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1.
《Research Policy》2023,52(7):104806
This article provides a review of the private and social functions of patents using data and evidence from the economic and management literature. While patents provide incentives to invent by providing private protection to appropriate the returns on inventions, they also have broader effects. For example, in this paper we focus on the fact that they provide signals about the value of new firms, disclose information about the invention, and encourage the exchange of inventions and ideas in markets for technology. In order to better understand the relative importance of the implications of patents, patent agencies and stakeholders should invest to a greater extent in data collections or in creating the conditions for research designs and experiments that nail down causal effects and mechanisms. Available data are not created with these identification strategies in mind, which limits the questions that scholars can ask. Systematic studies that identify different effects of patents can provide the basis for rigorous evidence-based management and policy about patents. This would imply a wider shift from a world in which managerial and policy analysis is distinct from practice, to a world in which analysis and implementation are increasingly co-produced, and there is greater integration between them. 相似文献
2.
《Research Policy》2022,51(4):104485
The mobility of inventors leaves behind their patented inventions at sourcing firms, yet there is little scholarly insight into how firms handle those intellectual properties. We investigate this important issue by developing a framework of tacit-codified knowledge interdependence. We theorize that tacit and codified knowledge offer the intellectual and legal pillars of corporate inventions, which complement each other in value creation. Inventor mobility decouples the two pillars and reduces the maintenance likelihood of the left-behind patents. The negative impact is greater for inventions that are complex or rely less on internal prior art because the tacit knowledge loss is more destructive and unrecoverable. However, when inventors move to competing or litigious target firms, the relationship between mobility and patent maintenance becomes less negative or even turns positive because the left-behind patents can be leveraged to hedge against the risk of knowledge leakage. Applying a two-stage Coarsened Exact Matching approach to construct a sample of 36,204 U.S. patents with comparable leaving and staying inventors from public firms between 1983 and 2010, we find strong evidence supporting our framework. Our findings highlight the intricate interdependence of tacit and codified knowledge in corporate inventions and add to the literatures on inventor mobility and intellectual property management. 相似文献
3.
By using a sample of 793 inventors drawn from the PatVal-EU dataset, this paper explores three aspects of patent production at the individual inventor level: (1) the number of EPO patents that the inventors produce; (2) the average value of their inventions; (3) the production of the most valuable patents. By jointly estimating the three equations we find that the inventors’ level of education, employment in a large firm, and involvement in large-scale research projects positively correlate with quantity. Yet, apart from the size of the research project, none of these factors directly influence the expected value of the inventions. They do, however, have an indirect influence, as we find that the number of patents explains the probability of producing a technological hit (the maximum value). Also, there is no regression to the mean in the invention process at an individual level, as the number of inventions that an inventor produces is not correlated with the average value. 相似文献
4.
Cheaper patents 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Tom Nicholas 《Research Policy》2011,40(2):325-339
The 1883 Patents Act in Britain provides perspective for modern patent policy reforms because it radically changed incentives for inventors by reducing filing fees by 84 percent. Patents increased 2.5-fold after the reform, which was evenly distributed across the geography of inventors, the organization of invention and sectors. By realizing a large demand for cheaper patents the reform increased the propensity to patent and shifted inventive activity inside the patent system. It did not increase innovation as measured by changes in the distribution of high and low value patents and citations to English inventor patents in the United States. 相似文献
5.
预期理论着眼于减少后续发明竞赛中的重复投入,主张宽的专利宽度。发明竞赛理论与预期理论针锋相对,认为窄的专利宽度可以激励后续发明竞赛。租金耗散理论则提出了被预期理论所忽视的问题,即宽专利诞生前的发明竞赛同样导致专利租金耗散。本文认为,预期理论虽然曾一度主导着对专利宽度的研究、甚至主导了一些国家的专利政策,对专利宽度的研究要引入新的变量和新的视角,才能寻得促进新兴技术领域创新的最佳专利宽度。 相似文献
6.
Mapping technologies into industries is frequently required in empirical innovation studies, but many concordances only provide coarse mappings. We develop a novel concordance between industries and technologies making use of linked inventor-employee data for a large sample of German patents filed at the European Patent Office between 1999 and 2011. Inventors listed on these patents are matched and disambiguated with German social security records. Employment data recorded in this database include detailed industry codes describing the industrial activities of the inventors’ establishments. These linked microdata allow us to identify the precise industrial origin of inventions, combine them with technology classifications from the inventors’ patents and to generate novel concordance tables. We evaluate our approach by comparing the concordances with existing work. Moreover, in an empirical application, we find that patent based indicators represent valid proxies for the innovation performance of industries and thus help to measure innovation in the absence of other survey based indicators. Service sector innovation activities, however, appear to be barely represented by the patenting activities of inventors and establishments. 相似文献
7.
Today's Edisons or weekend hobbyists: technical merit and success of inventions by independent inventors 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We set out to determine if independent inventors can be considered “heroes” or “hobbyists”, that is, if they produce the most or the least influential inventions in a product category. We study patented inventions by independent and firm-based inventors by comparing patents along four dimensions: Patent citation impact, detail, scope, and maintenance. Examining 225 tennis racket patents granted in the US between 1981 and 1991, we find that independent inventors are a heterogeneous group who generate inventions that are overrepresented both among the most impactful and the least impactful patents. The metrics we develop provide insight into ex ante identification of the importance of inventions. 相似文献
8.
《Research Policy》2022,51(5):104496
The study examines the role of a patent filed by government scientists in regard to the dissemination of scientific discoveries in government laboratories. While a patent filed by government scientists decreases the rate of follow-on patents in a technological area that overlaps with the areas of the focal patent, it increases the rate of follow-on patents in non-overlapping technological areas. The increase in follow-on inventions is attributed to risk-taking inventions, that is, inventions involve a high chance of resulting in either impactful or failure patents, rather than incremental inventions. It is also characterized by inventions with a high level of originality. Inventors in distant locations in terms of geographical and technological proximity are most affected by the patents filed by government scientists. The patent effect is pronounced when the government scientists involved in the focal discovery have fewer social connections and when the scientific field is less familiar in the industry. These findings are consistent with the idea that patenting by government scientists helps facilitate the dissemination of technological information or potential of scientific discoveries in government laboratories. Policy and managerial implications are also discussed. 相似文献
9.
学术型发明人是科学向技术转移的重要桥梁和媒介。本文从识别高影响力的学术型发明人入手,通过对高影响力学术发明人的论文和专利的持续研究主题的研究,来识别对比高科技领域科学与技术前沿主题的差别与联系,并分析识别学术型发明人的研究成果中的更具市场潜力的研究主题。研究发现,不同国家的学术型发明人的研究侧重点不同,有的偏重科学研究,有的偏重技术研发;学术型发明人的科学研究主题与技术研究主题重叠度并不高;企业参与的专利发明与研究论文在主题上强相关。 相似文献
10.
Inventing is a recombinant process that involves searching and recombining different streams of knowledge. The value of invention is associated with not only how many prior inventions are considered, but also how they are related to each other. We introduce social network analysis broadly used in the social capital theory, and extend the dimension of analysis for the evaluation of patent value. This study employs U.S. pharmaceutical patent data and investigates whether the network characteristic of backward citations have significant effect on the future patent value. The empirical results suggest that the network features of backward citations measured by constraint, cohesion, and efficiency have statistically significant implication on the value of invention in both level and depreciation rate. The study also provides empirical evidence that the exploration strategy is more significantly and positively correlated with the future value of invention compared to the exploitation strategy of inventors. 相似文献
11.
《Research Policy》2023,52(9):104850
This paper revisits the patents debate and considers the role of intellectual property rights and their impact on society in the context of inventions designed to protect global common pool resources (CPRs) such as public health and the environment. A review of the theoretical and empirical literature suggests that there has never been a clear consensus among researchers on the benefits of the patent system and intellectual property rights. As Robinson notes, “The patent system introduces some of the greatest of the complexities in the capitalist rules of the game and leads to many anomalies.” We explore these anomalies by specifying a taxonomy of patents for different classes of inventions, including inventions to protect CPRs. This includes vaccines and inventions that reduce externalities, such as, CFC gases and greenhouse gas emissions. In these instances, the effectiveness of innovations depends critically on rapid global diffusion. Our theoretical analysis utilises Ostrom's CPR dilemma to analyse the complexities surrounding innovation and CPRs.We find that the effectiveness of innovations to protect CPRs depends on industrial characteristics and the wider regulatory environment. Empirical evidence is brought to bear on these conclusions via 2 case studies that each embodies a natural experiment; one on vaccines pre- and post-TRIPS and one on environmental technologies to reduce CFC gases and CO2 emissions with and without an agreed UN Protocol. The insights gained are explored in our policy section. Our analysis suggests the need for a more nuanced approach to patent policy that is embedded in the wider context of innovation systems and takes account of the anomalies raised by CPRs. For CPR protecting innovations subject to positive network externalities, we advocate that policy should prioritise diffusion over private incentives for R&D and use alternative policies to patents to stimulate investment in R&D. 相似文献
12.
This paper examines the intertemporal returns of patented inventions using estimates of patent value obtained from German employee inventors’ compensation records. The paper finds heterogeneity in the mean age and dispersion of the annual returns by technology and cumulative patent value. While the returns earned by most patents dissipate rapidly, high valued patents tend to receive significant returns through the latter part of the patent term. These high valued patents which account for the vast majority of the realized returns, further can be identified based on past returns, relatively early in the patent term. These findings suggest that while shortening the length of the patent term could substantially reduce realized returns, graduated maintenance fees may not adversely affect returns, as firms would be able to identify and selectively renew the subset of high valued patents. 相似文献
13.
随着我国发明专利申请数量的迅猛增加,如何通过事前和事后指标测度并识别技术和经济价值高的突破性技术发明就成为学术界面临的焦点问题。针对我国专利普遍缺乏引文信息的现状,本文利用专利的国际专利分类（IPC）信息构建两两专利相似度指标,并引入时间维度对过去、当前以及未来三个时间段的专利相似度比较,测度专利的新颖性、独特性和影响力,从而构建突破性技术发明的综合识别方案。然后,以纳米技术为例,利用美国专利商标局（USPTO）在1975-2015年的授权发明专利数据进行实证检验。结果表明：（1）基于专利IPC四位和六位分类的相似度指标分别可以识别出6.23%和5.06%的纳米技术专利为突破性技术发明;（2）基于专利相似度识别的突破性技术发明与基于专利被引数识别的突破性技术发明具有显著的正相关关系,但是,两类识别方法得到的结果中仅有不足总样本的0.5%是相同的,表明以往单纯依赖专利被引数据识别突破性技术发明可能存在一定偏差;（3）对突破性技术发明来源特征的实证检验表明,基于专利相似度和基于专利被引数的突破性技术发明的发明人和组织来源特征基本一致,而发明层面的知识来源特征呈现不一致的结果,进一步反映出两类识别方案的差异性。本文基于专利相似度构建的突破性技术发明识别方案既为企业在实践中挖掘和利用高价值的发明专利提供参考,也对未来突破性技术发明相关研究达成一致结论具有重要意义。 相似文献
14.
专利政策目标的三元论或二元论导致价值分裂和政策目标不统一,给法律适用带来困难。专利权既不是自然权利,也不是人权,专利权保护本身只具有工具价值。现代专利理论认为专利制度的目的在于激励创新而不是激励发明,现代经济增长理论主张国家积极干预创新,因此专利政策应当以“激励创新”作为惟一目标。考虑到专利政策的国际格局,我国专利制度的政策目标应当是“激励本国创新”,专利授权、确权政策和司法政策都应与此目标相符。 相似文献
15.
职务发明人合理分享创新收益是实现职务发明创造转化和实施运用的有效激励手段。《专利法（修正案草案）》对此予以了明确。作为职务发明人智力成果的价值体现和促进职务发明人推动发明创造成果转化的制度激励，职务发明人合理分享创新收益具有正当性。但是，有限的“约定优先”、“合理性”标准的模糊对待、国有资产法律法规的限制性规定、职务发明相关权利的杂糅处理和单位知识产权运营能力的不足对职务发明人实现创新收益分享形成掣肘。实现职务发明人合理分享创新收益，首先应明确“合理性”的判断标准，即在程序正义的基础上根据职务发明人的创造性贡献程度和职务发明所产生的经济效益确认收益分享的合理限度。其次，职务发明创造的专利权作为一项“权利束”，应将其分而处之，明晰各参与主体间的权利边界。再次，应优化国有资产属性的职务发明创造的管理体制，探索建立以科技法律制度为核心，兼容其他各部门法律法规的无形资产管理制度。复次，在产权明晰的基础上，应鼓励单位与职务发明人之间通过约定分享收益。最后，实现单位与职务发明人的互利共赢还需要提升单位的知识产权运营能力，以实现职务发明成果的转化利用。 相似文献
16.
专利价值再认识:大学专利转让的实证研究 《科学学研究》2022,40(9):1608-1620
高价值专利工作已经成为我国经济社会发展的一个重要方面,合理认识、科学评价专利价值是开展相关工作的重要前提和手段。从保护范围、创新水平、主体特征、时间因素等方面系统回顾、梳理了有关专利价值的客观指标。利用手动收集的1704项大学转让专利,用转让价格测量价值,实证分析了相关指标对专利价值的影响,发现专利价值是内生的。整体上,权利要求数、专利文献页数、海外同族专利数、独立权利要求字数、专利寿命对专利价值有显著的影响,发明人数量、专利审查时间、专利引用信息、是否与企业合作没有表现出与专利价值的显著相关性。分别以5万元、10万元、15万元为临界值进行逻辑回归发现,真正高价值的专利不仅具有法律意义上的高质量,技术上的高水平是其高价值的重要基础。 相似文献
17.
为评估我国专利司法保护的有效性，亟需适用于我国的专利司法保护强度量化模型。首先通过分析专利司法保护对企业专利决策行为的影响，提取关键参数，构建了专利司法保护强度的量化模型，然后基于手工整理的一万四千多件专利侵权案例，得到了我国近十多年的专利司法保护强度。在此基础上，通过实证分析，研究了我国专利司法保护强度对专利密集型产业和非专利密集型产业利润的影响。结果显示：该模型可以更全面地反映出专利司法保护强度的动态演变；我国专利司法保护强度的调整远落后于产业的发展。根据研究结论，提出了优化我国专利司法保护强度的政策建议。 相似文献
18.
Jesse Giummo 《Research Policy》2010,39(7):969-984
This paper uses a novel data source, namely German employee inventors’ compensation records compiled in compliance with the German Employee Invention Act of 1957 to estimate the returns to patented inventions. In contrast to patent value estimates obtained from surveys and renewals, these records primarily provide a measure of the value of the use of the invention and not the value of patent protection. While indicators of patent value explain much of the variation in these patent value estimates, the values are only weakly correlated with the estimated renewal value of the patents. The distribution of patent value from these records is highly skew, with the vast majority of the returns earned by a select set of high valued patents, consistent with finding for other measures of patent value. The value estimates however are considerably lower than recent survey estimates with most of the patents having little or no realized value, suggesting that the returns appropriated through the use of an invention may represent only a fraction of the value of a patented invention. 相似文献
19.
该研究构建了基于专利生命周期的技术转让生存分析模型,利用116所211高校的专利转让微观数据拟合了技术转让可能性曲线。专利转让的可能性呈先增后减的趋势,在申请后第五年左右达到峰值。文章进一步探究了技术转移办公室在高校技术转让过程中的微观作用机制及其在不同情境中的异质作用效果。研究结果表明,技术转移办公室对高校的专利转让速度没有直接的促进作用,但技术转移办公室的存在强化了专利地域保护范围、发明人数量对于专利转让时间的负向影响,同时削弱了发明人团队以往专利转让经验对后续专利转让时间的影响。文章在微观层面上对高校技术转让行为模式研究进行了拓展,对进一步提升技术转移办公室的作用效果具有重要的理论参考价值。 相似文献
20.
高校专利运营是一个包括发明创造、价值增值和价值实现三个主要环节的复杂动态过程。以美国高校为样本,基于动态系统视角分析发明人专利收益分配比例对高校专利运营不同环节的影响,并针对发明人专利收入与科研经费支出对高校专利运营的影响差异进行比较分析。研究发现：近70%的样本高校中发明人专利收入与发明披露量之间不存在显著的相关性;而在发明人专利收入与发明披露量显著相关的高校中,发明人专利收益比例对高校专利运营的发明创造环节作用明显,对价值增值环节作用因样本而异,但对价值实现环节的影响微乎其微;同时,当专利收益分配基数与科研经费支出之间相差悬殊时,与通过提高发明人收益比例增加发明人专利收入相比,同比增加科研经费支出对专利运营各环节的影响更大。一刀切式地提高发明人收益比例对高校专利运营的促进作用十分有限。据此提出,高校应细化发明人收益分配方案,并综合运用多种激励方式,发挥政策协同作用。 相似文献