共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
An African Grey parrot was assessed for object permanence using tasks designed for human infants. The subject showed concepts of object permanence directly comparable to primate and nonprimate mammalian species similarly tested. Because the subject has also been the focus of a study on interspecies communication, the results are discussed in terms of the possible relationship between sensorimotor intelligence and language-like behaviors. 相似文献
2.
Object permanence was assessed for cats and dogs, using tasks analogous to those typically employed for human infants. Neither species solved all of the problems correctly when rewarded only by the discovery of a hidden toy. However, both species showed that they had fully developed concepts of object permanence when the problems were changed so that the animals had to search for hidden food in an odor-control procedure. These results indicate that sensorimotor intelligence is completely developed in these nonprimates. 相似文献
3.
The development of detour ability during infancy 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
J J Lockman 《Child development》1984,55(2):482-491
3 longitudinal studies were conducted to examine the generalization of detour ability across motor responses and barrier types and the relationship between the development of object permanence and detour ability. In Experiment 1, 12 8-month-olds were tested every 3 weeks for 4 months on 4 different detour problems and Stage 4 and 6 object permanence tasks. In the detour problems, infants had to reach or move around a transparent or opaque barrier to obtain an object. The results indicated that infants made reaching detours before corresponding locomotor ones and generally made detours around opaque barriers before transparent ones. Infants also solved the Stage 4 task before the detour problems but failed to solve the Stage 6 task before testing ended. The results of Experiments 2 and 3 suggested that the difference in reaching and locomotor detour performance was not an artifact of barrier length or the infant's position relative to the barrier. The overall results are discussed in relation to issues of developmental synchrony and Piaget's theory of infant spatial development. 相似文献
4.
Four psittacids—an African Grey parrot, an Illiger macaw, a cockatiel, and a parakeet—were tested on object-permanence tasks that are commonly used to assess levels of understanding in human infants during their first 2 years. These birds showed Stage 6 competence, demonstrating that object permanence is not limited to mammals. The results for these birds were comparable to those of an African Grey parrot that had been trained in interspecies communication prior to object-permanence testing. Our findings thus suggest that although language-like behavior provides a communication channel that facilitates testing, such language training is unlikely to affect the outcome of the tests. 相似文献
5.
2 studies were designed to test the prediction that spatial search strategies (i.e., "object permanence") may be influenced by locomotor experience. Infants were assigned to 3 groups based on locomotor history: prelocomotor, prelocomotor with walker-assisted experience, and hands-and-knees creeping. Infants in all groups were 8.5 months of age. Results showed that hands-and-knees and walker-assisted locomotor experience facilitated spatial search performance. The longer that infants had been moving, the higher their scores. Furthermore, there were no differences between the hands-and-knees and prelocomotor/walker-assisted groups, suggesting that the relation between locomotor experience and spatial search performance was not merely a function of the maturation of prone progression. A third study found that the quality of locomotion affected object permanence performance: Belly crawlers performed differently than infants with hands-and-knees or walker experience, insofar as they performed at prelocomotor levels regardless of weeks of locomotor experience. Taken together, the pattern of findings suggests that infants with more efficient modes of locomotion are more likely to profit from the experiences generated by locomotion. 相似文献
6.
Object Permanence in Young Infants: Further Evidence 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Recent evidence suggests that 4.5- and even 3.5-month-old infants realize that objects continue to exist when hidden. The goal of the present experiments was to obtain converging evidence of object permanence in young infants. Experiments were conducted using paradigms previously used to demonstrate object permanence in 5.5-month-old infants and 6.5-month-old infants. In one experiment, 3.5-month-old infants watched a short or a tall carrot slide along a track. The track's center was hidden by a screen with a large window in its upper half. The short carrot was shorter than the window's lower edge and so did not appear in the window when passing behind the screen; the tall carrot was taller than the window's lower edge and hence should have appeared in the window but did not. The infants looked reliably longer at the tall than at the short carrot event, suggesting that they (a) represented the existence, height, and trajectory of each carrot behind the screen and (b) expected the tall carrot to appear in the screen window and were surprised that it did not. Control trials supported this interpretation. In another experiment, 4.0-month-old infants saw a toy car roll along a track that was partly hidden by a screen. A large toy mouse was placed behind the screen, either on top or in back of the track. The female infants looked reliably longer when the mouse stood on top as opposed to in back of the track, suggesting that they (a) represented the existence and trajectory of the car behind the screen, (b) represented the existence and location of the mouse behind the screen, and (c) were surprised to see the car reappear from behind the screen when the mouse stood in its path. A second experiment supported this interpretation. The results of these experiments provide further evidence that infants aged 3.5 months and older are able to represent and to reason about hidden objects. 相似文献
7.
Jerome Kagan 《Child development》2008,79(6):1606-1624
The balance between the preservation of early cognitive functions and serious transformations on these functions shifts across time. Piaget’s writings, which favored transformations, are being replaced by writings that emphasize continuities between select cognitive functions of infants and older children. The claim that young infants possess elements present in the older child’s concepts of number, physical impossibility, and object permanence is vulnerable to criticism because the inferences are based primarily on the single measure of change in looking time. It is suggested that investigators use unique constructs to describe phenomena observed in young infants that appear, on the surface, to resemble the psychological competences observed during later developmental stages. 相似文献
8.
The perceived spatiotemporal continuity of objects depends on the way they appear and disappear as they move in the spatial layout. This study investigated whether infants' predictive tracking of a briefly occluded object is sensitive to the manner by which the object disappears and reappears. Five-, 7-, and 9-month-old infants were shown a ball rolling across a visual scene and briefly disappearing via kinetic occlusion, instantaneous disappearance, implosion, or virtual occlusion. Three different measures converged to show that predictive tracking increased with age and that infants were most likely to anticipate the reappearance of the ball following kinetic occlusion. These results suggest that infants' knowledge of the permanence and nonpermanence of objects is embodied in their predictive tracking. 相似文献
9.
We examined the ontogeny of the infant rhesus monkey's defensive behaviors and the ability to modulate them in response to specific environmental cues. Rhesus infants in 4 age groups (N = 8 per group) were briefly separated from their mothers and tested under 3 conditions: alone, in the presence of a human who averted his gaze, and in the presence of a human staring at them. Infants as young as 0 to 2 weeks displayed defensive behaviors but did not selectively respond to the human's presence or direction of gaze. By 9 to 12 weeks of age, infants modulated their responses in relation to the parameters of the threat. At this age, infant rhesus monkeys undergo cognitive and emotional changes associated with brain development similar to those in human infants 7 to 12 months old. This also is the time when human infants engage in complex emotional and behavioral responses to threatening situations. Understanding the development and expression of defensive behaviors in infant monkeys should be applicable to similar issues in emotional development of human infants. 相似文献
10.
Marianne Barbu-Roth David I. Anderson Adeline Desprès Joëlle Provasi Dominique Cabrol and Joseph J. Campos 《Child development》2009,80(1):8-14
This experiment examined whether newborn stepping, a primitive form of bipedal locomotion, could be modulated by optical flow. Forty-eight 3-day-old infants were exposed to optical flows that were projected onto a horizontal surface above which the infants were suspended. Significantly more air steps were elicited by exposure to a terrestrial optical flow specifying forward translation than by a rotating optical flow or a static optical pattern. Thus, a rudimentary coupling between optical flow and stepping is present at birth, suggesting a precocious capacity in the newborn to perceive and utilize visual information specifying self-motion. The findings may help the early diagnosis of infants with visual or visual-motor deficits and the development of visually based interventions for disabled infants. 相似文献
11.
Treadmill-elicited stepping in seven-month-old infants 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
E Thelen 《Child development》1986,57(6):1498-1506
When infants begin to walk independently, their step patterns, while not fully mature, are different in kinematic details from those of newborn stepping and supine kicking. 6 7-month-old infants, who performed little or no stepping movements, were supported over a small, motorized treadmill. All showed immediate alternating stepping. These movements were more similar to adult-like steps than newborn steps. The implications of eliciting a more mature pattern by the treadmill are discussed. Although infants normally perform few steps at this age, the underlying mechanism has not "disappeared." 相似文献
12.
What Paves the Way to Conventional Language? The Predictive Value of Babble,Pointing, and Socioeconomic Status 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Michelle McGillion Jane S. Herbert Julian Pine Marilyn Vihman Rory dePaolis Tamar Keren‐Portnoy Danielle Matthews 《Child development》2017,88(1):156-166
A child's first words mark the emergence of a uniquely human ability. Theories of the developmental steps that pave the way for word production have proposed that either vocal or gestural precursors are key. These accounts were tested by assessing the developmental synchrony in the onset of babbling, pointing, and word production for 46 infants observed monthly between the ages of 9 and 18 months. Babbling and pointing did not develop in tight synchrony and babble onset alone predicted first words. Pointing and maternal education emerged as predictors of lexical knowledge only in relation to a measure taken at 18 months. This suggests a far more important role for early phonological development in the creation of the lexicon than previously thought. 相似文献
13.
由久暂章法切入分析文学作品,可以有"由暂而久"、"由久而暂"、"暂久暂"、"久暂久"四种不同的时间设计.而新诗中形成"由久而暂"结构者较为常见,因此就会造成"时间定格"的现象.在这种情况下,"久"时间对"暂"时间形成对比或调和的烘托,而且此"暂"时间不仅兼具个别性与代表性,形象独特、情意丰富,并且置于诗末方才出现,更是容易引起读者的注意.凡此种种,都让这个"时间定格"益发鲜明而独特,美感极为强烈. 相似文献
14.
刘志洪 《湖州师范学院学报》2007,29(4):72-76
对马克思人的全面自由发展思想中的主体——“人”的研究应当超越混沌的整体的状态,进行更为深入全面地考察。人的全面自由发展过程经历两大阶段,全面自由发展的主体——“人”在这两大阶段中是不同的;在第二大社会形态中,人的全面发展包含个人的全面发展、群体的全面发展和人类的全面发展三个维度;在第三大社会形态中,人的全面自由发展包含个人的全面自由发展和人类的全面自由发展两个维度;在个人的全面自由发展、群体的全面发展和人类的全面自由发展这三个辩证统一的方面中,马克思更为注重个人的全面发展和自由个性。 相似文献
15.
人力资源开发与可持续发展 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
人力资源是一切资源中最宝贵、最重要的资源。人力资源开发的程度决定社会发展的程度 ,优先开发人力资源 ,不仅是我国经济发展的趋势 ,也是实施可持续发展战略的要求。目前 ,人力资源开发中存在的问题包括人口数量增长过快 ;教育落后 ;劳动力缺乏流动性。为此 ,应采取如下对策 :严格控制人口增长率 ;加快教育事业的发展 ;实现人力资源的合理流动和优化组合 ;强化激励机制对人力资源开发的重大作用 ;防止人才流失和人才浪费 相似文献
16.
Susan Bruce Zayyad Muhammad 《International Journal of Disability, Development & Education》2009,56(3):229-246
This article presents a review of the literature on object permanence with an emphasis on research on children with severe disabilities. Object permanence is the realisation that objects continue to exist in time and place even when they are no longer visible. This understanding is achieved across Stages IV(VI of Piaget’s Sensorimotor Period. Children with intellectual disability, physical disabilities, blindness, and autism develop object permanence in a similar sequence although at a slower rate than children without disabilities. Challenges with regulation make it difficult for children with autism to demonstrate object permanence knowledge in Stage VI tasks. There is ample evidence that children with severe disabilities benefit from direct and systematic instruction of object permanence. Assessment‐based instruction, establishment of visual attention, consideration of the characteristics of the object to be hidden (including the impact on differential attention), repeated naming of the object, individually appropriate prompting procedures, and direct reinforcement have been found to support mastery of object permanence in children with disabilities. 相似文献
17.
18.
随着人工智能技术发展,人体姿态估计广泛应用于动作识别、人机交互和服装解析等领域,成为计算机视觉领域研究热点,其中基于神经网络的人体姿态估计方法倍受关注。结合人体姿态识别相关流程,论述人体检测、人体姿态估计和人体姿态优化等步骤,阐述相关步骤中的新算法,为后续研究提供参考。 相似文献
19.
Rafael García-Ros Francisco Pérez-González Francisco Cavas-Martínez José M. Tomás 《教育心理学》2018,38(4):451-469
Applying a structural equations modelling methodology, the study analyses the relationships and effects of self-regulated learning (social interaction learning strategies and motivation) and first-year university experiences on permanence in the sophomore year. The participants are 239 first-year students in different Engineering degrees at a public university in south-eastern Spain. Two alternative structural models are evaluated, showing the superiority of the model where first-year university experiences completely mediate the effects of self-regulated learning on permanence. Motivation and social interaction learning strategies show direct effects on first-year university experiences, and first-year university experiences, in turn, show direct effects on permanence; additionally, both motivation and social interaction learning strategies have indirect effects on permanence via first-year university experiences. The noteworthy theoretical implications of the results are discussed, as well as the teaching methodology and support services provided to first-year university students. 相似文献
20.
This study compared the relative contributions of growing body dimensions, age, and walking experience in the development of walking skill in 9- to 17-month-old infants (N = 210), 5-6-year old kindergartners (N = 15), and college students (N = 13). Kinematic measures derived from participants' footprints showed characteristic improvements in walking skill. As children became bigger, older, and more experienced, their steps became longer, narrower, straighter, and more consistent. Improvements reflected a narrowing base of support and increasing control over the path of progression. Although both infants' age and the duration of their walking experience contributed to improvements in walking skill, experience was the stronger predictor. This finding suggests that practice is the more important developmental factor for helping infants to conquer their weak muscles and precarious balance. 相似文献