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1.
美国法律分别规定了联邦文件及档案管理系统;UBC档案硕士研究项目运用古文书学和当代档案学方法,界定了Records的根本含义.本文在此基础上,针对目前国内档案学界存在的对Documents和Records含义的混淆,从法理、学理和逻辑上为Documents与Records关系正理,提出Records就是档案.  相似文献   

2.
The United States is an “interest group society” and federal statistical policy, like all other aspects of contemporary American political life, is dominated by well-organized interest groups. The public review to revise the “Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity,” formerly known as “Statistical Policy Directive 15,” was notable for the significant presence of minority population interest groups. The politics of representation in the national statistical system during the 1970s is the subject of this article. The first part of the article summarizes the role that interest groups played in the recent debates on revising Statistical Policy Directive 15. The second part of the article discusses the origins of national statistics on minorities and their efforts during the 1970s to achieve inclusion in the body politic through representation in the federal statistical and administrative reporting systems.  相似文献   

3.
The preservation of scientific data is a complex task, both in theory and in practice. This article examines the major producers of U.S. federal government scientific technical information (STI), principal data categories, and the role of the National Archives in documenting scientific data. The preservation of scientific data by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is a monumental task in both volume and complexity of the data and the issues involved. This article will examine several important questions surrounding the appraisal, accessioning, and preservation of scientific data by NARA.  相似文献   

4.
As the nation's principal environmental agency, the EPA is responsible for conveying a wide array of information to the American public. The agency utilizes glossaries, lexicons, dictionaries, and thesauri to define environmental terms, regulations, scientific concepts, and issues. However, the approach taken to defining environmental terms is challenging and there is often more than one definition for the same term. This article examines how the EPA defines environmental terms and how it can be difficult to choose the most appropriate definition or environmental term.  相似文献   

5.
This presentation of how land-grant university libraries became federal depository libraries in 1907 examines the principal legislative statutes creating the land-grant university system. It proceeds to cover how a congressional Printing Commission, concerned with eliminating duplicative governmental publications, also produced legislation granting federal depository status to the libraries of land-grant universities. There is also discussion of the presence of GPO Access gateways at many land-grant university depositories and the continuing relevance of the land-grant university service ideal to the depository library program during its transition to an increasingly electronic environment. The historical evolution of America's rural electric industry, community network movement, and federal information resource management initiatives also present potentially useful service models for emerging electronic depositories.  相似文献   

6.
Title 44 of the United States Code, containing the law governing the printing, publication, dissemination, and access to government publications, was written over 100 years ago. In the past decade, this law has come under attack, undermining the ability of the American citizenry to be fully informed about the activities of the federal government. This article examines the needed reforms to Title 44 and other legislative initiatives required to ensure the right of the citizenry to be informed.  相似文献   

7.
This article examines exchange relations on Silk Road, an anonymous online black market formerly located in a concealed portion of the Internet, the dark web. The federal court case of Ross William Ulbricht, Silk Road’s architect and executive operator, constitutes the core of my source material, along with Ulbricht’s online statements. I argue that Silk Road represented an aggressively capitalist mode of exchange, marked by an absence of state economic regulation, a lack of status codes, an ineffective reputation system, and a resulting deluge of blackmail, scam, coercion, and monopoly. Contrary to its founder’s vision of a libertarian utopia, the digital free market in contraband was plagued with fraudulent economic practices, underwritten by a market logic that exploited the site’s unique infrastructure. The salient principle of economic relationality on Silk Road was not cooperation and freedom but deception and intimidation.  相似文献   

8.
文章对美国联邦科技信息机构及其信息资源建设与服务创新进行重点研究,先从横向上对美国联邦科技信息机构及CENDI与Science．gov联盟进行一个概要分析,然后以美国能源部科技信息办公室的信息资源建设与服务创新为案例进行深度剖析,并藉此提出了关于中国科技信息机构信息服务的几点启示。该文为《数字图书馆论坛》2009年第12期本期话题“各国科技信息机构纵览”的文章之一。  相似文献   

9.
This article presents a comprehensive survey of the U.S. federal government's documentation of the single most important American military action of the second half of the twentieth century. Included is an essay on resources and an accompanying bibliography pertaining to U.S. government documents related to the Vietnam conflict. Most of the materials noted are derived from archival sources. Major historical works published by federal government historical agencies are also included. Finding aids are listed as appropriate.  相似文献   

10.
《The Reference Librarian》2013,54(94):139-162
Abstract

The National Commission on Libraries and Information Science published recommendations for a national information policy in 1976, and concerns regarding the protection of privacy and equal public access to online information were introduced. From the mid 1970s to the early 1990s, federal government agencies were beginning to publish materials and maintain records electronically. Most current U.S. government information was available on the Internet by the late 1990s, and depository libraries were required to provide workstations that would facilitate access to documents. Documents librarians, already concerned with the lack of attention to archiving online federal information, were provided with an example of the vulnerability of online publications in the early 2000s when federal agency Web sites were made inaccessible-quickly and easily. The possibility that too much government information was available to anyone with access to the Internet was becoming a national concern. Using government documents as resources, this article retraces the events that were occurring in federal government agencies during the movement of government information to the Internet.  相似文献   

11.
The Columbia Broadcasting System (C.B.S.) emerged in the late 1920s as the only sustainable competitor to the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) in American network radio. But scholars know far less about C.B.S. than NBC because the C.B.S. corporation failed to retain, and make accessible to media historians, internal archival and documentary materials from its developmental era. This article examines the historical void created by America’s second network while offering two specific historical case studies to establish how the loss of C.B.S. materials continues to hinder knowledge about America’s second network, the American system of broadcasting, and the political economy of the commercial mass media in the United States.  相似文献   

12.
This article asserts that the United States federal government should adopt a centralized governmental structure for the privacy protection of personal information and data. There are a number of significant reasons, ranging from facilitation of the international dealings of United States corporations to the interactions of the United States government with other governments, for creating a centralized privacy protection structure for the United States federal government. This article examines the rise of centralized governmental privacy protection structures, identifies reasons for adopting such structures, and analyzes a selection of the structures used by various nations and states at present. From this analysis, the article presents a number of models of centralized governmental privacy protection structures. These models then form the basis of a discussion of what type of structural models of privacy protection would be most appropriate for the U.S. federal government.  相似文献   

13.
Communities traditionally have relied on demographic and economic data from the decennial census for key decisions. Those same data are used by Congress and federal agencies to distribute billions of dollars, to administer federal programs, and to evaluate the results of federal policies. As the decade progresses, communities and their financial supports have had no alternative other than to live with the fiction that their areas have not changed since the last census. This article describes the American Community Survey, which the U.S. Census Bureau has designed to provide demographic, economic, and housing information to communities every year instead of every 10 years, providing them with a “video” of changes in their areas, rather than the current decennial “snapshot.”  相似文献   

14.
In the United States, a number of federal laws establish requirements that electronic government (e-government) information and services be accessible to individuals with disabilities. These laws affect e-government Web sites at the federal, state, and local levels. To this point, research about the accessibility of e-government Web sites has tended to focus on compliance with Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act. Though Section 508 has the most specific guidelines regarding Web site accessibility, it is hardly the only law establishing accessibility requirements for e-government Web sites, and Section 508 does not apply to many sites that may be required to be accessible by other laws. Until assessment of the accessibility of e-government Web sites accounts for all of the relevant laws, the understanding of levels of accessibility and compliance will be incomplete. This article examines the entire spectrum of federal laws that create legal requirements for accessible e-government Web sites, analyzing the accessibility requirements that the laws establish and the ways in which each of the laws applies to an e-government Web site. This article also suggests research areas that should be included in future assessments to address the entire range of laws related to the accessibility of e-government Web sites. The issues raised in this article have significant relevance to the design and development of e-government, to the assessment of e-government information and services, and to the inclusion in e-government of the 54 million individuals in the United States with disabilities.  相似文献   

15.
Ethical misconduct among scholars’whether plagiarism, data fabrication, data misrepresentation, or other forms of dishonesty’is on the rise, and increasingly in the public spotlight. Marcel LaFollette describes the context in which misconduct takes place, contrasting the nature of the scientific community before and after World War II. In the 1980s, the federal government facilitates, funds, and scrutinizes scientific research far more extensively than ever before. Increased political concern, LaFollette argues, will have far-reaching implications for scientists and their publishers. Marcel Chotkowski LaFollette is assistant professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and visiting scholar, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. She is the former editor ofScience, Technology & Human Values and is currently writing a book on ethical misconduct in research communication. This article was prepared with support from the National Science Foundation under grant RII-8409904 “The Ethical Problems Raised by Fraud in Science and Engineering Publishing”.  相似文献   

16.
The tribal insignia of American Indians offer a distinctive view into the history of these people. Recently, as the result of federal legislation, some of these materials have been brought together, for tribes that are either federally or State recognized entities, as part of the database collection maintained by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). This article focuses on the history and use of such images; the policy response by the USPTO to the charge by the Trademark Law Treaty Implementation Act (1998) to examine the USPTO's specific responsibility to protect such official insignia; and the Office's resulting digital product.  相似文献   

17.
This column examines several systems that provide access to U.S. federal or state bills via the Internet. These include the Government Printing Office's GPO ACCESS, the Library of Congress' THOMAS, the House of Representatives gopher system, and the California State Senate's World Wide Web server.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract History museums in the U.S. have become significantly more professional over the past five decades. Many can boast of new and expanded buildings, improvements in collection management and care, and better‐trained staff and volunteers. However, most museums struggle with long‐term stagnation in audience numbers and revenues. The greatest challenge may be an alarming decline in American historical literacy and civic responsibility, especially at the elementary and secondary school levels. This article examines three trends that are affecting both the strengths and weaknesses of history museums today: the emergence of federal support, regulation, and oversight; a more inclusive approach to interpretation of the American past; and the all‐pervasive impact of information technology on both institutions and audiences.  相似文献   

19.
This article reviews the extraordinary growth in the scientific literature that has resulted from increased federal expenditures in the past decade or two. The article further notes that the impact of the knowledge explosion has impinged on the Health Sciences Library as well as on the individual scientist who needs access to the information. A strong plea is made for the librarian to assume a more active role in: doing internal research with respect to how best to use the library as a tool in the dissemination of new information; educating newcomers to the field of library science with respect to the management of scientific information; and converting the library from a passive to an active instrument in disseminating the scholarly record to and among those who require access to it. Medical center administrators are reminded that if the librarian succeeds in these ventures then he will fulfill all of the research, teaching, and service requirements ordinarily made of other academic departments and, in turn, should be rewarded with departmental status for the library.  相似文献   

20.
This article examines public librarians' experiences with attempted censorship, including their dismay, anger, and disappointment with fellow librarians and their professional organizations, which those under attack found apathetic in safeguarding user rights and protecting their jobs as library professionals. Some of these librarians became the activists who campaigned for the creation of the American Library Association's (ALA) legal defense machinery, along with other primarily young progressive librarians, who pushed forward their own agenda. This study highlights these public librarians' struggles, which made the Freedom to Read Foundation (FTRF) and ALA leading professional organizations in championing intellectual freedom. The study focuses on cases that shaped ALA's policy that led to the establishment of a defense mechanism for librarians in the late 1960s and 1970s. It also examines the extent to which ALA upheld the organization's professional credo and its members' rights.  相似文献   

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