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教育券:一种谋求社会公平的途径--美国密尔沃基市2003-2004年教育券计划透视 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
教育券的最初提出是为了提高教育效率,而密尔沃基市的教育券计划在促进学校竞争以提升教育质量的同时,又将教育券作为解决社会公平的途径.本文通过密尔沃基教育券计划介绍了教育券申请的一些细节问题,并对此进行了反思. 相似文献
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教育券是指政府把教育经费折算成一定数额的有价证券(即教育券)发给每位学生,家长可为子女选择任何学校就读,不再受学区的限制。而学校把所收集的教育券向政府兑换现金,用以支付办学费用。而学校间会为争取学生而互相竞争,努力改善教育质量,以符合教育消费者的需求。1955年弗里德曼首次提出教育券理论之后,美国、英国、智利、台湾纷纷开展教育券的研究及实践工作。2001年浙江 相似文献
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浅析教育券的公平与效率 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
胡建英 《浙江教育学院学报》2005,(1):63-69
教育券是对政府直接举办公立学校的传统教育体制的改革性尝试,它使政府、学校、学生及学生家长三方共同参与其中,从而不仅能使学校在竞争中提高办学质量,政府教育投资的效率得到提高,而且也体现了受教育的公平性.然而,教育券所产生的公平和效率仍是有限的,应用于中国实际必须注意"因地制宜". 相似文献
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谢明辉 《教育前沿(综合版)》2006,(2)
教育券制度施行以来,对学校及其倚仗的社会系统造成巨大的冲击。本文假设广泛施行教育券制度,在此理想状态下研究教育券给学校带来的冲击。学校面临全新的社会关系,在资源获取和学校管理思想上发生了根本性的变革。面对教育券制度的公立学校成为独立的法人实体,面临更加激烈的学校竞争,政府对学校的影响限于学校创立的核准、学校质量的检查评估和面向学校的教育服务。 相似文献
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在实践中倍受争议的弗里德曼竞争型教育券制度在理论上本身就存在严重缺陷:教育券面值的确定、教育投资剩余的处理以及学校竞争的起点公平问题等都存在悖论;由于教育的外部性与质量考核问题、学校资产与学生的关系专用性程度和教育交易频率等原因,学生并不能有效地“用脚投票”、学校也不能完全竞争.诸多因素决定了弗里德曼竞争型教育券制度不具可行性.为此,必须理性对待教育券实践,而治理公立学校教育问题也必须另寻良策. 相似文献
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教育发展离不开改革,改革离不开制度的创新,只有不断地改革、创新,才能为教育的发展注入源动力。引入教育券制度,就是将竞争从学校外部引进教育领域,必将给教育的发展带来新的生机和活力。本文对此问题,依据经济学、教育学原理,对区域性义务教育阶段教育券制度,结合中国教育的实际情况,从其内涵的揭示入手,归纳出实施教育券制度的基本原则,提出了实施教育券制度的三大基本条件,指出了实施教育券制度应注意的几个问题,旨在为构建具有中国特色的区域性义务教育阶段教育券制度鸣锣开道。 相似文献
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教育券是一种在教育领域中试行的代币券,它把选择学校的权利直接交给学生和家长,用市场机制把激烈的竞争引入教育领域,有利于实现教育起点的公平,促进教育质量和效率的提高.在具体实施中,我们要理性认识教育券的作用,加强配套制度的建立,根据经济发展水平的不同,灵活采用不同的教育券模式,政府要当好裁判,引导市场手段和政策手段的契合. 相似文献
8.
义务教育的本质属性决定了其对公平和效率要求的内在统一.针对我国面前义务教育中存在的公平与效率问题,基于教育券的基本理念设计的义务教育资源配置机制,创造性地引入学生的折算比率和学校的兑换比率,实现义务教育中的学生公平和校际公平,并通过强化学校间的良性竞争,保证了义务教育效率的提高,是当前教育改革中一种可行性的政策选择. 相似文献
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Johan Wennström 《教育政策杂志》2020,35(5):665-691
ABSTRACT In a radical school choice reform in 1992, Sweden’s education system was opened to private competition from independent for-profit and non-profit schools funded by vouchers. Competition was expected to produce higher-quality education at lower cost, in both independent and public schools. This two-pronged study first examines to what extent the consequences of this reform deviate from the predicted results. It demonstrates increasing discrepancies between absolute test results and grades, suggesting grade inflation. Secondly, the study investigates whether the school choice reform was institutionally secured against school competition based on phenomena that are unrelated with educational quality, such as grading. It reveals that the architects of the school choice reform overemphasized the potential positive implications of market reforms and, therefore, did not deem it necessary to establish appropriate rules and institutions for school competition. Instead, grading and curriculum reforms had unintended consequences such as grade inflation and similar forms of school competition in dimensions other than school quality. The analysis of how the objective of raising the quality in Sweden’s schools through competition and choice was inadvertently undermined contains practical lessons for policymakers with regard to the use of privatization and co-production both in schools and in other fields. 相似文献
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The post-communist Czech Republic provides a laboratory in which to investigate possible responses to the adoption of universal education vouchers. Private schools appear to have arisen in response to distinct market incentives. They are more common in fields where public school inertia has resulted in an under-supply of available slots. They are also more common where the public schools appear to be doing a worse job in their primary educational mission, as demonstrated by the success rate of academic secondary schools in obtaining university admission for their graduates. Public schools facing private competition improve their performance. They spend a larger fraction of their resources on classroom instruction and significantly reduce class sizes. Furthermore, Czech public academic secondary schools facing significant private competition by 1996 substantially improved their relative success in obtaining university admissions for their graduates between 1996 and 1998. The rise of private schools, however, also spurred maneuvering by the administrations of public schools to preserve these schools’ entrenched position, pointing out how important it is that any voucher system be simple and leave as little opportunity as possible for discretionary actions on the part of implementing officials. 相似文献
13.
义务教育阶段公立学校的教育质量一直是包括美国在内的许多国家的问题，美国实施教育券改革带来的外部竞争促使公立学校进行改革，同时也发展了私立学校，是教育领域的双赢政策。 相似文献
14.
Rethinking accountability in a knowledge society 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Pasi Sahlberg 《Journal of Educational Change》2010,11(1):45-61
Competition between schools combined with test-based accountability to hold schools accountable for predetermined knowledge
standards have become a common solution in educational change efforts to improve the performance of educational systems around
the world. This is happening as family and community social capital declines in most parts of developed world. Increased competition
and individualism are not necessarily beneficial to creating social capital in schools and their communities. This article
argues that: (1) the evidence remains controversial that test-based accountability policies improve the quality and efficiency
of public education; (2) the current practice of determining educational performance by using primarily standardized knowledge
tests as the main means of accountability is not a necessary condition for much needed educational improvement; and (3) there
is growing evidence that increased high-stakes testing is restricting students’ conceptual learning, engaging in creative
action and understanding innovation, all of which are essential elements of contemporary schooling in a knowledge society.
Finland is used as an example to suggest that educational change should rather contribute to increasing networking and social
capital in schools and in their communities through building trust and strengthening collective responsibilities within and
between schools. This would create better prospects of worthwhile lifelong learning in and out of schools. Based on this analysis,
the article concludes that education policies should be directed at promoting more intelligent forms of accountability to
meet external accountability demands and to encourage cooperation rather than competition among students, teachers and schools. 相似文献
15.
Chris Gilbert 《The Educational forum》2019,83(1):60-74
Individualism and competition are central neoliberal concepts that have profoundly altered the U.S. public education system. This article draws on poststructuralist theory and advances the argument that these concepts have produced problematic policies and deeply flawed school choice mechanisms such as charter schools and school vouchers. I also explore how educational activists contested neoliberal ideology and reshaped reality as they defeated a neoliberal education policy in North Carolina. 相似文献
16.
Chris Taylor 《教育政策杂志》2013,28(3):197-214
While not providing a social class analysis of market competition this paper aims to build upon such work by introducing other factors that appear to be present in the education market place. In this paper market competition is considered along two broad dimensions. The first examines educational markets as spatial phenomenon. In the second an empirical study of competition and markets in action is undertaken based on one year's transfer of pupils to secondary schools across six LEAs, each with different geographies. The study proposes three key ways in which competition between schools can be classified. It also suggests that the education market place is, generally, hierarchical, and that the position of schools within these hierarchies is largely associated with their relative examination performances. The paper concludes by suggesting that the concept and the subsequent identification of the ‘local’ markets is necessary before addressing issues such as the impact on school rolls and potential social segregation of intakes. 相似文献
17.
创品牌：现代教育发展的战略选择 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
品牌战略是品牌经济时代教育发展的客观要求，是现代教育发展的迫切需要，是促进教育有序、合理竞争的重要举措，是实现学校发展转型的时代需要，是扩大优质教育资源、促进教育均衡发展的最佳选择，是促进教育可持续发展、教育与社会经济协调发展的客观需要。 相似文献
18.
英国的学校间竞争：十年的经验 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
自《1988年教育改革法》实施以来，向教育领域导入市场原理就成了英国教育改革的一个明显特点。研究发现，学校间日益激烈的竞争如果和绩效管理相结合，可能会提高学校的效率。但是，刺激竞争会对教育公平产生什么样的影响还是有待证实的。为了防止在追求高水平公立教育的过程中出现更大的不平等现象，必须对学校的招生情况加以管理，并且鼓励学校接纳和保留学习能力不足及有特殊需要的学生(即残疾儿童)的学生。 相似文献
19.
民族高等院校办学意识论 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在教育市场竞争日益激烈的今天，民族院校要想立于不败之地，应当树立“特色强校”、以学生为本、为民族地区服务、人力资源管理、依法治校、教育的全球化和民族化等六种办学意识。 相似文献
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Advocates argue that vouchers can make improved educational opportunity available to disadvantaged students. Critics contend that vouchers increase the risk of stratification. Researchers have found that Chile's voucher program has lead to increased socioeconomic school segregation. What has been overlooked, however, is segregation between schools within a sector and variation within private for-profit and non-profit school sectors. I find that public schools are more likely to serve disadvantaged students than private voucher schools. I also find that disadvantaged students are more segregated among private voucher schools than among public schools. While between and within sector segregation levels vary across private voucher school types, the differences are not always consistent with theory. The data also suggest that policies can either mitigate or exacerbate the stratifying effects of educational vouchers. 相似文献