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The Development of Metacognitive Knowledge in Children and Adolescents: Major Trends and Implications for Education 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Wolfgang Schneider 《Mind, Brain, and Education》2008,2(3):114-121
ABSTRACT— This article gives an overview of developmental trends in research on metacognition in children and adolescents. Whereas a first wave of studies focused on the assessment of declarative and procedural metacognitive knowledge in schoolchildren and adolescents, a second wave focused on very young children's "theory of mind" (ToM). Findings from a recent longitudinal study are presented that demonstrate developmental links between early ToM and subsequent declarative metacognitive knowledge, mainly mediated by language competencies. The relevant literature further indicates that developmental trends in declarative and procedural metacognitive knowledge clearly differ. Whereas the findings for declarative metacognitive knowledge show steady improvement through childhood and adolescence, mainly due to increases in knowledge about strategies, the results are not similarly clear-cut for procedural metacognition. Age trends observed for this component of metacognition are significant for self-control activities but not pronounced for monitoring abilities. These findings have important implications for education, emphasizing the role of strategy training procedures in different instructional domains and illustrating teachers' potential impact on the improvement of monitoring and control processes. 相似文献
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《Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties》2013,18(1):13-34
Children with general learning difficulties commonly show lower school success and have a slower rate of learning. They show limited and inefficient strategy use in all kinds of tasks. Efficient strategy use requires a certain degree of metacognitive knowledge and executive control. A sample of 16 children (ages 8 to 12) with learning difficulties participated in a 3-month metacognitive training intervention that alternated between curriculum-related and curriculum-unrelated tasks. The children were indirectly taught cognitive and metacognitive strategies by means of guided prompting. The application of the strategies and the children's metacognitive knowledge were evaluated through observation of their behavior and verbalizations. Children showed progress in strategy use and metacognitive knowledge in both types of tasks, but it was only in the more concrete strategies that a positive correlation was found between application and quality of reflection. It is hypothesized that children perceived these concrete strategies to be of most practical value and they were therefore able to reflect most accurately on their use. 相似文献
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Jing-Ru Wang Shin-Feng Chen I. Fang Ching-Ting Chou 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(4):693-713
This study used a Chinese-language version of the Index of Science Reading Awareness to explore the science reading metacognition and comprehension of Taiwanese students. Structural equation modelling results confirmed the underlying model comprised three clusters of metacognitive knowledge: beliefs and confidence in science reading, knowledge of structure of science text, and knowledge of science reading strategies. The main contribution of the current research was to provide evidence about the relationship between metacognitive awareness and comprehension of science text. In addition, data comparisons to Canadian (British Columbia) benchmarks from the original development revealed that metacognitive awareness of science reading deteriorated from elementary to middle school in both countries, and there were no significant differences of metacognitive awareness of science reading between Canadian and Taiwanese students. Instructional suggestions for raising students' metacognitive awareness on science reading were discussed. 相似文献
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近几年,元认知策略作为学习策略中一种高级策略,已经受到越来越多学者的关注。相关研究表明,对元认知知识具有良好理解力的语言学习者通常会根据他们自己的设定的目标制定相应的学习计划,并有意识的监控和评价他们自己的学习过程。因此,元认知策略的应用和自主学习之间是有密切的关系。该研究是针对元认知策略培训和自主学习之间的相关性的实证研究。 相似文献
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Designing metacognitive activities that focus on both cognitive and social development is a theoretical and practical challenge.
This balanced approach to metacognition concerns itself with many aspects of student development, ranging from academic competence
to knowledge about the self-as-learner. In this article, I examine two basic approaches to supporting metacognition: (a) strategy
training and (b) creation of a supprotive social environment for metacognition. There are also two kinds of content that are
taught using these two approaches: (a) knowledge about a specific domain and (b) knowledge about the self-as-learner. These
approaches and contents have been used frequently in metacognitive interventions over the past two decades. Each offers unique
contributions to metacognitive development. However, programs that address these approaches and contents simultaneously are
rare. Maintaining the coordination, on one hand, between strategy training and creating social supports, and on the other
hand, between knowledge about the subject domain and knowledge about the self-as-learner, is a challenge for most design efforts
in metacognition. Future design issues include: (a) developing a system approach to promote coordination among these approaches
and contents; and (b) finding ways to build knowledge about the self-as-learner.
The preparation of this article was made possible by the National Academy of Education/Spencer postdoctoral fellowship, and
Small Spencer grant. The opinions expressed in the article do not necessarily reflect those of the granting agency. The author
is indebted to her colleagues, John Bransford and Dan Schwartz, for in-depth discussions about metacognitive research literature,
and is grateful for the great insights offered by Allan Collins and Barbara McCombs. Thanks also to three anonymous reviewers
for their thoughtful comments on an earlier version of this article. 相似文献
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Sue Robson 《International Journal of Early Years Education》2010,18(3):227-241
This paper looks at ways in which a group of children aged three–four years exhibited evidence of self-regulation and metacognition. Videotaped episodes of children's activities and audiotaped dialogues between children and practitioners about the activities were analysed using an observational framework. The data here show children of three and four displaying extensive evidence of metacognitive and self-regulatory behaviour, with similar mean levels of frequency across both activities and dialogues. However, whilst the majority of evidence from the activities was of metacognitive regulation and skilfulness, that from the dialogues showed more evidence of metacognitive knowledge. It is also suggested that different social contexts may influence children's opportunities to develop and display self-regulation. The use of video data and opportunities for young children to reflect on their activities are suggested as valuable tools for research and pedagogical purposes, and as an effective means of eliciting young children's perspectives on their lives. 相似文献
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This qualitative study was designed to investigate the metacognitive behaviour displayed by young children during their involvement in a reading intervention program, using videotapes of both intervention sessions and stimulated recall to access metacognition. The children demonstrated a wide range of metacognitive behaviour consistent with models of metacognition for older children proposed by researchers such as Flavell (1979) and Paris (Cross and Paris, 1988). Most metacognitive responses during intervention sessions involved self-regulation whereas responses during stimulated recall tended to reflect metacognitive awareness of reading strategies. Results support the need to use multiple measures of metacognition with young children as well as the need for further research on the relationship between metacognition and reading achievement of children in reading intervention programmes. 相似文献
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通过对元认知策略使用情况的调研来探讨大学英语听力教学。元认知策略的培养能够使学生更好的把握听力思维过程,提高听力课的教学效果,加强学生自主学习的能力。调研结果显示,学生的策略使用情况处于中等水平,大部分只是偶尔或有时使用学习策略,针对这一结果,根据O’Malley和Charnot的论述设计了有针对性的学习策略课堂培训,并进行了讨论。学习策略培训在课堂上的应用将有利于大学英语教学“培养学生的英语综合应用能力,特别是听说能力”这一目标的实现。 相似文献
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Strassman B 《Journal of deaf studies and deaf education》1997,2(3):140-149
The purpose of this article is to review and synthesize the literature linking metacognition and reading in children who are deaf. Although this body of research is sparse, three issues emerge. First, the research implies that current instructional practices used to teach reading to deaf children might actually hinder their development of mature metacognitive knowledge and control. Second, the studies suggest that the low-level reading material typically given to deaf children might not provide the opportunity for them to develop, practice, or use metacognitive strategies. And third, the research shows that deaf students can benefit from metacognitive strategy instruction. 相似文献
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Kerstin Haberkorn Kathrin Lockl Steffi Pohl Susanne Ebert Sabine Weinert 《Metacognition and Learning》2014,9(3):239-263
In metacognition research, many studies focused on metacognitive knowledge of preschoolers or children at the end of elementary school or secondary school, but investigations of children starting elementary school are quite limited. The present study, thus, took a closer look at children’s knowledge about mental processes and strategies in early elementary school aiming to extend findings on the respective age period. Therefore, at first, a new test that can be administered in group settings and that assesses a broad concept of children’s metacognitive knowledge in early elementary school was evaluated. Furthermore, analyses on the structure of metacognitive knowledge were carried out in cross-sectional as well as longitudinal analyses. In a longitudinal design, the new test instrument was administered to 870 children at the end of first grade and again one year later (N?=?720). Item Response models were used to evaluate the construct validity of the test. Test characteristics were checked based on different fit statistics, test fairness, and discriminant validity. In summary, the test exhibited good psychometric properties. Analyses on the dimensionality of the assessed metacognitive knowledge revealed that different strategies seemed to form rather distinct dimensions of metacognitive knowledge. However, these dimensions showed a rather homogeneous development from first to second grade. Impacts of the findings on theoretical considerations and on the theoretical understanding of metacognitive knowledge and further analyses with metacognitive competence data are discussed. 相似文献
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Recently, research has increasingly focused on fostering self-regulated learning amongst young children. To consider this trend, this article presents the results of a differentiated meta-analysis of 48 treatment comparisons resulting from 30 articles on enhancing self-regulated learning amongst primary school students. Based on recent models of self-regulated learning, which consider motivational, as well as cognitive, and metacognitive aspects [Boekaerts, M. (1999). Self-regulated learning: Where we are today. International Journal of Educational research, 31(6), 445-457], the effects of self-regulated learning on academic achievement, on cognitive and metacognitive strategy application, as well as on motivation were analyzed. As the results show, self-regulated learning training programmes proved to be effective, even at primary school level. Subsequent analysis tested for the effects of several moderator variables, which consisted of study features and training characteristics. Regarding factors that concern the content of the treatment, the impact of the theoretical background that underlies the intervention was tested, as well as the type of cognitive, metacognitive, or motivational strategy which were instructed, and if group work was used as instruction method. Training context related factors, which were included in the analyses consisted of students’ grade level, the length of the training, if teachers or researchers directed the intervention, as well as the school subject in which context the training took place. Following the results of these analyses, a list with the most effective training characteristics was provided. 相似文献
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Metacognition, achievement goals, study strategies and academic achievement: pathways to achievement 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The purpose of this research was to develop and test a model of effective self-regulated learning. Based on effort expenditure
we discerned effective self-regulators and less effective self-regulators. The model comprised achievement goals (mastery,
performance-approach and -avoidance goals), metacognition (metacognitive knowledge, regulation and experience), study strategies
(metacognitive, deep cognitive, surface cognitive and resource management strategies) and academic achievement. The relationships
in the model were tested with controlling for intellectual ability, gender and age. The results showed that effective self-regulated
learning involved two pathways: a metacognitive and a strategy pathway. The first pathway involved a positive relationship
of mastery goals and a negative relationship of performance-avoidance goals with metacognition. Metacognition positively affected
the use of the four study strategies. The strategy pathway involved positive effects of mastery and performance-approach goals
on the use of metacognitive and deep cognitive strategies. Further, performance-approach goals positively affected the use
of surface cognitive and resource management strategies. The use of metacognitive and resource management strategies had a
positive and the use of surface cognitive strategies had a negative effect on exam scores. 相似文献
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This article provides an overview of recent research in our laboratories on the development of metacognition in gifted and nongifted children. Research examining the development of children's metacognitive knowledge of mental activity concepts, general declarative metacognitive knowledge, and specific metacognitive attributions are reviewed. The present studies found, as had Alexander, Carr, and Schwanenflugel (1995), patterns of gifted and nongifted metacognitive development differed depending on the type of metacognitive knowledge being examined. Specifically, recent research on knowledge of mental activity concepts showed no clear advantages for gifted children over nongifted children. Declarative metacognitive knowledge research continues to support a monotonic advantage hypothesis in which gifted children show consistent advantages over nongifted children during the early elementary school years. This advantage, however, is short-lived due to the possible presence of a ceiling effect showing a closing of the declarative metacognitive knowledge gap between gifted and nongifted children around fourth grade. Finally, recent research on specific metacognitive attributions suggests that more intelligent children develop more sophisticated attributions over time but their ability to use this information may be more dependent on other individual differences variables that may or may not be related to intelligence such as knowledge base familiarity. We conclude that it is important to differentiate the types of metacognitive knowledge being measured in studies as we investigate individual differences in the development of children's metacognitive insights about thinking. 相似文献
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The purpose of this longitudinal study was to explore the development of metacognitive knowledge in primary grade children (6–9 years, n=196) from pre-school to third grade. Knowledge about cognitive processes was obtained from children’s oral explanations. The results indicated that the average metacognitive knowledge of the primary grade children developed significantly during the first three school years. The children knew much about simple factors and strategies influencing cognitive activities, but after the first three school years, more complex strategies still remained unfamiliar to them. Moreover, the content analyses of children’s oral explanations revealed interesting differences in children’s metacognitive thinking. There appeared to be two groups of children with either non-developing or developing explanations. In addition, the children understood mental processing better in memory and learning activities, whereas comprehension processes were largely unknown to them. 相似文献
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Beverley A. Brenna 《Journal of Research in Reading》1995,18(1):53-62
The purpose of this study was to examine the metacognitive reading strategies of five children, four to six years of age, who were reading fluently prior to formal instruction in grade one. Fluency was judged on whether the children could conduct meaningful reading (Smith, 1988) with relative smoothness (Duffy and Roehler, 1989). Methods of this case study included semi-structured interviews, role playing, observations and informal miscue analyses of oral reading. The children's personal characteristics and home environments provided a context for their reading strategies, and particular attention was given to the caregiver-child interactions which may have facilitated the development of metacognitive reading strategies. Findings suggest that each of the children utilized a variety of metacognitive reading strategies and showed individual preferences for certain strategies, as indicated by the number of times these strategies were used. The children also responded differently to particular research methods, a finding which supports the employment of a variety of methods when studying young children. Findings from this study also draw a relationship between caregiver-child interactions and the development of particular metacognitive reading strategies. 相似文献
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The purpose of this study was to improve the reading performance of children with learning disabilities using a classroom-based metacognitive reading program. The participants were third- and fourth-level 8- and 9-year-olds (13 boys and 5 girls) at a school for children with learning disabilities. A cross-sectional time series design was used. During pre- and posttesting participants were assessed on two measures of strategy awareness and a measure of perceived self-competence. During the instructional phase the metacognitive reading program was introduced. Participants were assessed on measures of reading performance throughout the study. In general, the findings were positive: Students increased in performance and awareness of strategies from pre- to posttesting. In addition, participants were placed in subgroups based on pretesting assessments. The subgroups differed on their improvements over time. This study provides preliminary evidence that a metacognitive reading program can be used with children with learning disabilities to improve their awareness about reading and their comprehension skills. 相似文献
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为了解显性元认知策略教学对学生英文写作能力的影响,采用调查问卷、写作测试和教学实验等研究方法,调查了非英语专业二年级学生EFL写作中元认知策略使用情况,分析该策略的使用与学生写作水平之间的关系.结果显示：按Oxford的策略频率界定,调查对象在英语写作中元认知写作策略使用频率为中等水平;学生元认知策略的使用与其写作水平具有一定的相关关系;元认知写作策略的教学对非英语专业学生英语写作具有促进作用. 相似文献
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Don Ambrose 《Roeper Review》2013,35(3):212-213
Metacognition is an important component of advanced intellectual performance and, therefore, has been proposed to be more advanced in intellectually gifted than average children. However, existing research comparing gifted to average children's metacognitive abilities does not support this idea uniformly. Compared to average children, gifted children appear to have generally better declarative metacognitive knowledge and better ability to transfer strategies to situations distinct from those in which the strategy was learned. However, gifted children do not demonstrate consistently better strategy use, maintenance, or near transfer compared to average children. Nor do they display better cognitive monitoring ability compared to average children. Metacognition appears to be important to the development of high achievement in a domain. We argue that metacognitive abilities might be incorporated as additional criteria for entry into programs for the gifted beyond standard intelligence measures. Several identification methods which include metacognitive information are discussed. 相似文献