriented, whereas the EdD is aimed more at the educational practitioner. We compared the two degrees with regard to research design, statistics, target populations, significance of results, age of subjects, and other characteristics. Samples of 1,007 PhD and 960 EdD dissertations were selected from Dissertation Abstracts International from 1950–1990. We found that the percentage of PhD dissertations is increasing and is higher for women; PhD dissertations contained more multivariate statistics, had wider generalizability, and were more prevalent in certain areas of concentration. The EdD dissertations contained more survey research and were most prevalent in educational administration research. No differences between the degrees were found in basic versus applied or in significance of findings. 相似文献
17.
《Early education and development》2013,24(3):307-321
This study documented the current status and determined the need for early childhood care and education in South Africa, including an assessment of the training needs of childminders and other individuals interested in working with young children in rural and urban areas of South Africa. The sample included 373 African men and women representing a range of occupations and different levels of education. The study employed primarily quantitative methodology, specifically a survey. The findings suggest that families and community members who have in the past responded to the needs of young children can no longer meet these needs due to social and economic dynamics. Respondents from both rural and urban settings perceived training, training centers, infrastructure, and the integration of African culture in early childhood education to be compelling needs. Programmatic and policy recommendations based on the interviews and observations are made. 相似文献
18.
Mature Graduates I: Occupational attainment and the effects of labour market duration 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Muriel Egerton 《牛津教育评论》2013,39(1):135-150
This paper examines occupational attainment among mature graduates as compared with early graduates using data from the General Household Survey (GHS) (1982-1993). These surveys yielded a sample of 1025 mature men and 654 mature women graduates; 5365 men and 3465 women graduates at the conventional age. Mature graduates now compose about one quarter of the undergraduate population and it is believed that the level of mature participation will remain high. It was found that although mature graduates are disadvantaged on entry to the labour market, after about 15 years they have similar attainment to early graduates. Mature graduates primarily work in the public and welfare services, while conventional age graduates increasingly work in the private sector, with rising percentages of both women and men in the financial and business services sector. The concentration of mature graduates in the public sector has consequences for pay, which is discussed in the light of the current student funding system. 相似文献
19.
This study examined 74 deaf and hard-of-hearing (D/HH) and 91 hearing high school students regarding their own occupational aspirations and their evaluations of occupational competence (EOCs) for deaf adults. In the EOC, participants rated the suitability of 25 occupations (varying according to prestige and required level of communication) for deaf men and women. The results showed that occupations requiring intensive communication levels, regardless of their prestige, were evaluated as much less suitable for deaf individuals than were those requiring less communication. D/HH adolescents did not find highly prestigious occupations as suitable for deaf adults even when communication barriers were irrelevant. Both D/HH and hearing participants expressed biased evaluations of deaf women's competence, but no further evidence emerged for stereotypic attitudes. Higher educational aspirations among hearing adolescents, especially hearing males, correlated with a higher EOC of deaf adults. No such associations emerged for D/HH participants. No gender effects emerged. Implications of these outcomes for career development, especially for females, were discussed. 相似文献
20.
To implement restorative care in assisted living facilities, staff need to understand the philosophy and learn methods to help residents maintain optimal function. In this study, the researchers developed a multimedia training program designed to teach staff how to encourage residents to increase their participation in dressing themselves. Researchers conducted a pilot test to measure the short-term effects of the training on 40 staff from two states. Program effects were measured by completing a survey developed by the researchers. Pretest scores were significantly related to gender (women as a group had higher scores than men). Results indicated significant gains in knowledge at posttest. In addition, 93% of participants described positive changes related to restorative care that they planned to make at their facility as a result of the training. 相似文献