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1.
Lockwood KL Gervais PJ Mccreary DR 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2006,5(2):231-241
Technical evaluation in the sport of figure skating is characterized by a subjective marking system. Figure skating judges are responsible for quickly and accurately discerning the quality of technical elements as well as assigning a score to the overall aesthetic appearance of a performance. Traditionally, overall placement marks are assigned for the entire performance; however, the landing of a jump is widely acknowledged as one of the most critical elements of a skater's program. Therefore, our aims were to identify the biomechanical variables that contribute to technical success in executing landings and to establish whether landings rated as biomechanically optimal are also awarded high technical merit scores by judges. Ten nationally ranked competitive figure skaters were asked to execute on-ice, double and triple revolution jumps and to try to land the jumps void of technical faults within a calibrated space. Data were collected at 60 Hz using standard three-dimensional videography. Data reduction was done using the APAS system (Ariel Dynamics Inc). Concurrently, videotapes were viewed and evaluated by 42 accredited judges to determine the perceived technical quality of the landing performances. Judges were asked to evaluate the landing phase of each jump against a landing criteria document. A comparative criteria model was developed to facilitate an assessment of excellence in landing performances through both empirical and subjective analyses. Results of these analyses were twofold: a biomechanical profile of on-ice landings was obtained, and on-ice jump landing strategies rated by empirical evaluations were in agreement with judge's perceptions of the same performances. 相似文献
2.
Deborah King Sarah Smith Brian Higginson Barry Muncasy Gary Scheirman 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(1):109-123
The purpose of this study was to compare triple (T) and quadruple (Q) toe‐loop figure skating jumps and quantify basic characteristics of these jumps to provide information to coaches that will assist them in teaching quadruple toe‐loops to elite figure skaters. High‐speed video was taken during men's practice and competition sessions at the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics; three‐dimensional analyses of selected triple and quadruple jumps were completed. The most significant difference between triple and quadruple toe‐loops was an increase in rotational velocity in the air. Additionally, increased vertical velocity at take‐off and subsequent time in the air were also observed. Three main conclusions were developed: 1) The timing of rotation of the hips and shoulders was different for quadruple toe‐loops compared to triples with the differences being observed before toe‐pick; 2) Increases in rotational velocity occurred primarily as a result of the skaters assuming different body positions from take‐off through landing which resulted in tighter rotating positions for longer durations of the jump; 3) Greater vertical velocity was gained during the propulsive phase due to the extension of the legs during the press off the ice. 相似文献
3.
ABSTRACTPrevious research suggests that landing mechanics may be affected by the mechanics of the preceding jump take-off. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether jump take-off mechanics influence the subsequent landing mechanics. Female volleyball (n = 17) and ice hockey (n = 19) players performed maximal vertical jumps with forefoot and heel take-off strategies. During forefoot and heel jumps, participants were instructed to shift their weight to their forefoot or heel, respectively, and push through this portion of the foot throughout the jump. Jump mechanics were examined using 3D motion analysis, where lower extremity net joint moment (NJM) work, NJM, and segment angles were compared between forefoot and heel jumps using multivariate ANOVA. During jump take-off, participants performed more positive ankle plantar flexor and knee extensor NJM work in forefoot compared to heel jumps (P < 0.05). From initial foot contact to foot flat, participants performed more negative ankle plantar flexor and hip extensor NJM work during heel compared to forefoot jumps (P < 0.05). The present results demonstrate that using a heel take-off strategy results in a different distribution of lower extremity NJM work and NJM during landing compared to landings following forefoot jumps. 相似文献
4.
King D Smith S Higginson B Muncasy B Scheirman G 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2004,3(1):109-123
The purpose of this study was to compare triple (T) and quadruple (Q) toe-loop figure skating jumps and quantify basic characteristics of these jumps to provide information to coaches that will assist them in teaching quadruple toe-loops to elite figure skaters. High-speed video was taken during men's practice and competition sessions at the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics; three-dimensional analyses of selected triple and quadruple jumps were completed. The most significant difference between triple and quadruple toe-loops was an increase in rotational velocity in the air. Additionally, increased vertical velocity at take-off and subsequent time in the air were also observed. Three main conclusions were developed: 1) The timing of rotation of the hips and shoulders was different for quadruple toe-loops compared to triples with the differences being observed before toe-pick; 2) Increases in rotational velocity occurred primarily as a result of the skaters assuming different body positions from take-off through landing which resulted in tighter rotating positions for longer durations of the jump; 3) Greater vertical velocity was gained during the propulsive phase due to the extension of the legs during the press off the ice. 相似文献
5.
Roberto Lobietti Simon Coleman Eduardo Pizzichillo Franco Merni 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(13):1469-1476
Abstract Knee injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament lesions and patellar tendonitis are very frequent in volleyball, and are often attributed to micro traumas that occur during the landing phase of airborne actions. The aim of the present study was to compare different jumping activities during official men's and women's volleyball games. Twelve top-level matches from the Italian men's and women's professional leagues were analysed. The jumps performed during the games were classified according to the landing technique used by the player (left or right foot or both feet together), court position, and ball trajectory. Chi-square analyses were performed to detect differences in landing techniques between the sexes, court positions, and trajectories when serving, attacking, blocking, and setting. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between the sexes for block, set, and spike but not for the jump serve. The frequency of landings on one foot was related to court position and the trajectory of the sets: when spiking faster sets, the players were more likely to use a one-footed landing. The present results should help coaches and physiotherapists to devise appropriate training and prevention programmes, and reveal the need for further detailed biomechanical investigations of the relationships between landings and knee injuries. 相似文献
6.
Knee injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament lesions and patellar tendonitis are very frequent in volleyball, and are often attributed to micro traumas that occur during the landing phase of airborne actions. The aim of the present study was to compare different jumping activities during official men's and women's volleyball games. Twelve top-level matches from the Italian men's and women's professional leagues were analysed. The jumps performed during the games were classified according to the landing technique used by the player (left or right foot or both feet together), court position, and ball trajectory. Chi-square analyses were performed to detect differences in landing techniques between the sexes, court positions, and trajectories when serving, attacking, blocking, and setting. Significant differences (P?相似文献
7.
冬运会花样滑冰金牌的归属,影响全运会各参赛代表团奖牌榜的排序,第11届冬运会的花样滑冰比赛选手在短节目和自由滑2个项目的技术表现对即将召开的第12届冬运会的花样滑冰参赛运动员夺金争牌具有启示作用。采用文献资料、现场观察、数理统计和对比等方法,对第11届冬运会的花样滑冰比赛选手在短节目和自由滑2个项目的技术表现、成绩和得分进行分析,认为我国女子单人滑选手的跳跃技术、旋转技术、步法技术存在着不均衡状况。提出训练中要根据选手状况有针对性地发扬优势,提高跳跃、旋转和步法技术的质量和难度等级,研究、掌握、运用规则,旨在提高我国女子单人滑整体的水平,为第12届冬运会的花样滑冰比赛做好准备提供借鉴和参考。 相似文献
8.
鲁茨跳是花样滑冰六个主要单人跳跃种类之一,是最难也是最容易错误用刃的跳跃,在单人滑比赛中占有重要的地位,是花样滑冰中得分最高的几个跳跃之一,是花样滑冰运动员技术水平的标志。特别是女运动员要想在世界大赛上取得良好的成绩,如果没有过硬的鲁茨三周跳和鲁茨三周联跳是不可能实现的目标。目前我国运动员在鲁茨跳中存在起跳变刃、右髋下落、旋转轴不正确三个较大的技术问题。起跳变刃是运动员动作扣分的主要因素。对鲁茨跳常见技术错误和辅助训练方法进行讨论,以期解决当前中国花样滑冰运动员在鲁茨跳中存在的主要技术问题,有效帮助运动员实现成绩目标。 相似文献
9.
In this study, we investigated trunk coordination during rate-controlled bipedal vertical dance jumps. The aims of the study were to investigate the pattern of coordination and the magnitude of coordination variability within jump phases and relative to phase-defining events during the jump. Lumbar and thoracic kinematics were collected from seven dancers during a series of jumps at 95 beats per minute. The vector coding technique was used to quantify the pattern and variability of trunk coordination. Coordination was predominantly anti-phase during propulsion and landing. Mean coordination variability peaked just before the landing phase and at the transition from landing to propulsion phases, and was lowest during the propulsion phase just before toe-off. The results indicate that peaks in variability could be explained by task and phase-specific biomechanical demands. 相似文献
10.
Home advantage in the Winter Olympics (1908-1998) 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
We obtained indices of home advantage, based on the medals won by competing nations, for each event held at the Winter Olympics from 1908 to 1998. These indices were designed to assess home advantage while controlling for nation strength, changes in the number of medals on offer and the performance of 'non-hosting' nations. Some evidence of home advantage was found in figure skating, freestyle skiing, ski jumping, alpine skiing and short track speed skating. In contrast, little or no home advantage was observed in ice hockey, Nordic combined, Nordic skiing, bobsled, luge, biathlon or speed skating. When all events were combined, a significant home advantage was observed (P = 0.029), although no significant differences in the extent of home advantage were found between events (P > 0.05). When events were grouped according to whether they were subjectively assessed by judges, significantly greater home advantage was observed in the subjectively assessed events (P = 0.037). This was a reflection of better home performances, suggesting that judges were scoring home competitors disproportionately higher than away competitors. Familiarity with local conditions was shown to have some effect, particularly in alpine skiing, although the bobsled and luge showed little or no advantage over other events. Regression analysis showed that the number of time zones and direction of travel produced no discernible trends or differences in performance. 相似文献
11.
为进一步探讨我国花样滑冰运动的发展势态,采用文献资料、现场观察、数据统计等方法对第12届全国冬运会和第11届全运会花样滑冰单人滑比赛前6名运动员试做难度动作进行统计对比,发现：我国单人滑竞技能力呈上升势态,难度跳跃动作明显增多,对规则的理解更加深刻。提出提高难度技术动作的质量和稳定性,加强运动员的滑行速度和体能要求等建议,为花样滑冰运动训练提供理论参考。 相似文献
12.
花样滑冰规则的演变历程与发展趋势 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
花样滑冰规则直接影响花样滑冰的技术规格与要求,它的变化制约着花样滑冰技术的发展方向及其训练。采用文献资料法和理论分析法对花样滑冰规则的演变历程及其发展趋势进行探究,结论认为花样滑冰规则的形成和发展大体分为1897~1901年发展形成阶段,1901~2002年6分制规则逐步完善阶段和2002年以后的新规则阶段。而国际花样滑冰新规则有利于全面、稳定型选手,不利于技术片面、起伏较大的选手;新规则使年轻选手爆冷的几率增大而且评判更为客观;新规则限制了创新和选手自由发挥的空间;新规则鼓励运动员在后半段完成高难度跳跃,我国选手处于较不利地位。 相似文献
13.
花样滑冰运动的特点决定优秀花样滑冰运动员各项素质要全面均衡。近年来我国花样滑冰运动员梯队建设问题凸显,而运动选材是梯队建设的重要一环。从遗传因素、年龄、体型、基本素质、运动生理生化指标、心理特点等方面对单人花样滑冰女子运动员的选材进行探讨,提出整体稳定性、核心区稳定性、跨高稳定性、跨远稳定性、跳跃稳定性、落地稳定性、左右区发展平衡性、静力平衡性等核心区功能评价手段,旨为花样滑冰教练员提供选材的重要依据。 相似文献
14.
抛跳技术是花样滑冰双人滑技术动作中最复杂、最难掌握的一项技术动作,它也是代表花样滑冰双人滑技术水平的重要标志,因此对花样滑冰双人滑抛跳技术的探讨和研究具有重要的现实意义。运用运动生物力学、运动学解析、数理统计、文献资料等方法,对花样滑冰双人滑抛跳动作进行技术指标测试和研究。结果表明：空停时间和空中水平位移在完成动作过程中起关键作用,水平速度和腾空高度对完成高难度抛跳动作有直接影响。腾空时间应在0.9s以上,空中水平位移应在8.8m以上,以保证在空中完成转体动作,水平速度应在4.5m/s以上,水平速度是提高旋转冲力和角速度的重要保证,只有努力提高水平速度才能获得足够的旋转冲力,完成优质量、高难度、多周数的跳跃动作。 相似文献
15.
Dany Lafontaine 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(3):391-406
Little biomechanical research has been conducted recently on hockey skating despite the sport's worldwide appeal. One reason for this lack of biomechanical knowledge stems from the difficulty of collecting data. The lack of accuracy, the disputable realism of treadmills, and the large field of view required are some of the technical challenges that have to be overcome. The main objective of the current study was to improve our knowledge of the joint kinematics during the skating stroke. A second objective was to improve the data collection system we developed and the third was to establish if a kinematic progression exists in the hockey skating stroke similar to that in speed skating. Relative motions at the knee and ankle joints were computed using a joint coordinate system approach. The differences at the knee joints in push-offs indicated that the skating skill was progressively changing with each push-off. The relative stability of the ankle angles can be attributed to the design of the skate boots, which have recently become very rigid. Further research on ice hockey skating is warranted and should include more skaters and investigate the effect various starting strategies and variations in equipment have on skaters' performance. 相似文献
16.
花样滑冰是滑冰技术和冰上艺术相组合的非周期的技巧性运动项目,它既有技术的一面,又有艺术的一面。由于项目的特殊性、动作的多样性和复杂性,因此要求运动员的身体素质要全面发展。花样滑冰运动员的生理特点是指经过花样滑冰专项训练生理上所表现出的特殊性。心理训练则是花样滑冰系统训练的组成部分,是不可或缺的训练内容之一,无论是技术心理还是比赛心理,都要给予足够的重视。对花样滑冰运动员的生理特点进行研究,总结出对平衡要求的特殊性、中枢神经系统的综合分析能力的灵感性、前庭器的稳定性、感官器官的敏感性等生理特点;提出先进的科学技术标准是建立技术心理稳定的前提、训练方法和教法对技术心理稳定性的影响、意念训练在技术训练的应用等心理训练应注意的问题。 相似文献
17.
女子单人滑是我国花样滑冰第一个获得世界冠军的项目,但继陈露之后再没有世界级的选手产生。2011年中国经过了新老选手的交替,耿冰娃代表中国参加了2011年的世界锦标赛,获得了第18名,将耿冰娃与世界前6名运动员成绩进行了比较分析,发现存在跳跃难度与多样性不够、旋转质量低、基础滑行差等差距。提出加强体能训练,加强跳跃技术训练、注意合理技术的运用、加强旋转技术训练、注意技术细节、强化基础滑行和步法的练习、加强文化课学习和进行表演课的训练等建议,为提高我国女子单人滑成绩和水平提供参考。 相似文献
18.
A plausible explanation for the ancient long jump records from Greek antiquity is sought on the basis of pictorial and written sources, and corroborated with practical tests. Ancient sources report that athletes jumped more than 15?m with weights in their hands, which enabled them to jump further than without these weights. It is proposed that the ancient Greek long jump was a continuous succession of five standing broad jumps, in which the landing phase of one jump was also the countermovement for the next jump. Four trained athletes jumped further with (14.64?±?0.76?m, range 13.64?–?15.63?m) than without weights (13.88?±?0.70?m, range 12.60?–?14.75?m; P = 0.001). These results show that this technique is executable, fits with ancient written and pictorial sources, and allows trained modern athletes to jump distances well over 15?m. The extra distance jumped when using weights may be due to changes in the position of the jumper's centre of mass at take-off and at landing, and an increase in take-off velocity stemming from several biomechanical mechanisms. 相似文献
19.
Lafontaine D 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2007,6(3):391-406
Little biomechanical research has been conducted recently on hockey skating despite the sport's worldwide appeal. One reason for this lack of biomechanical knowledge stems from the difficulty of collecting data. The lack of accuracy, the disputable realism of treadmills, and the large field of view required are some of the technical challenges that have to be overcome. The main objective of the current study was to improve our knowledge of the joint kinematics during the skating stroke. A second objective was to improve the data collection system we developed and the third was to establish if a kinematic progression exists in the hockey skating stroke similar to that in speed skating. Relative motions at the knee and ankle joints were computed using a joint coordinate system approach. The differences at the knee joints in push-offs indicated that the skating skill was progressively changing with each push-off. The relative stability of the ankle angles can be attributed to the design of the skate boots, which have recently become very rigid. Further research on ice hockey skating is warranted and should include more skaters and investigate the effect various starting strategies and variations in equipment have on skaters' performance. 相似文献
20.
花样滑冰的艺术编排是花样滑冰训练、竞赛体系的重要环节,对提高运动员的艺术表演力具有重要作用。依据花样滑冰艺术编排的核心内容,制定具有可操作性的编排程序,确定了编排的具体方法,即编排的准备阶段以确定节目风格、选择节目音乐和确定音乐段落为主;编排的设计阶段需要确认动作数量、设计节目框架,细节编排时注意表达音乐、连接步的设计,以及图案和冰面的利用;完善阶段要针对技术性、艺术性对一套节目的评价,设计、优化一套适合运动员个性、音乐特征的表演服装,细化每一个技术动作与表演环节等。并针对青少年运动员和高水平在艺术编排音乐选择等作出具体指导和建议,为提高我国花样滑冰竞技运动水平提供理论依据。 相似文献