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1.
奥苏伯尔的有意义学习理论对教学的指导意义 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
王惠来 《天津师范大学学报(社会科学版)》2011,(2):67-70
奥苏伯尔的有意义学习理论是以确认学生学习的特点为前提,强调学生的认知结构和有意义学习在知识获得中的重要作用;阐明了有意义学习的实质、机制、原则和策略,澄清了长期以来对传统的讲授教学和接受学习的偏见;为课程与教学改革的理论和实践提供了充分的心理学依据,对教学具有重要的指导意义。 相似文献
2.
认知学习理论认为,是个体作用于环境而不是环境引起人的行为。环境中的各种刺激是否受到注意或加工,取决于人的内部心理结构,是人根据自己的内部心理结构作出的选择。对外汉语教学实践证明,针对不同国别、不同文化背景留学生的细分式教学研究已开始得到普遍的重视,认知能力的加强与学习效率的提高有直接的关系,在课堂教学中对学生进行认知策略训练是培养学生自主学习能力的可行方式。 相似文献
3.
Monica Higgins Ann Ishimaru Rebecca Holcombe Amy Fowler 《Journal of Educational Change》2012,13(1):67-94
This study draws upon theory and methods from the field of organizational behavior to examine organizational learning (OL)
in the context of a large urban US school district. We build upon prior literature on OL from the field of organizational
behavior to introduce and validate three subscales that assess key dimensions of organizational learning that build upon and
extend prior education research: psychological safety, experimentation, and leadership that reinforces learning. Data from
941 teachers across 60 schools in this urban district suggest that organizational learning is an underlying condition which
is expressed by teacher perceptions of subfactors of psychological safety, experimentation, and leadership that reinforces
learning. Implications for adopting the conceptual framework and methods employed in this research for studying organizational
learning and school change are discussed. 相似文献
4.
黄涛 《邢台职业技术学院学报》2011,28(6):48-50
青少年偶像崇拜是青少年在个体成长过程中的一个阶段性行为,本文运用精神分析理论、人本主义理论、行为主义理论和人格发展理论等四大心理学流派的相关理论,较系统地探究青少年偶像崇拜背后的心理形成机制,梳理青少年偶像崇拜心理成因的脉络,并在此基础上提出了相应的教育策略。 相似文献
5.
尧玮 《江西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2014,(4):141-144
吉布森的知觉行为理论探讨动物或人与环境之间的相互作用,认为人可以直接知觉到真实的生态世界,习得者能够直接从周围环境中获得有意义的信息。根据吉布森知觉习得理论,正确地感知环境信息能够正确地引导习得者习得行为获得“给养”,而信息感知的缺失或不明确让习得者习得意图不明确,从而诱发习得者不作为的习得行为。二语习得中,语言习得者与其所处的环境构成了一个生态环境,正确地感知与习得者相关的环境信息能指导或诱发习得者积极作为去获取环境中的意义信息。反之,则正好相反。因此,在英语教学中,改变实用性差的教学现状、改变学生被动受体的一个重要方法就是去发掘语言习得者特定的环境信息,并依据其环境信息设计适应的、能有效诱发其语言习得行为的教学环境。 相似文献
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The animal kingdom contains species with a wide variety of sensory systems that have been selected to function in different environmental niches, but that are also subject to modification by experience during an organism’s lifetime. The modification of such systems by experience is often called perceptual learning. In rodents, the classic example of perceptual learning is the observation that simple preexposure to two visual stimuli facilitates a subsequent (reinforced) discrimination between them. However, until recently very little behavioral research had investigated perceptual learning with tactile stimuli in rodents, in marked contrast to the wealth of information about plasticity in the rodent somatosensory system. Here we present a selective review of behavioral analyses of perceptual learning with tactile stimuli, alongside evidence concerning the potential bases of such effects within the somatosensory system. 相似文献
8.
Geoffrey Hall 《Learning & behavior》2009,37(2):133-140
Perceptual learning has been extensively studied in both human and nonhuman animals, but the two lines of research have, for
the most part, developed independently, addressing seemingly rather different issues by rather different methods. It has been
argued, however, that analysis of the disparate phenomena studied in experiments on perceptual learning reveals that in all
the studies, the essential feature is that appropriate training allows behavior to come to be controlled by the unique features,
rather than by the common features, of similar stimuli. It has further been argued that experiments with nonhuman animals
have established the existence of a range of learning processes that allow this to occur, and that these processes have general
relevance, applying to humans as well as to animals. 相似文献
9.
In Experiment 1, we used six procedures in a series of unsuccessful attempts to obtain relational learning using trial-unique pictorial stimuli in pigeons. The Experiment began by testing conventional (three-key) matching-to-sample (MTS) and nonmatching-to-sample (NMTS); in subsequent stages of the experiment we progressively incorporated features of techniques that do obtain relational learning in a single-key apparatus. In Experiment 2, we found that acquisition of NMTS using pictorial stimuli proceeded no more rapidly than acquisition of a conditional discrimination. Experiment 3 showed that acquisition of NMTS was more rapid than acquisition of MTS when plain colored stimuli were used, but not when pictorial stimuli were used. These three experiments suggest that pigeons do not recognize pictorial stimuli shown on different keys. In Experiment 4, between-key recognition was obtained with familiar but not with novel pictorial stimuli. It is argued that perceptual learning facilitates the detection of the between-key identity of complex stimuli, and that perceptual processes may underlie the difficulty in demonstrating relational learning in pigeons. 相似文献
10.
通过问卷调查和听力理解测试,运用定量分析的方法,研究了兰州石化职业技术学院非英语专业学生英语学习感知风格的总体趋势,以及听力高分组和低分组之间的学习风格差异,对目前的外语教学提出了建议。 相似文献
11.
David P. Ausubel 《教育心理学家》2013,48(2):162-178
The assimilation theory of meaningful verbal learning and retention and the distinctions between rote and meaningful learning and between reception and discovery learning are reviewed in the light of some recent research on advance organizers, adjunct questions, and cognitive style. An attempt is made to reply to some of the frequently‐made criticisms of the author's research methodology in his studies of advance organizers and retroactive interference in meaningful prose learning and retention. Finally, an assessment is made of freedom of psychological inquiry in the United States and of equality of access to APA journals; and it is suggested that the neobehavioristic orientation in American school learning theory has been artificially kept alive by editorial bias on the part of APA journals, by neobehavioristic bias on the part of reviewers for research funding agencies, and by implicit pressures exerted on graduate students in educational psychology doctoral programs. 相似文献
12.
大学生常见心理异常问题及原因探析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
结合医学知识及大学生身心发展状况,探讨了行为及人格偏离、神经症、精神病等大学生常见的心理异常问题,指出大学生心理异常产生的原因主要来自大学生个体心理、大学生所处特殊环境和学习任务、社会环境三个方面,并进行了详细分析。 相似文献
13.
The purpose of this experiment was to test the theory of Lubow, Rifkin, and Alek (1976) concerning the effects of stimulus preexposure on later learning. This hypothesis predicts that conditioning will occur faster when either the stimulus or the testing environment is novel relative to the other than when the stimulus and the environment are equally novel or equally familiar. The theory was tested in a taste aversion conditioning paradigm in which groups of rats were presented with either the familiar (preexposed) solution or the novel nonpreexposed solution, in either the familiar or the novel environment. Conditioning was affected by the novelty of both the stimulus and the environment, with novel stimuli enhancing learning and novel environments retarding it. However, no interaction between stimulus and environmental novelty was evident, and thus Lubow’s hypothesis was not confirmed. 相似文献
14.
论班杜拉社会学习道德教育思想 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
班杜拉的社会学习道德教育理论是当代西方较有影响的德育理论流派。社会学习理论强调人类行为是个体与环境交互作用的产物，儿童可以通过替代强化获得道德行为，其基本途径是通过观察学习。该理论十分强调榜样示范和社会环境对儿童品德的形成与发展所起的重要作用。班杜拉的社会学习理论对我国现阶段的公民道德建设和学校德育工作具有重要的启示意义。 相似文献
15.
蔡会霞 《江苏广播电视大学学报》2011,(6):29-32
面对网络教学资源相对陈旧、种类单调,资源的重复建设现象严重的情况,可以将网络教学资源、网络环境、开发人员、学习者作为一个生态系统,从生态学的视角出发,运用生态理论来研究网络教学资源建设过程中的问题,指导开发优质网络教学资源,创建远程学习的生态学习环境。 相似文献
16.
Debbie A. Magreehan Michael J. Serra Neil H. Schwartz Susanne Narciss 《Metacognition and Learning》2016,11(1):35-56
The experience of fluency while learning might bias students’ metacognitive judgments of learning (JOLs) and impair the efficacy of their study behaviors. In the present experiments, we examined whether perceptual fluency affects JOLs (1) when people only experience one level of fluency, (2) when item relatedness is also available as a cue, and (3) across study-test trials. Participants studied a list of paired associates over two study-test trials and made JOLs for each item after studying it. We varied the perceptual fluency of the memory materials by making the font easy (fluent) or difficult (disfluent) to read. We also varied whether we manipulated the perceptual fluency of the items between-participants or within-participants and whether other memory factors—item relatedness and study time—were available for participants to use to inform their JOLs. We were only able to obtain effects of perceptual fluency on JOLs when we manipulated fluency within-participants and eliminated item relatedness as a cue for JOLs. The present results indicate that some effects of perceptual fluency on JOLs are not robust and might only occur under limited—and somewhat contrived—conditions. Therefore, these effects might be unlikely to bias students’ JOLs in actual learning situations. 相似文献
17.
This paper presents a brief, informal outline followed by a formal statement of an elemental associative learning model first described by McLaren, Kaye, and Mackintosh (1989). The model assumes representation of stimuli by sets of elements (i.e., microfeatures) and a set of associative algorithms that incorporate the following: real-time simulation of learning; an error-correcting learning rule; weight decay that distinguishes between transient and permanent associations; and modulation of associative learning that gives high salience to and, hence, promotes rapid learning with novel, unpredicted stimuli and reduces the salience for a stimulus as its error term declines. The model is applied in outline fashion to some of the basic phenomena of simple conditioning and, in greater detail, to the phenomena of latent inhibition and perceptual learning. A detailed account of generalization and discrimination will be provided in a later paper. 相似文献
18.
The evolution of a general model of counseling from Rogers through Carkhuff to Egan has resulted in a loss of emphasis on perceptual change and an increasing interest in social influence and action interventions. Greenberg and Kahn present an expanded model of counseling, which includes a stimulation phase. The addition of a stimulation phase in counseling is suggested to provide a place for active counseling methods that effect client perceptual change. This stimulation phase actively involves the counselor and client in full exploration, which culminates in discovery. Two processes are differentiated: discovery and dynamic self-understanding. Active stimulation leads to new awareness that can be enhanced by social influence to achieve new understanding. 相似文献
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Michael E. Murray Ph.D. 《Annals of dyslexia》1978,28(1):142-159
Conclusion The diagnosis of specific learning disorders is a complex undertaking that requires the examination of a number of psychological
dimensions. The “learning disabilities” label has often been abused and is frequently used to explain a wide range of school
and behavior problems with little understanding of the criteria necessary for differential diagnosis. A complete evaluation
for learning disabilities must assess cultural, structural, and emotional variables as well as intellectual functioning and
academic achievement. Examination of the functional integrity of the various perceptual processes, including visual, auditory
and kinesthetic modalities, is necessary, The clinician must establish that a delay in achievement does actually exist and
that poor school performance is not a result of poor motivation or an unwillingness to demonstrate acquired skills. If a significant
delay is found in the acquisition of secondary language symbol skills, then the examiner is pressed to determine which specific
psychological, perceptual-associational, memory, or motor deficits are responsible for the learning disorder.
This paper was presented at the 28th Annual Conference of The Orton Society in Dallas, Texas, November 1977. 相似文献