共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
King D Smith S Higginson B Muncasy B Scheirman G 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2004,3(1):109-123
The purpose of this study was to compare triple (T) and quadruple (Q) toe-loop figure skating jumps and quantify basic characteristics of these jumps to provide information to coaches that will assist them in teaching quadruple toe-loops to elite figure skaters. High-speed video was taken during men's practice and competition sessions at the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics; three-dimensional analyses of selected triple and quadruple jumps were completed. The most significant difference between triple and quadruple toe-loops was an increase in rotational velocity in the air. Additionally, increased vertical velocity at take-off and subsequent time in the air were also observed. Three main conclusions were developed: 1) The timing of rotation of the hips and shoulders was different for quadruple toe-loops compared to triples with the differences being observed before toe-pick; 2) Increases in rotational velocity occurred primarily as a result of the skaters assuming different body positions from take-off through landing which resulted in tighter rotating positions for longer durations of the jump; 3) Greater vertical velocity was gained during the propulsive phase due to the extension of the legs during the press off the ice. 相似文献
2.
鲁茨跳是花样滑冰六个主要单人跳跃种类之一,是最难也是最容易错误用刃的跳跃,在单人滑比赛中占有重要的地位,是花样滑冰中得分最高的几个跳跃之一,是花样滑冰运动员技术水平的标志。特别是女运动员要想在世界大赛上取得良好的成绩,如果没有过硬的鲁茨三周跳和鲁茨三周联跳是不可能实现的目标。目前我国运动员在鲁茨跳中存在起跳变刃、右髋下落、旋转轴不正确三个较大的技术问题。起跳变刃是运动员动作扣分的主要因素。对鲁茨跳常见技术错误和辅助训练方法进行讨论,以期解决当前中国花样滑冰运动员在鲁茨跳中存在的主要技术问题,有效帮助运动员实现成绩目标。 相似文献
3.
Yoshiaki Takei J. Hubert Dunn Erik Blucker 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(2):141-162
The 16 highest‐scored Roche vaults (G1) performed during the 2000 Olympic Games were compared with those receiving the 16 lowest‐scores (G2). A 16‐mm motion picture camera operating at 100 Hz recorded the vaults during the competition. The results of t tests (p < .05) indicated G1, compared to G2, had (a) shorter time of board support, greater normalised average upward vertical force and backward horizontal force exerted by the board, greater change in the vertical velocity while on the board, and greater vertical velocity at board take‐off, (b) comparable linear and angular motions in pre‐flight, (c) smaller backward horizontal impulse exerted by the horse, smaller loss of the horizontal velocity while on the horse, and greater horizontal and vertical velocities at horse take‐off, (d) greater height and larger horizontal distance of post‐flight, (e) higher body mass centre at knee release, and (f) higher mass centre, greater normalised moment of inertia, and smaller vertical velocity at mat touchdown. Therefore, gymnasts and coaches should focus on sprinting the approach; blocking and pushing‐off the take‐off board rapidly and vigorously; departing the board with a large vertical velocity; exerting large downward vertical force and small forward horizontal force from the handstand position while on the horse; departing the horse with large horizontal and vertical velocities; and completing the majority of the double salto forward near the peak of trajectory and releasing the knees above the top of the horse to prepare for a controlled landing. 相似文献
4.
冬运会花样滑冰金牌的归属,影响全运会各参赛代表团奖牌榜的排序,第11届冬运会的花样滑冰比赛选手在短节目和自由滑2个项目的技术表现对即将召开的第12届冬运会的花样滑冰参赛运动员夺金争牌具有启示作用。采用文献资料、现场观察、数理统计和对比等方法,对第11届冬运会的花样滑冰比赛选手在短节目和自由滑2个项目的技术表现、成绩和得分进行分析,认为我国女子单人滑选手的跳跃技术、旋转技术、步法技术存在着不均衡状况。提出训练中要根据选手状况有针对性地发扬优势,提高跳跃、旋转和步法技术的质量和难度等级,研究、掌握、运用规则,旨在提高我国女子单人滑整体的水平,为第12届冬运会的花样滑冰比赛做好准备提供借鉴和参考。 相似文献
5.
6.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(3):143-152
Abstract This study investigated whether self-modeling plus physical practice would improve intermediate level figure skaters’ jump performance, as well as their self-efficacy, motivation, and state anxiety, when compared to physical practice alone. Twelve female figure skaters (M=13.4 years of age, SD=1.4) participated in a within-participant design where they received a self-modeling intervention for one jump and a control condition for another jump. They were also compared with a separate control group of 7 skaters (M=14.2 years of age, SD=2.35) who received no intervention. We hypothesized that skaters would show greater improvement in physical and psychological performance scores for jumps in the self-modeling condition than for jumps in the control conditions. We also hypothesized that increased self-efficacy and motivation and decreased state anxiety would mediate the relationship between self-modeling and physical performance. Counter to our predictions, no differences existed between the two conditions for the self-modeling group or between the self-modeling group and the control group. Despite the lack of statistical support for our hypotheses, skaters’ evaluation of the intervention was very positive and suggests possible explanations for the results. 相似文献
7.
The objectives of this study were to describe the volleyball spiking actions used by players in top‐level competition, and also to examine the interrelationships between upper limb, lower limb and whole body kinematic variables, and post‐impact ball speed in the spiking technique. Two Photosonics Biomechanics 500 cine‐cameras operating at a nominal frame rate of 100 Hz were used to film the spiking actions of 10 male senior international volleyball players at the XVI Universiade (1991 World Student Games). Three‐dimensional object space co‐ordinates of digitized image co‐ordinates were obtained using a DLT algorithm and an array of calibration points in the filmed volume. Relationships between lower limb angular kinematics at take‐off, centre of mass vertical velocity at take‐off and centre of mass vertical displacement (jump height) were examined. Relationships between angular kinematics of the hitting arm and post‐impact ball speed were also determined. The mean (± S.E.) centre of mass vertical velocity at take‐off was 3.59 ± 0.05 m s‐1 and the mean height jumped was 0.62 ± 0.02 m. As expected, a significant correlation was found between the square of the centre of mass vertical velocity at take‐off and jump height (r = 0.78; P <0.01). No significant correlations were found between lower limb angular kinematics and centre of mass vertical velocity at take‐off or jump height. The mean post‐impact ball speed was 27.0 ± 0.9 m s‐1, and this was significantly correlated to maximum right humerus angular velocity (r=0.75; P< 0.01). Trunk rotation angular kinematics and right elbow angular velocity did not correlate significantly with post‐impact ball speed. It was also noted that the majority of players filmed did not fit into any of the spiking categories identified in earlier studies. 相似文献
8.
Kelly L. Lockwood Pierre J. Gervais Donald R. Mccreary 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(2):231-241
Technical evaluation in the sport of figure skating is characterized by a subjective marking system. Figure skating judges are responsible for quickly and accurately discerning the quality of technical elements as well as assigning a score to the overall aesthetic appearance of a performance. Traditionally, overall placement marks are assigned for the entire performance; however, the landing of a jump is widely acknowledged as one of the most critical elements of a skater's program. Therefore, our aims were to identify the biomechanical variables that contribute to technical success in executing landings and to establish whether landings rated as biomechanically optimal are also awarded high technical merit scores by judges. Ten nationally ranked competitive figure skaters were asked to execute on‐ice, double and triple revolution jumps and to try to land the jumps void of technical faults within a calibrated space. Data were collected at 60 Hz using standard three‐dimensional videography. Data reduction was done using the APAS system (Ariel Dynamics Inc). Concurrently, videotapes were viewed and evaluated by 42 accredited judges to determine the perceived technical quality of the landing performances. Judges were asked to evaluate the landing phase of each jump against a landing criteria document. A comparative criteria model was developed to facilitate an assessment of excellence in landing performances through both empirical and subjective analyses. Results of these analyses were twofold: a biomechanical profile of on‐ice landings was obtained, and on‐ice jump landing strategies rated by empirical evaluations were in agreement with judge's perceptions of the same performances. 相似文献
9.
Deborah L. King Sarah L. Smith Michele R. Brown Jean L. Mccrory Barry A. Munkasy Gary I. Scheirman 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(2):222-237
In this study, we compared the kinematic variables of the split triple twist with those of the split double twist to help coaches and scientists understand these landmark pair skating skills. High-speed video was taken during the pair short and free programmes at the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics and the 2003 International Skating Union Grand Prix Finals. Three-dimensional analyses of 14 split double twists and 15 split triple twists from eleven pairs were completed. In spite of considerable variability in the performance variables among the pairs, the main difference between the split double twists and split triple twists was an increase in rotational rate. While eight of the eleven pairs relied primarily on an increased rotational rate to complete the split triple twist, three pairs employed a combined strategy of increased rotational rate and increased flight time due predominantly to delayed or lower catches. These results were similar to observations of jumps in singles skating for which the extra rotation is typically due to an increase in rotational velocity; increases in flight time come primarily from delayed landings as opposed to additional height during flight. Combining an increase in flight time and rotational rate may be a good strategy for completing the split triple twist in pair skating. 相似文献
10.
King DL Smith SL Brown MR McCrory JL Munkasy BA Scheirman GI 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2008,7(2):222-237
In this study, we compared the kinematic variables of the split triple twist with those of the split double twist to help coaches and scientists understand these landmark pair skating skills. High-speed video was taken during the pair short and free programmes at the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics and the 2003 International Skating Union Grand Prix Finals. Three-dimensional analyses of 14 split double twists and 15 split triple twists from eleven pairs were completed. In spite of considerable variability in the performance variables among the pairs, the main difference between the split double twists and split triple twists was an increase in rotational rate. While eight of the eleven pairs relied primarily on an increased rotational rate to complete the split triple twist, three pairs employed a combined strategy of increased rotational rate and increased flight time due predominantly to delayed or lower catches. These results were similar to observations of jumps in singles skating for which the extra rotation is typically due to an increase in rotational velocity; increases in flight time come primarily from delayed landings as opposed to additional height during flight. Combining an increase in flight time and rotational rate may be a good strategy for completing the split triple twist in pair skating. 相似文献
11.
阻碍我国男子跳高成绩提高的运动学因素 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
通过运动学三维立体分析，对我国优秀男子跳高运动员同场比赛中成功和失败跳次的起跳技术进行比较分析，探讨阻碍跳高成绩提高的主要因素。结果发现，倒一步离地瞬间身体姿态、有效控制水平速度的转化和增加离地瞬间重心垂直速度，是提高我国男子跳高成绩的重要保证。 相似文献
12.
为进一步探讨我国花样滑冰运动的发展势态,采用文献资料、现场观察、数据统计等方法对第12届全国冬运会和第11届全运会花样滑冰单人滑比赛前6名运动员试做难度动作进行统计对比,发现：我国单人滑竞技能力呈上升势态,难度跳跃动作明显增多,对规则的理解更加深刻。提出提高难度技术动作的质量和稳定性,加强运动员的滑行速度和体能要求等建议,为花样滑冰运动训练提供理论参考。 相似文献
13.
Evan Coventry William A. Sands Sarah L. Smith 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(1):63-75
Gymnastics vaulting relies on a specialized take‐off board for propulsion during the take‐off phase of the vault. There is little information on the vault board and its behaviour. The aim of this study was to characterize the behaviour of the vault board during handspring drill take‐offs of young male gymnasts (n = 36). The side of the top surface of the vault board and the wooden base were marked with three reflective markers, placed at the end of the vault board nearest the vault table and the centres of the two rearmost coil springs. The vault board surface was divided into two areas, rear and middle, based on marker location. The gymnasts’ groups were determined from the location of the gymnast's lateral malleolus at vault board contact. Landings with the malleolus directly above or behind the rearmost marker were considered rear landings; landings with the malleolus forward of the rearmost marker were considered middle landings. Marker movements were automatically digitized and the right malleolus was hand digitized at 120 Hz. The maximum vertical displacement, vertical deflection time, and vertical velocity at take‐off of the vault board markers did not differ statistically between board contact groups (all p > 0.05). The lateral malleolus velocity components also did not differ between board contact groups. Some low to moderately strong correlations were observed between the various marker displacements, durations and take‐off velocities. Modest correlations were obtained between board markers and right malleolus velocities. The results indicate that foot contact on the vault board, as defined here, did not result in differences in board marker behaviour or right lateral malleolus velocities. This information does not support the idea that vault board contacts at the rear of the vault board are worse than contacts near the middle of the vault board. More research is needed to ascertain the role of the vault board's vibration characteristics to whole body actions that are observed in the subsequent preflight phase. 相似文献
14.
采用文献资料法、录像解析法、数据处理法,对参加全国田径锦标赛女子跳远运动员(最后筛选取20名)空中技术特征进行研究,探讨空中技术与运动成绩之间的关系。结论认为:我国女子跳远运动员空中技术对起跳效果有影响。走步式空中技术能在起跳过程中通过紧密衔接的摆动腿加速前摆和制动前摆,加快起跳腿的缓冲和蹬伸动作速度,促进身体重心获得更大的垂直速度,而且水平速度没有更多的损耗,从而获得更大的腾起速度和腾起角,腾起时身体重心的垂直位置更高,最终取得优异成绩,促进跳远起跳技术朝着快速积极的方向发展。 相似文献
15.
陆地训练在花样滑冰旋转平衡稳定性和动作流畅延伸性的训练中有着自己不可替代的功能和作用,加强各关节肌群肌力的协调能力是花样滑冰冰、陆结合训练的目的。陆地与冰上训练相结合是培养花样滑冰运动员基本运动素质与机能的必要方法、手段,是提高花样滑冰运动员平衡能力的重要途径,陆地训练配合冰上练习可使运动员提高对正确身体姿势的感觉、发力肌群的控制能力、掌握专项技术技巧,采用冰、陆结合的训练方式适当地变换训练的环境和训练的内容,可以在心理上给运动员一个适当调节放松的空间,有利于消除精神疲劳和培养良好的意志品质。 相似文献
16.
Nathan W. Saunders Nicholas Hanson Panos Koutakis Ajit M. Chaudhari 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(11):1042-1049
AbstractResearchers and clinicians have suggested that overuse injuries to the lower back and lower extremities of figure skaters may be associated with the repeated high impact forces sustained during jump landings. Our primary aim was to compare the vertical ground reaction forces (GRFs) in freestyle figure skaters (n = 26) and non-skaters (n = 18) for the same barefoot single leg landing on a force plate from a 20 cm platform. Compared with non-skaters, skaters exhibited a significantly greater normalised peak GRF (3.50 ± 0.47 × body weight for skaters vs. 3.13 ± 0.45 × body weight for non-skaters), significantly shorter time to peak GRF (81.21 ± 14.01 ms for skaters vs. 93.81 ± 16.49 ms for non-skaters), and significantly longer time to stabilisation (TTS) of the GRF (2.38 ± 0.07 s for skaters vs. 2.22 ± 0.07 s for non-skaters). Skaters also confined their centre of pressure (CoP) to a significantly smaller mediolateral (M–L) (25%) and anterior–posterior (A–P) (40%) range during the landing phase, with the position of the CoP located in the mid to forefoot region. The narrower and more forward position of the CoP in skaters may at least partially explain the greater peak GRF, shorter time to peak, and longer TTS. Training and/or equipment modification serve as potential targets to decrease peak GRF by distributing it over a longer time period. More comprehensive studies including electromyography and motion capture are needed to fully characterise the unique figure skater landing strategy. 相似文献
17.
Pippa Powers Andrew Harrison 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(2):135-146
This study examined the effects of the rider on the linear projectile kinematics of show‐jumping horses. SVHS video recordings (50 Hz) of eight horses jumping a vertical fence 1 m high were used for the study. Horses jumped the fence under two conditions: loose (no rider or tack) and ridden. Recordings were digitised using Peak Motus. After digitising the sequences, each rider's digitised data were removed from the ridden horse data so that three conditions were examined: loose, ridden (including the rider's data) and riderless (rider's data removed). Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant differences between ridden and loose conditions for CG height at take‐off (p < 0.001), CG distance to the fence at take‐off (p = 0.001), maximum CG during the suspension phase (p < 0.001), CG position over the centre of the fence (p < 0.001), CG height at landing (p < 0.001), and vertical velocity at take‐off (p < 0.001). The results indicated that the rider's effect on jumping horses was primarily due to behavioural changes in the horse's motion (resulting from the rider's instruction), rather than inertial effects (due to the positioning of the rider on the horse). These findings have implications for the coaching of riders and horses. 相似文献
18.
对我国优秀跳远运动员起跳技术的运动学比较研究 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
通过对我国优秀跳远运动员23人起跳技术影片的解析，并与世界优秀跳远运动员起跳有关环节运动学参数变化的对比分析发现，我国优秀跳远运动员助跑绝对速度较低，在起跳过程中身体重心水平速度损失较小，从而获得的垂直分速度亦较小，腾起角度相应偏小，运动员的起跳能力较差，在快速助跑中跳不起来。提高跳远运动员的绝对速度能力，应是我国跳远速度训练的重点；正确处理“跑得快与跳得起”的矛盾，仍是我国跳远技术训练亟待解决的课题。 相似文献
19.
Lockwood KL Gervais PJ Mccreary DR 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2006,5(2):231-241
Technical evaluation in the sport of figure skating is characterized by a subjective marking system. Figure skating judges are responsible for quickly and accurately discerning the quality of technical elements as well as assigning a score to the overall aesthetic appearance of a performance. Traditionally, overall placement marks are assigned for the entire performance; however, the landing of a jump is widely acknowledged as one of the most critical elements of a skater's program. Therefore, our aims were to identify the biomechanical variables that contribute to technical success in executing landings and to establish whether landings rated as biomechanically optimal are also awarded high technical merit scores by judges. Ten nationally ranked competitive figure skaters were asked to execute on-ice, double and triple revolution jumps and to try to land the jumps void of technical faults within a calibrated space. Data were collected at 60 Hz using standard three-dimensional videography. Data reduction was done using the APAS system (Ariel Dynamics Inc). Concurrently, videotapes were viewed and evaluated by 42 accredited judges to determine the perceived technical quality of the landing performances. Judges were asked to evaluate the landing phase of each jump against a landing criteria document. A comparative criteria model was developed to facilitate an assessment of excellence in landing performances through both empirical and subjective analyses. Results of these analyses were twofold: a biomechanical profile of on-ice landings was obtained, and on-ice jump landing strategies rated by empirical evaluations were in agreement with judge's perceptions of the same performances. 相似文献
20.
The aims of this study were to determine: (1) the modes of action of selected muscles of the supporting leg during the take-off of a running long jump; (2) whether the instant at which maximum knee flexion is recorded is a valid indicator of the instant these muscles change their modes of action; and (3) the relationships between the actions of these muscles and the change in the vertical velocity of the centre of mass during the take-off. Eleven elite, female long jumpers performed six jumps from a full-length approach. A model of selected muscles of the jumping leg was developed to estimate muscle-tendon lengths from segment positions obtained using cinematography. Only half of the muscles exhibited a lengthening-shortening sequence of activity. The instant at which maximum knee flexion was recorded was a poor indicator of when the muscles changed from eccentric to concentric activity. The more the vasti muscles were stretched, the larger the gain in vertical velocity; the longer the triceps surae muscles at touchdown, the more they were stretched, and the faster they were stretched, the larger the gain in vertical velocity. Enhancement through use of the stretch-shortening cycle did not make a significant contribution to vertical velocity via the actions of the vasti and triceps surae muscles. 相似文献