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In their Own Words: Understanding Student Conceptions of Writing Through their Spontaneous Metaphors in the Science Classroom 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This article explores student views on writing as shown by the metaphors they use when asked to reflect on their own writing-to-learn
tasks in the science classroom. The study examines the metaphors and metaphoric themes of 97 eighth grade students, discusses
how they compare to important theories on writing to learn, and explores how student views on writing are affected by their
classroom writing experiences. The study shows (1) that the identification of metaphors and clustering them around recurring
themes can help to systematize the experiential meanings of writing with reference to four dimensions: cognitive, social,
emotional and meta-cognitive; (2) that student views on writing correspond to various theoretical models, but are not identical
to them; (3) that metaphor use is strongly affected by student writing experiences and that writing-to-learn tasks, feedback
and reflective writing greatly influence student views on writing; and finally, (4) the study found two multidimensional conceptualizations
reflected in the student metaphors, corresponding to the constructivist and transmission views of teaching and learning.
in final form: 19 April 2005 相似文献
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This study explores how 4th and 5th grade teachers’ reflective practice developed as they participated in a remote video-based coaching intervention to implement dialogic classroom text discussions. Drawing on a professional vision framework, we analyzed teachers’ verbal and written reflections to examine how teachers’ noticing and reasoning about their videoed classroom interactions developed over time. Findings suggest teachers became more focused on the connection between their discussion moves and students’ thinking in video, and their reasoning about these interactions became more interpretive and in-depth over time. Implications for research on how teachers learn dialogic pedagogies are discussed. 相似文献
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Sylvia Pantaleo 《English in Education》2011,45(2):113-131
A multifaceted, classroom‐based research project explored how developing Grade 7 students’ knowledge of literary and illustrative elements affects their understanding, interpretation and analysis of picturebooks and graphic novels, and their subsequent creation of their own print texts. Analysis of two sources of data, the students’ written responses to Amulet ( Kibuishi 2008 ), one of the graphic novels read and discussed during the study, and the students’ opinions about the knowledge that is required to read and understand a graphic novel, indicated how the instruction about various graphic novel conventions had impacted the students’ awareness of and knowledge about the structural design of these multimodal texts. 相似文献
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Sylvia Pantaleo 《Literacy》2007,41(1):16-25
Research has revealed how students draw upon other texts when writing their own texts. This article explores how the writing of Alyssa, a 10‐year‐old Grade 5 student, was influenced by her engagement with literature with Radical Change characteristics, as well as by her knowledge of and experience with other texts. Dresang's Radical Change taxonomy is used as a framework for analysing the storybook created by Alyssa. The article concludes with discussions of the intertextual nature of the literature used in the study, and the social nature of intertextuality in the research classroom. 相似文献
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Murat Gunel Brian Hand Vaughan Prain 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2007,5(4):615-637
This study is a secondary analysis of six previous studies that formed part of an ongoing research program focused on examining
the benefits of using writing-to-learn strategies within science classrooms. The study is an attempt to make broader generalizations
than those based on individual studies, given limitations related to sample sizes, topics, and classroom contexts. The results
indicated that using writing-to-learn strategies was advantageous for students compared to those students working with more
traditional science writing approaches. Using diversified types of writing enabled students in treatment groups to score significantly
better on conceptual questions and total test scores than those in comparison groups. Importantly, when the cognitive demand
of the question is increased from an extended recall to a design type question, there are significant performance differences
between comparison and treatment groups in favour of treatment. The authors argue that the use of writing-to-learn strategies
requires students to re-represent their knowledge in different forms and, as such, greater learning opportunities exist. Traditional
writing strategies tend to favour replication of knowledge rather than re-representation knowledge. 相似文献
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职业学校的课堂因其教学内容、教学方法的特殊性,使得教师对课堂教学中的知识进行有效管理显得尤为必要。课堂教学中的知识包括文本和技能所显示的显性知识与师生头脑中所隐藏的隐性知识。本文在对职业学校课堂知识管理的目标与路径认识的基础上,通过设计、构造良好的课堂教学模式,挖掘文本与技能固有知识的基础,并通过对显性知识的有效编码、隐性知识的合理提取以及两类知识的合理流转,实现知识的共享和创新。 相似文献
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John Keen 《Curriculum Journal》2013,24(3):255-280
This article discusses revisions to personal narrative writing made by Year 7 students (aged 11–12) in a UK secondary school. The concept of strategic revision was used as a basis for analysing drafts and revised texts in order to investigate strategies and techniques deployed by students in the process of revision and how these related to expectations student writers had of their readers. These analyses suggest that, given a reasonably supportive instructional environment, some Year 7 students can revise their own written texts strategically, and that in doing so they may recruit, and perhaps acquire, a range of writing skills and associated procedural knowledge. They also suggest that in the process of revising their texts, some student writers may have altered their expectations of their readers' understanding, ability to interpret and willingness to empathise. Implications for researching writing processes and for the writing curriculum are suggested, including the use of students' revisions to tap into the complex sets of procedural knowledge which seem to underlie aspects of writing and writing development. 相似文献
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According to Vygotsky's theory of development and its instructional applications, a good way to increase students' knowledge
and cognitive abilities is to organise at school co-operative and co-elaborative learning situations. Under some conditions,
when students interact, the process of sharing problem-solving procedures results in reorganising and developing their own
cognition. But, given that such co-resolution interactive settings can lead to students' individual cognitive progress, we
need to explain how. The main aim of this article is to present a theoretical and methodological system to analyse the socio-cognitive
processes within an interaction. A pragmatic interlocutory theory, founded on the theory of speech acts, is used and tested
with a small group of students involved in solving a mathematical problem at school. Hypotheses about mechanisms of progress
invoke the role of semiotic mediations, via speech acts, as a vehicle as well as a tool for sharing the meaning of linguistic
signs (construction of intersubjectivity). Thanks to the double function of language signs (communicative and representative)
and to the individual internalisation of shared processes, students become able to (re-) organise their thoughts and to increase
not only knowledge, but also cognitive and metacognitive tools.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Literature can be a powerful resource for adolescents’ psychosocial development, as it provides opportunities to experience the world through the perspectives of others and juxtapose these with one’s own experiences. However, gaining access to these perspectives requires going beyond literal words on the page to explore interpretive meanings. This mixed-methods case study addresses the need to better understand how adolescent students learn to interpret literary works. Specifically, 9th-grade students participated in a 5-week instructional module focused on symbolic interpretation and coming of age themes in texts with a variety of sources of complexity. The primary data sources were an intentional sample of classroom discussions and essays written before and after instruction. Analyses indicate that students learned to make interpretive claims around symbolism. Textual evidence to support these claims was evident in whole-class discussions but less so in the written essays. Students also struggled to reason about why evidence supported particular claims and how the interpretive claims were related to understanding the characters and their worlds. Discussion focuses on the value of symbolic interpretation as a starting point for engaging adolescents in interpretive practices but notes that developing facility with literary interpretation takes concerted effort over longer periods of time. 相似文献
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This paper focuses on the use of research results on students' causal reasoning in designing the teaching of electricity.
Examination of students' replies in written questions and classroom teacher-lead discussions suggests that several students,
when they construct microscopic mechanisms to explain electrical phenomena, may envision transient states and employ a specific
type of causal chain, the iterative one, in addition to the simple and linear causal reasoning. In the second part of paper
we present and discuss features of a microscopic mechanism adapted to students' causal reasoning patterns which relies on
qualitative modelling of transient states of electrical circuit operation. 相似文献
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Il-Hee Kim 《Interactive Learning Environments》2013,21(4):467-484
This article investigates the effect of participation in synchronous online discussions on the development of individual reasoning as manifested in reflective essays. Students from a fourth-grade classroom engaged in a series of real-timeonline discussions. The format of the discussion was based on the Collaborative Reasoning approach which has clear guidelines and procedures. The results showed that compared to the students from the contrast classroom, the students who had experienced synchronous online discussions wrote essays with more satisfactory arguments, counterarguments, rebuttals, and textual information. In addition, they wrote longer essays which contained fewer irrelevant statements. These effects of online discussions were consistent between girls and boys and between shy and non-shy children. The students' uses of arguments and rebuttals, as well as the length of their essays, were adequately predicted by the frequency of their contributions in the discussions. The present study suggests that when an online chat is implemented with an instructional approach which has well-established procedures and effective moves, it can provide an intellectually stimulating context in which all students can learn to reason by interacting with one another. 相似文献
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Carolyn W. Keys 《科学教学研究杂志》1994,31(9):1003-1022
In this investigation, three classes of ninth-grade general science students participated in a collaborative report-writing intervention. The purpose of this portion of the study was to evaluate students' collaboratively written laboratory reports for evidence of the use of scientific reasoning skills and to document qualitative changes in reasoning skill use over time. The participants in the study were 6 ninth-grade students, representing three collaborative writing pairs. During the intervention, students wrote 10 laboratory reports over a 4.5-month period. The author and classroom teacher designed report guideline prompts to scaffold students in the use of relevant scientific reasoning skills. The results indicated that students used reasoning skills to assess their current models of scientific understanding, make observations, interpret the meaning of results, and generate new models based on their data and relevant information. Participants showed the most improvement in writing that reflected the reasoning skills of (a) selecting and processing textbook passages, (b) drawing conclusions and formulating models, and (c) comparing/contrasting. Over time, participants improved their ability to compose explanations that represented a synthesis of prior knowledge, activity observations, and other sources of information. Collaborative writing encouraged students to construct their own understandings of science concepts by creating an environment in which thinking, reasoning, and discussion were valued. 相似文献
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In this study, we explore oral and written work (plays and rap songs) of students in a sixth‐grade all African‐American urban science class to reveal ways affective and social aspects are intertwined with students' cognition. We interpret students' work in terms of the meeting of various genres brought by the students and teachers to the classroom. Students bring youth genres, classroom genres that they have constructed from previous schooling, and perhaps their own science genres. Teachers bring their favored classroom and science genres. We show how students' affective reactions were an integral part of their constructed scientific knowledge. Their knowledge building emerged as a social process involving a range of transactions among students and between students and teacher, some transactions being relatively smooth and others having more friction. Along with their developing science genre, students portrayed elements of classroom genres that did not exist in the classroom genre that the teacher sought to bring to the class. Students' work offered us a glimpse of students' interpretations of gender dynamics in their classrooms. Gender also was related to the particular ways that students in that class included disagreement in their developing science genre. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 579–605, 2002 相似文献
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《高等教育研究与发展》2012,31(3):381-391
Academic literacies research has been identified as an emerging but significant field in higher education. This article extends the discussions around methodology in academic literacies research by drawing on the current text and context debates in sociolinguistics and linguistic ethnography. It uses illustrations from a recent academic literacies research project to reflect on methodology and to emphasise the importance of a prolonged engagement with participants’ writing practices and experiences as well as the collection and analysis of a range of types of data to allow the researcher to become more familiar with the context. Methods such as allowing students to interpret their own writing, classroom observation and students’ written literacy histories gave the researcher real insights into the way students made connections to their own familiar contexts in order to learn. The research also highlighted the manner in which communication between students and teaching staff can break down because teachers misinterpret student utterances when they do not understand or know the contexts that the students are drawing on. At the same time, however, the researcher sounds some caution about the use of dialogue in ethnographic methodologies because communication is a two-way process and allocation of linguistic resources has been unequal. Therefore, where students’ resources do not match the context, they may struggle to communicate with the interviewer and to interpret their written texts. In these cases, interviewees who are first language speakers from privileged schooling backgrounds may be able to contextualise and interpret their writing more fully than interviewees who are speakers of English as a second or foreign language and who come from poorer rural schools. 相似文献
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Encouraging student engagement in a blended learning environment: the use of contemporary learning spaces 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Research shows that some non‐traditional students find the university environment alienating, impersonal and unsupportive. The ‘Quickstart’ project combines traditional lectures and seminars with a sequence of carefully designed online tasks, aimed at lessening the impact of the start of year uncertainties for new students. One thousand students across two geographic locations participated in the programme. The project was evaluated by considering three sources of data: data generated by server statistics of 40,358 successful requests for pages in the first four weeks of teaching; student anonymous responses to an online end of course questionnaire as well as extracts from their reflective journals; and the student experience as viewed through the eyes of a researcher in the classroom. Findings offer insights into how the students blend classroom time with their own time; and student perceptions of their own learning experiences. A collaborative learning experience involving travel to a contemporary learning space (the Tate Modern Art Gallery) mitigated the possible isolating effect of the use of technology; instead the technology enhanced the discussion and participation in activities. The students visited the Tate Modern and then facilitated their discussions by sending each other SMS text messages; they bonded very quickly in the seminar groups, where weekly online tasks that had been prepared individually ‘outside’ the classroom were the focus of group discussion and debate ‘inside the classroom’; their end of semester reflective writing showed very clearly how valuable the early ‘friendship’ groups had been for them settling into university life. 相似文献
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Ann-Britt Enochsson 《Education and Information Technologies》2018,23(1):303-319
This paper compares outcomes of student teachers’ use of oral classroom and written online forum discussions of course literature, with the aim of examining how each mode facilitates reflective practice. Data were collected from a class of 11 participating student teachers. Oral discussions were video-recorded and written online discussions were saved as Word files. Clinchy’s levels of knowing were used to determine the depth of the reflections and qualitative analyses inspired by Harasim were carried out as a complement. Findings indicate that on a group level the performance according to the levels of reflective thinking was the same. Both modes have advantages and drawbacks, but it is clear that there should be a variety of modes to provide individual student teachers with better possibilities of developing their reflections. Further explorations of the interaction between modal preference and modal performance, as well as the implications for online peer collaboration, are discussed. 相似文献
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Lucia Mason 《Educational Research and Evaluation》2013,19(4):309-350
Abstract This study investigated fourth graders’ self‐generated analogies, that is, own analogies giving self‐explanations — opposed to analogies provided by a teacher — and the effects of their collaborative reasoning and arguing over these analogies on individual understanding of three scientific phenomena concerning air pressure. At the beginning the children were individually asked to give their own explanations, explicitly encouraged to think of something similar which could help them to understand better what they had experienced. Then, divided in small groups they were asked to compare their accounts to collabora‐tively reach a shared explanation of each phenomenon. At the end, the children were again individually asked to give their explanations. The data underwent both a qualitative and quantitative analysis. The first showed that the children, on the basis of their alternative representations of what air could do, produced and used their own analogies as self‐explanations both to learn the new material and communicate their understanding to others. Moreover, the analysis of the collaborative reasoning and arguing developed in small group discussions revealed that through steps of critical opposition and co‐construction, the learners negotiated and renegotiated meanings and ideas to share a new common knowledge based on the recognition of more appropriate analogies supporting more advanced explanations. The quantitative analysis showed that socio‐cognitive interaction in small groups was fruitful as the children significantly progressed on an individual plane in giving their own explanations of each phenomenon as well as in recognizing the similarities between the three phenomena. In addition, the qualitative data showed evidence that the children were able to express metacognitive awareness of their conceptual growth. Finally, educational implications have been drawn. 相似文献
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课堂教学是教师引导学生认知的一个过程,这一过程并不是单向性的知识传播,而是以师生之间的有效互动为前提与基础的.但是课堂教学中的师生互动是以传授知识为旨归,在特定的教学环境、教学目标与教学要求下开展的,不同于社会生活中的人际互动,它具有自身的独特性与规律性.课堂教学中的师生互动有科学方法和基本模式可循,教师若能善于运用这些方法,对提升课堂教学质量将大有裨益. 相似文献