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1.
In this paper, we present a review of research into the problems of implementing authentic scientific inquiry curricula in
schools and the emerging use of educational Multi-User Virtual Environments (MUVEs) to support interactive scientific inquiry
practices. Our analysis of existing literature in this growing area of study reveals three recurrent themes: (1) with careful
design and inclusion of virtual inquiry tools, MUVE-based curricula can successfully support real-world inquiry practices
based on authentic interactivity with simulated worlds and tools, (2) Educational MUVEs can support inquiry that is equally
compelling for girls and boys, and (3) research on student engagement in MUVE-based curricula is uneven. Based on these themes,
we suggest that future large-scale research should investigate (1) the extent to which MUVE-based inquiry learning can be
a viable substitute for the activities involved in real-world inquiry; (2) the impact of MUVEs on learning and engagement
for currently underserved students, and (3) the impact on engagement and learning of individual aspects of MUVE environments,
particularly virtual experimentation tools designed to scaffold student inquiry processes and maintain engagement. Additionally,
we note that two identified issues with integrating scientific inquiry into the classroom are currently not addressed by MUVE
research. We urge researchers to investigate whether (1) MUVE-based curriculum can help teachers meet state and national standards
with inquiry curricula; and (2) scientific inquiry curricula embedded in MUVE environments can help teachers learn how to
integrate interactive scientific inquiry into their classroom.
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0310188. Any opinions, findings,
and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the
views of the National Science Foundation. 相似文献
2.
A novel asymmetrical pitch system for rotary wing is presented. The pitch control characteristics are studied and analyzed.
Because elastic linkage is a key part in whole asymmetrical pitch system, in order to obtain the variation of the elastic
linkage deformation, an experimental platform mainly based on the device of micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) and a new control
system mounted on TMS320LF2407 are designed. This control system has its compacted configuration and reliability. Finally,
using this system to control the MAV for simulating the flying forward, experimental results show the MAV’s flight attitude
can be controlled based on the variation of the elastic linkage.
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.60605028), the National High-Technology Research
and Development Program of China (Grant No.2007AA04Z225), the Shanghai Rising-Star Program (Grant Nos.07QA14024, 07QH14006),
the Shanghai Shuguang Program (Grant No.07SG47), and the Shanghai Leading Key Laboratory of Mechanical Automation and Robotics
Science Foundation (Grant No.ZZ0805) 相似文献
3.
Can research on science learning and instruction inform standards for science education? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Linn Marcia C. diSessa Andy Pea Roy D. Songer Nancy B. 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》1994,3(1):7-15
We contrast the current science education reform effort with the reforms of the 1960s and suggest how the current effort could be enhanced. We identify insights from recent research that we believe can inform the reform process, in particular, to reach all science students and also impart a cohesive view of science. We propose an alternative models view of scientific explanation and show how this view would contribute to reforms of (1) course goals, (2) social aspects of science learning, (3) instructional practices, and (4) roles for technology.This paper summarizes discussions and debates that the authors have had over the last few years. The dialogue stems, in part, from our joint participation in the American Educational Research Association Special Interest Group on Education in Science and Technology (AERA SIG:EST) leadership. This paper communicates the spirit of our thinking and does not necessarily reflect the view of SIG:EST, or any other organization.We gratefully acknowledge the support of National Science Foundation Grant MDR-9253462 in work related to this paper. We appreciate helpful comments from Eileen Lewis and the Computer as Learning Partner group.This material is based upon research supported by the National Science Foundation under grant RED-9155744. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. 相似文献
4.
Samuel A. Spiegel Angelo Collins Penny J. Gilmer 《Journal of Science Teacher Education》1995,6(4):165-174
This article is based on a paper which received the “Innovations in Teaching Science Teachers” award at the 1995 meeting of
the Association for the Education of Teachers in Science. The award is made possible by Delta Education.
This material is based upon work supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation (Grant No. 9253170). Any
opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this article are those of authors and do not necessarily
reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. 相似文献
5.
Conclusion The most important finding from this study is that if one adheres to the guidelines from the literature on staff development
and educational change, teachers can and will change their teaching behaviors. It is very easy, however, to underestimate
the time and resources required to implement change in schools. Even a seemingly simple change such as increasing use of educational
computing, which teachers can implement in their individual classrooms without an overhaul of schools, is immensely complex
and difficult. Helping teachers and schools change requires a systematic effort, with intensive on-going support over a period
of three or more years. Science educators, school leaders, and the public must learn that school improvement is not an event
but a continual process of renewal and refinement.
This study demonstrates the importance of allocating resources to staff development and implementation along with those for
curriculum development. Fortunately, the National Science Foundation has recognized the importance of implementation in school
improvement by requiring that implementation be an integral part of all curriculum development projects it funds. As Hall
(1986) said, “It is not enough to build pretty boxes; what is important is to get the boxes used.”
This article is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. MDR-8470061. Any opionions, findings,
and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the
views of the National Science Foundation. 相似文献
6.
Gayle A. Buck Margaret A. Macintyre Latta Diandra L. Leslie-Pelecky 《Journal of Science Teacher Education》2007,18(3):377-397
As university professors we sought to disrupt the practice of giving our students the actions we felt they should imitate
in their teaching practice. Instead, we sought to actively engage teachers in the creation of workable solutions to real-life
problems. We accomplished this by conducting a participatory action research project. This paper illustrates our action research
project focused on preparing middle level science teachers to foster inquiry-based learning in their classrooms. The findings
of this study not only lead to a revised professional development opportunity for science teachers, but also provided an example
of university faculty engaging in pragmatic research focused on addressing contemporary issues in K-12 science education.
The work reported within was partially supported by a National Science Foundation Grant. The opinions, views and conclusions
expressed in this paper may not reflect those of the funding agency. 相似文献
7.
Network based data management is the backup/restore mechanism used in a data storage center. This paper presents a new network based data management-NDMP-Plus, a revision of network data management protocol. Components and the working mechanism of the NDMP-Plus architecture are first discussed. Two new techniques in NDMP-Plus-virtual storage layer （VSL） and negotiation mechanism are then studied. VSL is a crucial component to achieve flexibility, and the negotiation mechanism is a key to improve performance. Furthermore, experiments are carried out to evaluate the performance of NDMP-Plus. The result suggests that NDMP-Plus has stronger flexibility and better performance than NDMP. 相似文献
8.
Louise Yarnall Nicole Shechtman William R. Penuel 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2006,15(2):142-158
A variety of handheld applications and curricular materials have been developed to support inquiry science learning in recent years, but there are few handheld-supported assessment activities available to teachers. In Project WHIRL, researchers from SRI International worked in partnership with teachers from Beaufort County School District (SC) to develop a suite of handheld software applications that could be used to support classroom assessment in upper elementary and middle school science classrooms. In this paper, we will analyze results from a field trial conducted in 2003–2004 with 18 teachers in the district, focusing on how teachers’ enactment of handheld-supported assessment activities altered the frequency and quality of their assessment practices.This material is based in part on work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number REC-0126197. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. 相似文献
9.
Proportional reasoning: A review of the literature 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This paper presents a review of the research on proportional reasoning. Methodologies used in proportional reasoning studies
are presented first. The discussion is then organized around the following topics: strategies use to solve proportion problems,
including erroneous strategies; factors that influence performance on proportion problems, both task-related and subject-related;
training studies. The discussion is accompanied by suggestions for educational and research applications.
This paper was supported by the National Science Foundation Grant No. SED 79-18962. Any opinions, findings and conclusions
expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
The authors would like to express their appreciation to Elizabeth K. Stage and Joan Heller for comments on an earlier draft
of this paper. 相似文献
10.
Dr. Kathryn Scantlebury 《Journal of Science Teacher Education》1995,6(3):134-142
This material is based upon work supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation (Grant No. HRD 945-0022).
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily
reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. 相似文献
11.
A reply: Media and methods 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Media and methods together influence learning. This article illustrates an approach to research that allows us to look at the cognitive mechanisms by which learners interact with instructional designs and use media and methods to construct understanding. It critiques Clark's (1994) replaceability challenge.The project described in this article was performed pursuant to grant number USE-9150617 and grant number RED-9353614 from the National Science Foundation. The opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the National Science Foundation or SRI International. 相似文献
12.
Panos Kokkotas Panagiotis Piliouras Katerina Malamitsa Efthymios Stamoulis 《Science & Education》2009,18(5):609-629
Our paper presents an in-service primary school teachers’ training program which is based on the idea that the history of
science can play a vital role in promoting the learning of physics. This training program has been developed in the context
of Comenius 2.1 which is a European Union program. This program that we have developed in the University of Athens is based
on socioconstructivist and sociocultural learning principles with the intention of helping teachers to appropriate the basic
knowledge on the issue of falling bodies. Moreover, it has the aim to make explicit through the exploitation of authentic
historical science events, on the above topic (Aristotle’s, Galileo’s and Newton’s theories on falling bodies) the Nature
of Science (NoS), the Nature of Learning (NoL) and the Nature of Teaching (NoT). During the implementation of the program
we have used a variety of teaching strategies (e.g. group work, making of posters, making of concept maps, simulations) that
utilize historical scientific materials on the issue of falling bodies.
Panos Kokkotas is professor at the Pedagogical Department of University of Athens. He teaches Science Education, Multimedia (audio, visual etc.) teaching tools and Museum Education to both initial and in-service teachers. He is also coordinator of the Comenius 2.1 projects entitled (i) “The MAP project” (two years duration—2004–2006) and (ii) “The STeT project (Science Teacher e-Training) (2006–2008). He has α degree in Physics from the University of Athens. His Ph.D. is on science education from the University of Wales. He has taught science in high school, he has been a school consultant for science teachers. He has mainly published in science education. His recent books include Science Education I (Athens, 2000), Science Education II—The constructivist approach to teaching and learning science (Athens, 2002). Additionally he has edited Teaching Approaches to Science Education (Athens, 2000); as wells as he has edited the Greek translations of the book: Words, Science and Learning by Clive Sutton, (Athens, 2002) and also of the book Making Sense of Secondary Science by Driver et al. (Athens, 2000). He is also writer of the following science textbooks: (1) Science textbook for 5th grade of primary school based on constructivism, (2) Science textbook for 6th grade of primary school based on constructivism, Physics Textbooks for students of Upper Secondary Schools as follows: (3) Physics textbook for 16 years old, (4) Physics textbook for 17 years old student, (5) Physics textbook for 18 years old student. He is the Foundation president of the “The Hellenic Union for Science Education (EDIFE)”. Till now the Union has organized two large Conferences with international participation and also many small conferences in Greece. The 2nd Conference of EDIFE organized together with the 2nd IOSTE Symposium in Southern Europe. He is Foundation Editor of the Greek journal: Science Education: Research & Practice. This year he is responsible for the organisation of the 7th International Conference on History of Science in Science Education (Workshop of Experts), having as theme “Adapting Historical Knowledge Production to the Classroom” from Monday July 7th to Friday July 11th, 2008 in Athens. Panagiotis Piliouras is a Ph.D. holder and in 1984 he got his degree in primary education and in 1993 he got his degree in Mathematics. He attended postgraduate studies (M.Sc.) in Science Education at the Pedagogical Department of Primary Education at the University of Athens. From 1985 until 1998 he taught in a primary school. Since 1999 he has been working in the Pedagogical Department of Primary Education at the University of Athens. His current work involves laboratory teaching, in-service teacher-training and design and development educational material and educational multimedia. His research interest is focused on teaching science in a collaborative inquiry mode, social interaction in learning and instruction, methodological questions in the analysis of social activity, sociocultural perspectives to learning and development, and applications of the educational technology. Katerina Malamitsa is a Ph.D. holder from Pedagogical Department of Primary Education at the National University of Athens in the field of “Critical Thinking and Science Education in Primary School”. She got her Bachelor’s Degree as a Teacher in Primary Education in 1984. From 1986 until 1999 she taught in primary schools of Greece. In 2002 she got her Master’s Degree in “Science Education” at the Pedagogical Department of Primary Education at the National University of Athens. From 2006 till now she is a director in a Greek Primary School in Athens. She has participated in national and international conferences in topics concerning Science Education and teaching. She has published papers in Greek scientific journals. She is author of the Science textbooks which are used in the 3rd & 4th grades of Greek Primary School in national level (after evaluation from a scientific committee). Recently she has translated and standardized the “Test of Everyday Reasoning (TER)” & “The California Measure of Mental Motivation (CM3)” (levels 2&3) for the Greek population [Insight Assessment/California Academic Press LLC, 217 La Cruz Avenue, Millbrae, CA 94030, ]. Her main research interests focus on the critical thinking, the Science Education in Primary School, the use of aspects of History of Science in Teaching Science, the teacher training and education, the reflective teacher, the professional development of teachers etc. Efthymios Stamoulis is a PhD Student in the Pedagogical Department of Primary Education at the University of Ioannina. His current work involves laboratory teaching, in-service teacher-training and design and development educational material and educational multimedia. He is a director in primary school in Athens, Greece. 相似文献
| Panos KokkotasEmail: |
Panos Kokkotas is professor at the Pedagogical Department of University of Athens. He teaches Science Education, Multimedia (audio, visual etc.) teaching tools and Museum Education to both initial and in-service teachers. He is also coordinator of the Comenius 2.1 projects entitled (i) “The MAP project” (two years duration—2004–2006) and (ii) “The STeT project (Science Teacher e-Training) (2006–2008). He has α degree in Physics from the University of Athens. His Ph.D. is on science education from the University of Wales. He has taught science in high school, he has been a school consultant for science teachers. He has mainly published in science education. His recent books include Science Education I (Athens, 2000), Science Education II—The constructivist approach to teaching and learning science (Athens, 2002). Additionally he has edited Teaching Approaches to Science Education (Athens, 2000); as wells as he has edited the Greek translations of the book: Words, Science and Learning by Clive Sutton, (Athens, 2002) and also of the book Making Sense of Secondary Science by Driver et al. (Athens, 2000). He is also writer of the following science textbooks: (1) Science textbook for 5th grade of primary school based on constructivism, (2) Science textbook for 6th grade of primary school based on constructivism, Physics Textbooks for students of Upper Secondary Schools as follows: (3) Physics textbook for 16 years old, (4) Physics textbook for 17 years old student, (5) Physics textbook for 18 years old student. He is the Foundation president of the “The Hellenic Union for Science Education (EDIFE)”. Till now the Union has organized two large Conferences with international participation and also many small conferences in Greece. The 2nd Conference of EDIFE organized together with the 2nd IOSTE Symposium in Southern Europe. He is Foundation Editor of the Greek journal: Science Education: Research & Practice. This year he is responsible for the organisation of the 7th International Conference on History of Science in Science Education (Workshop of Experts), having as theme “Adapting Historical Knowledge Production to the Classroom” from Monday July 7th to Friday July 11th, 2008 in Athens. Panagiotis Piliouras is a Ph.D. holder and in 1984 he got his degree in primary education and in 1993 he got his degree in Mathematics. He attended postgraduate studies (M.Sc.) in Science Education at the Pedagogical Department of Primary Education at the University of Athens. From 1985 until 1998 he taught in a primary school. Since 1999 he has been working in the Pedagogical Department of Primary Education at the University of Athens. His current work involves laboratory teaching, in-service teacher-training and design and development educational material and educational multimedia. His research interest is focused on teaching science in a collaborative inquiry mode, social interaction in learning and instruction, methodological questions in the analysis of social activity, sociocultural perspectives to learning and development, and applications of the educational technology. Katerina Malamitsa is a Ph.D. holder from Pedagogical Department of Primary Education at the National University of Athens in the field of “Critical Thinking and Science Education in Primary School”. She got her Bachelor’s Degree as a Teacher in Primary Education in 1984. From 1986 until 1999 she taught in primary schools of Greece. In 2002 she got her Master’s Degree in “Science Education” at the Pedagogical Department of Primary Education at the National University of Athens. From 2006 till now she is a director in a Greek Primary School in Athens. She has participated in national and international conferences in topics concerning Science Education and teaching. She has published papers in Greek scientific journals. She is author of the Science textbooks which are used in the 3rd & 4th grades of Greek Primary School in national level (after evaluation from a scientific committee). Recently she has translated and standardized the “Test of Everyday Reasoning (TER)” & “The California Measure of Mental Motivation (CM3)” (levels 2&3) for the Greek population [Insight Assessment/California Academic Press LLC, 217 La Cruz Avenue, Millbrae, CA 94030, ]. Her main research interests focus on the critical thinking, the Science Education in Primary School, the use of aspects of History of Science in Teaching Science, the teacher training and education, the reflective teacher, the professional development of teachers etc. Efthymios Stamoulis is a PhD Student in the Pedagogical Department of Primary Education at the University of Ioannina. His current work involves laboratory teaching, in-service teacher-training and design and development educational material and educational multimedia. He is a director in primary school in Athens, Greece. 相似文献
13.
Dynamic computer environments can facilitate students' active participation in the construction of mathematical concepts and
techniques—a long-standing goal among educational reformers. This paper analyzes techniques developed by students in an open-ended
computer activity, examines learning styles of inventive students, and discusses use of student-generated mathematical techniques
in developing new software to (1) cultivate mathematical inventiveness in more students and (2) encourage students to relate
their own techniques to more general mathematical ideas. New software was designed to provide an informal, interactive introduction
to functions and related algebraic ideas. A fundamentally constructivist approach was supplemented with coaching available
upon student request. Each type of function was targeted with a sequence of challenges, hints to support the challenges, and
games for synthesis and application. Students combined algebraic techniques to construct functions and manipulated the functions
to cause specific behaviors in their graphs. The software succeeded in accommodating diverse student learning styles, initiating
students into use of a wider variety of techniques, and inducing students to take an interactive approach to constructing
mathematical knowledge.
The development described in this paper was supported in part by the National Science Foundation (NSF MDR 84-70608). Any views
expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. 相似文献
14.
Brian S. Horvitz 《Community College Journal of Research & Practice》2017,41(6):381-385
ABSTRACTMost research on online learning in higher education has been focused on general education at four-year institutions. There is a need for more research that focuses on online and hybrid education at community colleges in technical education fields. This issue includes articles from eight National Science Foundation funded projects doing innovative work on the use of online and hybrid learning in technical education. Examination of these articles suggests several potential directions for future research in this area including the following: how to choose between fully online and hybrid course delivery; how technical education programs can successfully partner with industry; how to examine and select specific online educational strategies to enhance online technical education; how to sustain innovative online educational programs after grant funding is complete; and how to support nontraditional students in online or hybrid technical education programs. 相似文献
15.
In this paper we discuss a novel storage scheme for simultaneous memory access in parallel turbo decoder. The new scheme employs vertex coloring in graph theory. Compared to a similar method that also uses unnatural order in storage, our scheme requires 25 more memory blocks but allows a simpler configuration for variable sizes of code lengths that can be implemented on-chip. Experiment shows that for a moderate to high decoding throughput （40-100 Mbps）, the hardware cost is still affordable for 3GPP＇s （3rd generation partnership project） interleaver. 相似文献
16.
We report on how two middle-grade teachers supported their students’ mathematical reasoning within the context of a novel
modeling task in data analysis. We examine how the task features supported the development of teachers’ knowledge as their
students engaged with the task. Analyses of the teachers’ practices suggest that the task features enabled teachers: (a) to
develop new understandings of the mathematical content and the ways in which student ideas develop and are represented; (b)
to adopt new roles in their interactions with the students, including a focus on listening and observing, and on asking questions
for understanding and clarification; and (c) to engage in forms of interpretative listening that shifted the role of evaluation
from the teacher to the student.
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grant No. 9722235 and by the Australian
Research Council (ARC). 相似文献
17.
Clare Bailey Jack Chambers 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》1996,27(2):123-133
This article presents an overview of the science/mathematics reform movement in the secondary/elementary schools and higher education institutions of the United States. It describes the research and views of educational practitioners regarding the need for change, as well as the particular changes which appear to be required. Emphasis is placed on the roles of interactive learning and technology in meeting reform goals.
Details of a recently completed curricular innovation project in science and mathematics are provided. Funded by the National Science Foundation, the project brought five faculty in the natural sciences together with a learning theorist at Florida Community College at Jacksonville, a large, multi-campus, public institution. The group developed and taught two basic integrated science/mathematics courses in which cooperative and discovery learning, supported by multimedia technology and distance learning, were major components. Details of results are provided as they relate to meeting the goals of the reform movement. 相似文献
Details of a recently completed curricular innovation project in science and mathematics are provided. Funded by the National Science Foundation, the project brought five faculty in the natural sciences together with a learning theorist at Florida Community College at Jacksonville, a large, multi-campus, public institution. The group developed and taught two basic integrated science/mathematics courses in which cooperative and discovery learning, supported by multimedia technology and distance learning, were major components. Details of results are provided as they relate to meeting the goals of the reform movement. 相似文献
18.
Kurt Thumlert Suzanne de Castell Jennifer Jenson 《Educational Philosophy and Theory》2013,45(8):786-803
Building upon a recent call to renew actor-network theory (ANT) for educational research, this article reconsiders relations between technology and educational theory. Taking cues from actor-network theorists, this discussion considers the technologically-mediated networks in which learning actors are situated, acted upon, and acting, and traces the novel positions of creative capacity and participation that emerging media may enable. Whereas traditional theories of educational technology tend to focus on the harmonization of new technologies with extant curricular goals and educational practices, an educational theory of technology looks to novel forms of technologically-mediated learning experience—from production pedagogies to role play in the virtual—to make visible the surprising relations, techniques, and opportunities that emerging media, and their attendant social contexts, may offer educational research. 相似文献
19.
In a 3-year project, a consortium of university, nonprofit and commercial educational software developers formed a testbed for the rapid assembly of educational software from reusable component tools. This testbed incorporated interactive learning tools from a variety of university, nonprofit, and commercial developers, and hosted decentralized authoring teams consisting of teachers, developers and educational technologists. Within its testbed, the Educational Software Components of Tomorrow (ESCOT) project achieved notable success in (a) producing a large collection of technology-rich learning activities with reuse rates estimated at 90% and (b) scaffolding authoring teams in successful and rewarding collaborative development experiences. Fortunately, since ESCOT was funded as a National Science Foundation research project, we have had time to reflect on the conditions that led to our achievements. In this article, we reflect on the three activities of the project that we believe were most responsible for its success: (1) the selection of a unit of software production (2) the development of a strategy to allow reuse of interoperable software components and (3) the structuring of a distributed, team-based authoring process. We observe that a common characteristic across these activities was reciprocal influence from both the fields of research-based software development and teaching practice. 相似文献
20.
Siew Ming Thang Carol Hall Puvaneswary Murugaiah Hazita Azman 《Educational Action Research》2013,21(1):87-105
Wenger describes an educational community of practice (CoP) as a group of professionals who share a passionate concern for practice‐based issues and who voluntarily choose to deepen their knowledge, understanding and skills through collaborative and critical dialogue. Peer collaboration of this kind, which involves social interaction, reflection and a critical engagement with practice issues, has been widely suggested to be effective for teacher learning and professional development. The online continuing professional development for teachers (e‐CPDelT) Vision 2020 model outlined here aims to bring about innovation in practice through an online or virtual CoP (VCoP). Twenty Malaysian teachers in five Smart Schools were invited to take part in a Higher Education (HE) project, funded by one of the main universities in Malaysia. By participating collaboratively in this CoP, it was anticipated that the teachers would form an active online CoP that would lead in turn to innovation in teaching and learning practices in the schools. An action research approach was used in tracing the developmental process of the three subject‐based CoPs (namely, Mathematics, Science and English) and identifying challenges faced by the higher education institution (HEI) project team in fostering the active participation and commitment of the teachers. Preliminary data generated from mentor forum discussion, focus groups and blogs suggested that low levels of participation in VCoP activities were a result of low levels of trust and social affiliation, performance anxiety, time pressure and failure to see the relevance of online interaction as directly related to their individual needs as practitioners. Approaches to remediating these challenges and promoting more authentic teacher engagement are outlined. 相似文献