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1.
Yadolla Saeednia 《美中教育评论》2009,6(9):52-56,84
Despite the fact that the Maslow＇s hierarchy of basic needs has been vastly applied in literatures, a majority of resources has neglected to take the need to know and to understand into account. Moreover, there is a wide disagreement in the rest of resources in situation of that need. This article attempts to show that （1） Maslow has had faith in that need as a basic need; and （2） even though Maslow has not explicitly mentioned the situation of this need in his hierarchy, it is possible to find its situation through implications of Maslow＇s writing and other researchers＇ findings. 相似文献
2.
The purpose of this study is to explore USA educators＇ resistance toward cultural awareness for Korean students and families in the New York metropolitan area. The authors aim to challenge teachers＇ color-blindness that is widely spread among USA educators. Guided by critical race theory, the authors show that the perceived fairness of color-blindness could cause struggles for Korean parents and students in American schools. The authors posit USA teachers need to thoroughly understand that if a teacher does not see color, then s/he does not really see children. This study, hopefully, will help educators recognize the necessity of understanding diverse ethnic parents＇ perspectives and needs. Also, this study will provide an opportunity for educators to rethink assumptions that are embedded in color-blindness, and advance muiticultural education that is more culturally relevant and responsive for different ethnic/racial groups＇ needs. 相似文献
3.
Kocer Omer Dincer Ali 《美中教育评论》2011,(3):257-263
When examined carefully, it is seen that there is not an available and detailed cttrriculum designed for the aim of foreign language teaching with integrated cultural items of the target language in the programs of the schools under authority of the Ministry of Education and Turkish higher education institutions. In recent years, the specialists have an agreement on the issue that foreign language instruction should be carried out by the means of target language＇s history, literature, geography and also its social characteristics. The idiom ＂it＇s raining cats and dogs＂ can be misinterpreted by a Turkish student without the knowledge of this idiom＇s story in English history as ＂Cats and dogs are pouring down from the sky＂. An important French architectural building ＂Saint Mary Cathedral, Notre Dame de Paris＂ can be misunderstood as ＂Our Parisian Woman＂ by a student who is unfamiliar with French culture. Both examples show that encountered foreign words and phrases can be misunderstood and mostly these words are perceived and interpreted according to learners＇ own cultural figures. The aims of this study are to show the significance of culture-based foreign language courses and to make a contribution to the literature by regarding the views of researchers beheving that culture and language are inseparable concepts. In this context, Erzincan University French Language Teaching Department students＇ opinions on the relation between culture and language learning were received with the application of qualitative structured written response method. Then, document analysis of written comments was evaluated. Consequently, the analysis on the participants＇ written comments showed that a culture integrated foreign language course can make positive contributions to students＇ learning, language learning process and learning environment. 相似文献
4.
As one of the most frequent words in the English language,the study of NEED has attracted the attention of linguists in the late decades.Nonetheless,none of the previous research had ever examined the diachronic variation of NEED in American English from 1810s to 2000s as this study did,thus not in a position to make a comprehensive observation of NEED variation.The present study is based on a well-balanced corpora-Corpus of Historical American English(COHAE)1 to investigate the diachronic change of NEED in written American English.Moreover,intra-linguistic and extra-linguistic factors were analyzed to provide reasonable explanations for the differences in frequency.The aim was to improve the understanding of the development and variation of NEED usage in American English.The study suggests that before the 1900s,NEED as a model and verb in American English shows a distinct and complex picture different from that in the British English,but it shows similar development since then.It also finds that need to is undergoing grammaticalization.Another finding worth noting is that NEED undertakes degrammaticalization on the one hand and experiences regrammaticalization on the other hand. 相似文献
5.
Darra Pace Diane Schwartz 《美中教育评论》2008,5(12):20-26
The inclusion of students with disabilities at the university is a relatively new occurrence in the field of special education. Although legislation in the United States has supported the acceptance of students with disabilities at the post-secondary level, it has only provided minimal support with the emphasis on the learner rather than the curriculum. Now we are looking for multiple ways for students to access learning and demonstrate mastery. Universal Design for Learning （UDL） is currently seen as a means to reconceptionalize curriculum. This study examines the experience of four professors and their effort to use a Classroom Performance System （CPS） as part of reformatting their courses using UDL. The Center for Applied Special Technology, CAST （2001） states that the goal of Universal Design for Learning is to develop teaching methods that enable all students with diverse learning needs, including those with disabilities and cultural differences, to have equal access to classroom curriculum. This paradigm shift echoes the move in special education from a deficit model to a minority rights model put forward by Hahn （1989）, and which is the basis of inclusive educational philosophy. Together inclusion and UDL create learning environments that strive to serve all students. This research describes the implementation of clickers as part of the CPS program in college courses in a special education teacher preparation program. The case study demonstrates how technology can provide access for all learners with positive outcomes such as increased participation and application of knowledge. It also illustrates some of the difficulties in making this pedagogical paradigm shift particularly in the use of technology, and the value of overcoming the existing barriers in place. 相似文献
6.
ZHUANG Xin 《美中教育评论》2008,5(7):46-57
The Test of English as a Foreign Language （TOEFL） brings tremendous influence to EFL （English as a Foreign Language） learners worldwide. TOEFL 2000 project claims that TOEFL, as a more reflective of communicative model, could provide more information about international students＇ language ability that it is supposed to measure. However, after detailed analyzing an authentic paper-based test paper in May, 2001 in China as a sample from four aspects--test reliability, construct validity, authenticity and interactiveness respectively, it is found that the test puts too much emphasis on vocabulary and grammar knowledge within almost every session of the test paper, in which ＂structure and written expression＂ could be the most disputed part. The content could not fully demonstrate its validity and communicative purposes so that it is suspected that test takers could meet the later demands in academic study abroad. Nevertheless, this is a powerful explanation about the current revolutionized change in the framework and content of TOEFL to meet the principles of designing a test, which could provide more information and guidance for later test designs. 相似文献
7.
The leakages in secondary level education brought forward the necessity to restructure the educational system so as to address the social and individual needs and meet the requirements of Turkey; therefore, a ＂reformation＂ study became an obligation. The formal education in Turkey starts at the age of 6, when the individual is shaped within the system. Determination of the characteristics of an ideal future citizen of a country should be apprehended at all levels of education and individuals should attain these appreciated characteristics. The reformed science education programs in Turkey aim to guide the individuals to be scientifically and technologically literate. Through enabling an individual, who is in a technological media, to attain the required knowledge, skills and attitudes, the individual should have the ＂science and technology literacy and creative thinking＂ skills. Individuals should recognize the technological environment they live in as well as the dimensions and facilities of technology, and should be aware of the fact that they could make use of these opportunities. In the light of this aim, this study involves the teaching of ＂separating mixtures＂ to 9th grade students in relation with science, technology, society and environment and the examination of its possible effects on students＇ achievement as well as their career choices. The Chemistry Achievement Test and the Career Choice Questionnaire were administered as pre- and post-test to serve as data collection tools. The study concluded that chemistry education in relation with science, technology, society and environment would lead students to choosing different fields for their future careers by changing their perspectives towards science. A significant increase in students＇ chemistry achievement levels was also observed. 相似文献
8.
When to immerge students in the target language community is a hot issue debated by many researchers through the whole linguistic and second language research history.While as far as my hypothesis concerned,I argue that it’s a better way for second language learners to learn some basic language skills before getting involved in that language community,including the target culture,fundamental second language skills,and first language abilities.Meanwhile,I demonstrate my argument from four aspects:age factors,first language factors,cultural factors and motivational factors.And I argue that English learners receive late immersion perform as well as or better than children in early immersion programs,since there is a direct relationship between native language and second language learning.As long as second language learners are literate in their first language,then their abilities in first language can facilitate the second language learning and can discipline themselves in the process of how to learn a second language.Meanwhile,transmitting cultural knowledge plays an important role in second language learning,and the most suitable approach is to do preparing transmission before students entering the real cultural community,i.e.the preparing work should be done before students getting involved in the language community;otherwise they may catch the cultural shock and are reluctant to explore the target culture.This paper aims at finding a most comfortable and preferable environment for learners to learn a second language and providing parents who are planning to send their children abroad some feasible advice. 相似文献
9.
To ensure the success of the e-learning initiatives, OUM has developed its own e-learning management system, known as myLMS. Since its introduction, many modifications and improvements have been introduced to increase its effectiveness. It is now timely that OUM take stock of its students＇ attitudes towards e-learning. Thus, a survey was conducted on about 1,000 students at one of OUM＇s own learning centres, that is, the Kelantan Regional Centrel. The study indicated that generally the teacher cohort had a somewhat neutral attitude towards e-learning. The use of e-learning was more specifically aimed at achieving short term goals of obtaining good coursework and examination grades by capitalizing on the use of the Discassion Board and Courseware. A closer examination reveals that the females prefer the Discussion Board while the males prefer the Courseware. Learners in the Engineering and English programmes had more positive attitudes towards e-learning compared to learners in the Mathematics and Science programmes. Learners with CGPA 〉 3.0 who are categorized as high achievers are more positive towards e-learning as compared to the low achievers （ CGPA 〈 3.0）. Age difference, learners＇ income per month, learners＇ Internet and e-learning habits were also found to be predictors of attitude towards e-learning. 相似文献
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11.
Richard Watson Todd 《英语辅导》2004,(1)
A creative teacher is likely to use a beneficial variety of activities in the classroom, to be able to adapt a coursebook to meet the needs of the learners, and to design materials and 相似文献
12.
English is used differently under different contexts as well as according to different learners’needs.As a result,this leads to a development of English courses for specific purposes.One area that is highlighted in ESP is the learners’needs analysis. 相似文献
13.
Muhammad Kamarul Kabilan 《美中教育评论》2009,6(11):65-74,86
The field of Computer Assisted Language Learning （CALL） has transformed dramatically--from the days of the behaviourist approach that dominated CALL in the 1970s to the dynamism of Interactive approach in the 1990s under the immense influence of information communication technology （ICT）. Regardless of these periodic changes and improvements, successful implementation of CALL programs in schools decisively hinges on critical assessment and decisions that are undertaken by schools. As such, the responsibility of the technology adopters in this respect must reflect school＇s aspirations and understandably, students＇ abilities, interests and needs This paper attempts to clarify these issues through a case study of implementation of CALL in an urban secondary school in Malaysia. The outcome of the case study establishes critical considerations that need to be arbitrated to successfully implement CALL programs for English language teaching （ELT） at the school level. 相似文献
14.
Mudasser F. Wyne 《美中教育评论》2010,(2):95-100
It is hard to define a single set of ethics that will cover an entire computer users community. In this paper, the issue is addressed in reference to code of ethics implemented by various professionals, institutes and organizations. The paper presents a higher level model using hierarchical approach. The code developed using this approach could be adopted easily by the entire community of computer users working in different environments. The hierarchical approach allows refinement and customization of code at lower levels to address the needs of diverse sub groups of users. It also provides comfort of flexibility as well as the potential for evolution. The work reported here is in continuation of the research reported in an earlier paper （Wyne,2009）. 相似文献
15.
Ruth Wallace 《美中教育评论》2009,6(6):37-46
A study of disenfranchised learners in a regional area found that their engagement in formal education was influenced by their learner identities, their perceptions of themselves as learners, and the identity resources on which they draw. Understanding the disconnects between individuals＇, communities＇ and educational institutions＇ assumptions about learning engagement impacted on the types of identities on which learners drew and the efficacy of those identities in negotiating new learning experiences. Developing innovative and successful approaches to engage disenfranchised regional learners in training necessitates effective partnership and the recognition of diverse knowledge systems as they relate to the worlds of work, community engagement and learning. Social partnerships in learning frameworks were the key in describing the interactions between agents, they are the interagency and interdisciplinary relationships that enable effective learning in different disciplines, workplaces and training sites. Social partnerships in learning frameworks are used to examine diverse knowledge systems, develop capacity building processes and understand the underlying relationships that facilitate connections, engagement and decision-making between government, non-government, enterprise, community, stakeholders and individuals. This paper will examine disenfranchised learners＇ identities and the role of learning partnerships in developing strong learner identities and re-engaging regional learners. 相似文献
16.
The use of "however" by Chinese learners’ writing is studied through a comparison of its use in CLEC and in BROWN and found that "however" is overused in the front of a sentence,underused in the middle of a sentence and misused as a disjunctive conjunction,as is followed by the analysis of three attributable factors,i.e.the writing style,confusion with "but" and negative L1 transfer. 相似文献
17.
Andy Gillett 《通化师范学院学报》2005,(2)
EAP refers to the language and associated skills that students need to undertake study in higher education through the medium of English. EAP is a branch of ESP * in that the teaching content is matched to the learners requirements (Robinson, 1991, pp. 2-5): EAP is goal directed - students learn Enligsh because they need it. EAP courses are based on needs analyses - which specify clearly what students have to do in English (but see: Benesch, 2001). Most EAP courses are fixed term - short presessional courses are fixed term - short presessional courses or longer foundation courses - in preparation for academic courses. Students may need specialist language, but not necessarily - courses are defined by the activities the students will engage in. A very high level of proficiency may not be required - 相似文献
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19.
Wu Ji-hong 《美中教育评论》2014,(5):338-345
It is of great importance to obtain good collocation knowledge for fluent and appropriate language use as many words are used in a limited set of collocations. Studies on cognitive linguistics show that cognitive factors play an important role in collocation study as most collocations are metaphorically motivated, and that collocational behavior is influenced by a number of factors, including the semantics of the individual items themselves, the influence of other well-established meanings, the influence of metaphor, the influence of semantic prosody, etc.. Therefore, it is significant to explain and teach certain types of collocations in language teaching by considering the underlying factors which influence the collocational process. Chinese English as a foreign language （EFL） learners have some special collocation problems in their English learning, which not only result from grammatical incompetence, but also from their lack of conceptual fluency and metaphor competence. The disclosure of similarities and differences between the conceptual systems of English and Chinese will help to illuminate the nature of negative transfer of their first language in collocation acquisition of Chinese EFL learners. The author of the paper, by disclosing the interaction between collocation and metaphor from cognitive, linguistic, and social perspectives, proposes semantic-oriented principle, pragmatics-oriented principle, and culture-oriented principle to incorporate cognitive factors to collocation teaching. It is suggested that stress should be given to the teaching of conceptual metaphor and its mechanisms in collocation teaching before students can finally improve collocation competence with a focus on metaphor awareness. 相似文献
20.
Increasing accountability and efficiency in the use of public and out-of-pocket financing in education are critical to realizing the maximum impact of the meager allocations to education in most developing countries. While broad estimates and numbers are routinely collected by most national ministries and state departments of education, the lack of accuracy and reliability as well as the obtuse nature of recording and presentation of the data does not facilitate any serious policy use. A major advance in this area has been brought about by the development of NEA （National Education Accounts）, which is a new tool for measuring education expenditures in a systematic policy-~endly manner. In essence, NEAs measure the ＂financial pulse＂ of an education system, answering 4 key questions： Who is financing education？ How much do they spend？ How are funds distributed across different education providers, levels and activities？ Who benefits from or receives the services？ NEAs gather information on all spending from public, private and donor sources, and provide a snap-shot of all expenditures on education in the state or country. While not an auditing tool, it provides real time information on the flow of funds that can be used for evidence-based decision-making. It provides information to policy-makers, enabling them to discern systcm-wide inequities and identify areas that require changes in policy. In addition, the use of a standard classification of expenditures allows for data from NEAs to be comparable between and within countries. This paper provides an assessment of accountability and efficiency in the use of public and private resources in the education sector in 2 states of Nigeria. Using comparative data from implementation of education accounts in 2 states of Nigeria, it presents a breakdown of education spending by public and private sources as well as donor agencies, by types of providers, by geographical regions and by category of expenditures. It analyzes educational expenditures for the 2 states in the context of state government priorities for education, and proposes a novel way of tracking trends in education spending as a means for policy-makers to organize a strategic vision supported by resources and to evaluate the outcome of policies. 相似文献