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1.
This paper presents findings from an analysis of the determinants of the formation of university spin-off companies within the university's research park. We find that university spin-off companies are a greater proportion of the companies in older parks and in parks that are associated with richer university research environments. We also find that university spin-off companies are a larger proportion of companies in parks that are geographically closer to their university and in parks that have a biotechnology focus. 相似文献
2.
学术创业企业的成长伴随着从科研网络向产业网络的跨越,为了解析其成长机理,本文以中美两国共14个学术创业案例为依据,从“社会网络—合法性”视角分析企业网络的动态演化,并着重探讨了各阶段合法性约束的种类、身份转化劣势的作用机制以及合法性策略选择的情境条件。研究发现：（1）学术创业者在创业者存在身份转换劣势,并给企业带来合法性约束。（2）根据网络边界跨越方式的不同,创业者建立合法性的策略可分为直驱型策略和迂回型策略。（3）合法性策略的选择受到企业所在网络的多样性和自身技术新颖性的影响。基于学术创业的特殊情境,论文提出身份转换劣势的概念,并为企业成长理论和合法性理论做出贡献。 相似文献
3.
This paper investigated how universities facilitate the process of spin-off venture formation based on academic research. Building on a capability perspective, we add to the literature on university characteristics and resources by exploring how the university context impacts the entrepreneurial process. We based our study on two mid-range universities and followed the start-up process of four spin-off ventures. Based on the results of our longitudinal study, we propose a set of three university capabilities that facilitate the venture-formation process: (1) creating new paths of action, (2) balancing both academic and commercial interests, and (3) integrating new resources. Each capability is particularly important for specific phases in the venturing process. Our findings suggest that these capabilities are dependent on prior spin-off experience and reside within several actors both inside and outside of the university. Furthermore, universities with weaknesses in the identified areas can take strategic action to develop these capabilities to some degree. 相似文献
4.
This paper proposes a taxonomy of corporate spin-off firms by exploring the nature of parent firm-spin-off firm relationship. Relying on the resource-based and the resource-dependence theory, special attention is paid to the complementarity of the resource base of the parent firm relative to its spin-off, the intensity of collaboration between the parent and the spin-off, and the dependence of the spin-off firm on the resources provided by the parent organization. Based on cluster analysis, we were able to identify three distinct groups of corporate spin-off firms: spin-offs developing new technologies, spin-offs serving new markets and restructuring spin-offs. These groups differ from one another in terms of the intensity of resource sharing linkages and knowledge transfer between the parent and the spin-off, timing of separation, as well as the direction and breadth of their new product development activities. 相似文献
5.
中国研究型大学衍生企业活动影响因素分析 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5
在对以往研究文献进行深入研究的基础上,提出5种可能对中国研究型大学科技型衍生企业活动产生影响的因素:大学的科技实力、大学专业布局、科研经费总量及构成、大学的地理位置、大学与政府的关系。并通过对111所大学统计数据的对比分析,验证以上假设中的5种因素对大学企业衍生活动是否存在影响。结果证明,大学企业衍生活动与大学的科技实力、专业布局特点、科研经费总量、大学的地理位置以及大学与政府的关系等之间存在一定相关性,而与科研经费构成之间的关系未能得到证实。 相似文献
6.
Henry Chesbrough 《Research Policy》2003,32(3):403-421
Companies that conduct internal research cannot fully specify the output from that research in advance. Inevitably, spillovers may result. A company might choose to create a technology spin-off company to realize value from such research spillovers. But how is such a spin-off to be governed? Effective spin-off governance structures in a highly uncertain environment must promote experimentation and adaptation, in order to unlock the latent value in a technology. These can conflict with structures intended to manage coordination with the parent firm’s complementary assets.This paper analyses 35 spin-off organizations that arose from the Xerox Corporation. Xerox’s own initial equity position is negatively correlated with the subsequent performance of its spin-offs, but this is due not to their equity per se, but Xerox’s practices in managing its spin-offs. Spin-offs with a higher percentage of venture capital investors on their Boards were associated with higher financial performance, while spin-offs with a Xerox insider as CEO were associated with lower financial performance. Qualitative interview data suggest that Xerox’s practices caused its spin-offs to search locally near Xerox’s own business, while spin-offs governed by outside investors’ practices searched a broader space for commercializing their technologies. 相似文献
7.
8.
We consider the managerial and policy implications of the rise of spin-offs at public research institutions (PRIs), based on a knowledge-based view (KBV) of the firm. This framework highlights the importance of knowledge in the creation and development of spin-offs. We argue that in order to understand the development of spin-offs, researchers should focus on “knowledge gaps” these new ventures encounter. Knowledge gaps can occur at different levels of aggregation, including the PRI, spin-off, team, individual, incubator, and at different stages of spin-off development. Based on this framework, we synthesize findings from previous studies and papers in the special issue and offer some suggestions for additional research on spin-offs from PRIs. 相似文献
9.
P.S. Vincett 《Research Policy》2010,39(6):736-747
The importance of academic research (“AR”) to economic growth is widely accepted but quantification of incremental impacts, and their attribution to any one country's expenditures, is difficult. Yet quantitative justification of government AR funding is highly desirable. We therefore attempt to quantify one impact which can be directly and causally attributed to one country's funding: spin-off companies. We focus on AR in the non-medical natural sciences and engineering (NSExm) in a whole country, Canada. ‘Applied’ disciplines are sometimes assumed to be the most commercializable, so we also separately investigate an especially ‘basic’ science, physics. Using a novel methodology, we estimate the lifetime impacts of companies spun-off directly from AR performed in 1960-1998, and compare the impacts with all government funding, direct and indirect, over the same period. This picks up virtually all funding and most company-formation since WWII, up to 1998. Such long-term studies are rare but essential, since we show that successful spin-offs grow (often exponentially) over several decades.With very conservative assumptions, and allowing for the time value of money, the impacts exceed government funding by a substantial margin. Physics actually fares 30-60% better than the combined NSExm; this reflects more successful companies, rather than greater numbers, and therefore does not seem inconsistent with earlier studies on company numbers. Firm lifetimes are long, with Canadian impacts truncated primarily by some foreign acquisitions.We argue that the spin-off impacts represent incremental contributions to GDP, much larger (even on a time-discounted basis) than the government funding and directly attributable to it; governments will also receive more in additional tax than they spent. The impacts therefore provide a quantitative justification for the public investment, allowing the much more important (but less quantifiable) long-term benefits to be regarded as a ‘free’ bonus. The very good showing of physics also suggests that reduced emphasis on basic work or on the basic disciplines could actually weaken the commercialization of AR. 相似文献
10.
张耕 《科学学与科学技术管理》2006,27(2):140-143
组织际关系是一种建立在多个经济实体合作基础之上的、跨越组织边界的混合式组织形式,对维护长期持续的合作关系至关重要.主要探讨了组织际关系产生的起因、分类、影响因素以及潜在的风险,并且指出,根据影响因素采取相应的控制手段,是保证组织际关系成功的关键. 相似文献
11.
中国科学院创立技术衍生公司的活动开始形成系统化的模式,而认识和研究尚显不足,本文于此做了经验研究。首先,通过辨析科研机构创立技术衍生公司模式的概念,提出了一个五维两联结的描述性分析框架,据此解构了当前中国科学院各个维度和联结的特征,描述了中国科学院创立技术衍生公司的经验模式。之后,对中国科学院创立技术衍生公司的模式作了评述,提出了改进建议,并对照科研机构创立技术衍生公司的理论,提出了研究建议。 相似文献
12.
The influence of the university department upon spin-off venture evolution is complex and dynamic. We examine how the university department context influences the spin-off process from the perspectives of both the spin-off venture and the department. By comparing the development of entrepreneurial competencies within spin-offs based in different departments at the same universities we observed significant differences in early venture performance. Small differences in initial departmental support from management and senior academics for gaining commercial experience and spending time exploring the commercial opportunity were seen to have a major impact upon the subsequent spin-off development path. Supported ventures gained momentum as the department helped develop entrepreneurial competencies and influenced how these competencies were developed from external actors outside the department. By contrast, a lack of departmental support for entrepreneurship severely constrained the evolution of spin-offs regardless of university level policies and practices. This emphasizes the need for a shift in focus from the well-studied university level to the relatively neglected department level to help explain institutional differences in university spin-off activity. 相似文献
13.
大学衍生企业是推动大学技术转移并实现产业化的重要模式,不同大学推动企业衍生的效果存在着明显的不均衡.以往的研究大都基于资源基础理论,检视母体大学影响企业衍生的静态因素,探寻这些差异性特征.只有打开衍生过程黑箱,才能够在微观层面上充分展现大学衍生企业的动态格局,才能够揭示大学衍生企业的本质.通过对东北大学衍生东软集团的过程进行精致的案例分析,提炼出大学推动企业衍生的三组能力,即技术商业化能力、管理创新能力和网络化联盟能力,三组能力逐层进化,嵌入在大学创新活动的各个层面和环节之中.创新型大学可以借鉴相关经验,通过制度创新等途径变革大学组织惯例,提升衍生能力,进而推动大学的技术转移和衍生企业的发展. 相似文献
14.
The paper reports on a recent study, which uses various indicators to provide an insight on the performance of spin-off companies from the public sector research base in Oxfordshire (UK). The study builds upon the other studies and fills a gap in the field by gathering empirical information on the performance of technology-based spin-off companies. While the main geographical focus is the county of Oxfordshire, UK, the findings will also be of value for other researchers and institutions with an interest in assessing the performance of spin-off firms. The evidence shows that the number of spin-offs in Oxfordshire has increased rapidly over recent years, as the result of evolving national policy and the entrepreneurial culture of the universities and laboratories. However, the academics and scientists in Oxfordshire's institutions were already entrepreneurial in the 1950s, less so in the 1960s, but increasingly in the 1970s and 1980s, particularly in Oxford University, which is by far the largest generator of spin-offs in the region. 相似文献
15.
全链条创新经历基础研究到最终产业化,周期长,涉及核心关键技术多,是国家实现创新驱动发展的重要路径之一。但是要实现全链条周期的穿越,以及从学术界到产业界的跨越,涉及科技、市场、评价、人才等众多要素,是一个复杂和充满挑战的过程,锂离子电池技术的研究以及产业化就是一个典型的例子。中国科学院物理研究所在过去40余年中,围绕锂离子电池领域进行了很多有益的探索,对全链条创新所需的生态和条件积累了一些初步认识。文章通过对该过程的梳理与分析,对新时期科研机构探索践行创新驱动发展战略提供可供借鉴的经验。 相似文献
16.
To what extent is scientific research related to societal needs? To answer this crucial question systematically we need to contrast indicators of research priorities with indicators of societal needs. We focus on rice research and technology between 1983 and 2012. We combine quantitative methods that allow investigation of the relation between ‘revealed’ research priorities and ‘revealed’ societal demands, measured respectively by research output (publications) and national accounts of rice use and farmers’ and consumers’ rice-related needs. We employ new bibliometric data, methods and indicators to identify countries’ main rice research topics (priorities) from publications. For a panel of countries, we estimate the relation between revealed research priorities and revealed demands. We find that, across countries and time, societal demands explain a country's research trajectory to a limited extent. Some research priorities are nicely aligned to societal demands, confirming that science is partly related to societal needs. However, we find a relevant number of misalignments between the focus of rice research and revealed demands, crucially related to human consumption and nutrition. We discuss some implications for research policy. 相似文献
17.
Can the concept of speciation explain evidence on how technologies branch and advance? Can evidence on innovation through spin-off usefully inform the concept of speciation? These questions are addressed through a case study of detailed processes enabling the shift of technology to new domains of application. An innovative IT firm developed its own semiconductor technology to remedy supplier deficiencies but it required a joint venture with a completely new business model to adapt and move the technology into new market domains. We propose the concept of techno-organizational speciation to delineate this phenomenon. Competing perspectives on speciation (compatibility, niche and lineage approaches) are found to illuminate the evidence, while complementarities between these conceptual dimensions are revealed by the case. Causal processes uncovered include the following: (1) Techno-organizational speciation through spin-off may be needed to launch a dominant technical standard, compatible with multiple applications. (2) This can be achieved through niche creation from which develops a new business ecosystem. (3) Inherited knowledge together with organizationally based learning foster the branching and renewal of technological lineages. 相似文献
18.
股东多样性对衍生企业绩效的影响机制研究———研发投入的中介作用 《科学学研究》2021,39(11):2005-2012
学术创业对于国家的技术进步、创新能力提升和区域经济发展都有着非常重要的影响,大学/科研院所衍生企业是学术创业的重要形式之一,也是促进科技成果转化的重要途径之一。近年来衍生企业相关研究逐渐兴起,成为学术界和产业界关注的热点话题。文章基于中国科学院及其各研究院所358家衍生企业2008-2017年的面板数据,采用固定效应模型,从资源基础理论和代理理论出发,探究了学术衍生企业的股东特征对衍生企业绩效的影响机制。结果发现,衍生企业的股东多样性对企业的专利产出和财务绩效均有显著的促进作用,研发投入在股东多样性与企业绩效中间起中介作用,股东多样性水平越高,对企业研发投入和企业绩效的促进作用越强。 相似文献
19.
How are new university educational programs established in response to expanding sciences and how do they promote university-industry (UI) joint research? To study these questions in relation to life sciences and biotechnology, we first compiled the data on the establishment of new undergraduate and graduate programs on these fields in Japanese universities since the 1950s. We then analyzed statistically whether and how such establishment contributed to the occurrence and frequency of UI joint research in biotechnology. We found that the expansion of such university programs in fact contributed to the promotion of UI joint research. We also confirmed that, even with this contribution controlled, UI joint research projects increased following the 1998 legislation to promote technology transfer from universities (the so-called TLO Act) and the 1999 legislation to allow universities to retain rights on their inventions made with government research funds (the so-called Japanese Bayh-Dole Act). 相似文献
20.
从大学功能的演进出发,阐述了大学实现其第三功能即社会服务功能的有效方式——衍生企业方式。并在重点分析美、日等大学企业衍生成功原因的基础上,针对我国大学衍生企业存在的问题,从法律体系、机构设置、孵化平台、知识产权与激励、政府支持以及企业规范化建设等方面,提出了推动我国大学衍生企业的具体措施。 相似文献