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1.
Lymphatic filariasis continues to be the major cause of clinical morbidity in India and other developing tropical countries. One of the major lacunae in the effective management of clinical filarial cases is the non-availability of a suitable diagnostic test for confirming filaria aetiology in acute, chronic and occult clinical cases where microfilariae (mf) are not usually seen in peripheral circulation. Studies in our laboratory have shown the usefulness of filarial antibody and antigen assays using microfilarial excretory-secretory (mf ES) antigen in detecting microfilaraemic, acute and chronic filarial cases and in confirming filarial aetiology in occult infections. Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) is the drug of choice for lymphatic filariasis. Different regimens of DEC have been explored in the treatment of microfilaraemic cases. Immunomonitoring has shown that the seroconversion of antigen and antibody positivity was found to be very helpful in determining appropriate period of DEC treatment for clinical relief and cure in clinical filarial patients and further they did not have recurrence in most of the cases. Optimal DEC (6mg/kg body wt/day for 21 days each month for 3–12 months) therapy was found to be very effective in acute and atypical clinical manifestations such as asthmatic bronchitis, pulmonary eosinophilia, monoarthritis, recurrent upper respiratory tract infections (URI), pneumonia (super imposed infections) in children and minimal hydrocele, epididymoorchitis, lymphangitis, lymphadenitis, acute abdomen, central serous retinopathy, tenosynovitis, pain and swelling in limbs and joints in adults living in filaria endemic areas.  相似文献   

2.
In vitro released antigens by living parasites or bacteria underin vitro maintenance or short term culture showing specific humoral immune response have been explored in development of immunodiagnostics for infectious diseases such as filariasis and tuberculosis in our laboratory. ELISA usingB. malayi mf ES antigen has been explored for detecting IgG antibody by Indirect ELISA and antigen by Inhibition ELISA and in immunomonitoring of carriers as well as clinical filarial cases. A ten year follow up of mf carriers with DEC therapy showed disapperance of antigen and antibody followed by reappearance in few cases in an endemic area. None of the cases followed developed clinical symptoms suggesting the need for long term monitoring and treatment of microfilaraemic carriers. Further immunomonitoring was found to be useful in confirming filaria aetiology in the absence of microfilaremia and determining appropriate period of treatment of acute, early clinical and occult filarial infections for clinical relief and cure.Indirect Stick Penicillinase ELISA system using Mtb EST-6 antigen for detecting tuberculous IgG antibody and a Sandwich Penicillinase ELISA system using affinity purified antibody for detecting circulating antigen were explored in tuberculosis. A combination of both the assay systems with a sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 98% was found to be promising in the precise diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Further antigen detection was found to be useful in bone and joint tuberculosis.  相似文献   

3.
A comparative analysis was made on the utility of SEVAFILACHEK-stick based immunoassays and commercially available ICT-filariasis test to detect active infection in different groups of bancroftian filariasis. The SEVAFILACHEK immunoassays were found to be useful to detect filarial infection in microfilaraemia and in a significant number of clinical filarial cases with acute, chronic and occult clinical manifestations. In the clinical cases, microfilariae are not usually detected in peripheral circulation. Employing SEVAFILACHEK assays 6 and 5 of the 7 samples of patients with chronic filarial disease, and 6 and 5 of 6 microfilaraemic cases gave positivity for filarial IgG antibodies and antigen respectively. Four of the 6 occult filarial samples were positive for antibodies and antigen. Filarial antigen was detected by ICT-filariasis test in blood samples of all the 6 microfilariaemic cases, 1 chronic filarial and 2 occult filarial samples. The main advantage of ICT assay is its rapid format and convenience for field use.  相似文献   

4.
The study was conducted in filarial endemic area for various clinical presentations and diagnosis of occult filariasis. A total of 157 cases of various clinical presentations namely tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, monoarthritis, polyarthritis, glomerulonephropathy, tenosynovitis, inguinal lymphadenopathy, generalised lymphadenopathy, retroperitonial lymphadenopathy, endomyocardial fibrosis and acute conjunctivitis were screened for filarial antigen and antibody by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Out of 157 cases, 107 cases were positive for antigen or antibody, suggesting the role of filarial infection in these clinical presentations. All the 107 cases were treated with diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) and some of the patients who were followed showed relief in signs and symptoms. Hence assay of filarial antigen and/or antibody may be useful for diagnosing occult filarial syndromes for better management and further appropriate treatment.  相似文献   

5.
Lymphatic filariasis caused byWuchereria bancrofti is a major health problem next only to malaria. A study had been conducted to estimate the prevalence of microfilaraemia in a rural endemic community near Raipur. The incidence of microfilaramia in the community was found to be about 14% when studied by night finger prick method. The incidence appears to be more in males as compared to females. The infection rate in vector population i.e.,Culex quinquefasciatus was recorded at a rate of 10%. No relationship could be drawn between the rates of vector and human filarial infections or between the density of vector population and the rate of vector/human infection(s). Prior health education is essential before taking up control and preventive measures in given endemic zone.  相似文献   

6.
A monoclonal antibody-based antigen detection system was used to detect the levels of circulating antigen in filarial patients before and after treatment with DEC and in normal individuals living in an area endemic forW. bancrofti infection in Chennai, India. The present study was to show the use of this assay as a means of efficient screening for filariásis in an endemic area where blood was absorbed onto the filter paper by finger prick during day time. The results of the antigen levels collected onto filter strips correlated with their corresponding plasma antigen levels (r=0.83). In microfilaraemics, DEC treatment did not alter the levels of circulating antigens upto a period of one month. We conclude that this monoclonal antibody based ELISA using filter strips may be used in daytime and can replace the existing routine night blood survey.  相似文献   

7.
Lymphatic filariasis caused mainly by infection fromWuchereria bancrofti andBrugia malayi remains as the major cause of clinical morbidity in tropical and subtropical countries. Development of vaccine against filarial infection can act as additional measure to the existing therapeutic and vector control methods in the control of this disease. The main hurdles in the development of anti-filarial vaccine are the strict primate specificity ofWuchereria bancrofti, the paucity of parasite material, the diversity of clinical manifestations and their associated complex immune responses, lack of clear understanding on host-parasite interactions and the mechanisms involved in protective immunity. However in the past few years, the information generated in immuno-epidemiological studies, correlated with observations in experimental animals suggests that a filarial vaccine is feasible. Initially live irradiated infective larvae have been successfully used to induce high level of protective immunity in several animal models. Applying diverse strategies, variety of purified or recombinant filarial antigens have been explored for their ability to induce protection in different host-parasite systems. Some of these targeted filarial antigens induced high level of resistance in experimental animals against challenge infections. More focussed studies on thorough characterization of parasitological and immunological changes associated with resistance induced by such candidate protective antigens and on delivery mechanisms and safety aspects will be crucial in their selection for possible use in humans.  相似文献   

8.
Human lymphatic filariasis is a chronic helminth infection caused byWuchereria bancrofti andBrugia malayi. Wide spectrum of clinical manifestations are seen in different clinical groups of filariasis patients which comprises asymptomatic patients with circulating microfilaria (MF), individuals with chronic lymphatic obstruction (CP), Endemic normals (EN) who are asymptomatic and amicrofilaraemic or the relatively rare tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE). The cellular immune response to this infection varies in different clinical groups of filarial patients. ranging from normal lymphocyte proliferative response in EN individuals to lymphocyte hyporesponsiveness in MF to total parasite antigen [Brugia malayi antigen (BMA)]. But in response to recombinant filarial antigen (pRJ51) the lymphocyte proliferation is restored in MF patients. Interestingly the lymphocytes from MFs responded normally to parasite antigen when EN serum was added in the culture whereas sera from MFs failed to revert the lymphocyte hyporesponsiveness. In order to study the molecular mechanisms responsible for parasite antigen specific lymphocyte hyporesponsiveness, we analysed both the Th1 and Th2 type cytokine gene expression profile in different clinical groups of filarasis patients. MF individuals expressed elevated Th2 type cytokines like IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 and decreased levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ in response to parasite antigen. Chronic patients have elevated levels of both Th1 and Th2 type cytokines in response to parasite antigen. The EN individuals had a purely Th1 type pattern with absence of IL-4 and IL-5 expression. These studies clearly demonstrate the role of Th2 cytokine like IL-10 in antigen specific hyporesponsiveness seen in MF patients. Any methods to arrest the progression of this disease should concentrate on the means to revert the Th2 type into Th1 type response in the MF patients either by Th1 type cytokine therapy or by using recombinant filarial antigen which stimulates the Th1 response. Further the recombinant filarial antigen which induces Th1 type cytokine response could be used for immunoprophylactic studies.  相似文献   

9.
Sera samples of 7 microscopic haematuria cases collected before and after treatment with Diethylcarbamazine citrate, (DEC), 9 microfilaraemic cases and 19 endemic normal individuals were analysed for filarial antigen and IgG antibody levels. Filarial antigen was detected in 5 of the 7 microscopic haematuria cases, of which 3 turned negative for antigen after treatment with DEC. While none of the 7 haematuria cases were positive for filarial IgG antibodies, before the DEC treatment, all of them turned positive after DEC treatment. The sensitivity and specificity values(to detect mf +ve cases) were 89% and 90% respectively for the detection of filarial antigen and 78% and 95% respectively for the detection of filarial IgG antibodies.  相似文献   

10.
Helminthic infections lead to the release of various molecules which play an important role in modulation of the host immune system. Such filarial proteins with immunomodulatory potential can be used for therapeutic purpose in inflammatory and immune mediated diseases. In the present study, we have explored the prophylactic effect of filarial SXP–RAL family protein of Wuchereria bancrofti i.e. rWbL2 protein in DSS induced inflammatory ulcerative colitis in a mouse model. Prior treatment of rWbL2, followed by induction of colitis, showed significantly reduced disease severity as indicated by the decreased disease manifestations and improved macroscopic and microscopic inflammation. This preventive effect was found to be associated with increased release of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and decreased release of proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17 by the splenocytes of treated mice. From this study, it can be envisaged that pretreatment with filarial protein, rWbL2, can prevent the establishment of ulcerative colitis in BALB/c mice. The underlying immunological mechanism may involve the up-regulation of Th2 immune response with down-regulation of Th1 response.  相似文献   

11.
Brugia malayi microfilarial excretory-secretory (mf ES) antigens obtained byin vitro maintenance of mf are important tools in the immunodiagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. To increase the yield of mf ES products, the effect of nutritional supplements on the culture medium (RPMI 1640) and the maintenance temperature were studied. Supplementation of RPMI 1640 medium with organic acids and sugars of Grace's insect culture medium forin vitro maintenance of 10 lakhs of mf in 40 ml medium increased the yield of mf ES antigen from 152 μg to 364 μg of mean protein, content and the mean antigen titre from 200 to 400. Supplementation with phenyl methyl sulphonyl fluoride (PMSF) and shift in the culture temperature resulted in a further increase in the yield of mf ES antigen to 502 μg of mean total protein with an antigen titre of 800. The modification resulted in a net increase of 3 fold in the protein content and 4 fold in the antigen titre of ES products. The above modifications in thein vitro maintenance of mf did not affect the diagnostic quality of mf ES antigen, which gave a sensitivity and specificity of 80% and 90% respectively in detection of filarial IgG antibodies inWuchereria bancrofti infected cases.  相似文献   

12.
生物文化多样性与西部大开发   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
中国是世界上生物多样性资源丰富的国家之一.作为全球性生物"巨大多样性"国家,中国具有多种多样的生态系统、植被类型、物种和遗传多样性.中国的植物尤其丰富,30,000种高等植物产于中国,其中乔、灌木7,500种;中国的动物区系同样丰富.据统计已发现有6,347种脊椎动物(包括1,244种鸟类和3,862种鱼类),特有植物物种多达17,300种;特有脊椎动物667种;中国西部12个省、市、自治区,包括甘肃、贵州、陕西、四川、青海、云南6省,广西壮族自治区、内蒙古自治区、宁夏回族自治区、新疆维吾尔族自治区和西藏自治区等5个自治区以及重庆市. 土地面积6.98万km2, 约占国土总面积的70%; 有全国75%的植物物种数和动物物种数.中国西部省区人口总数为4.05亿,其中少数民族人口占相当比重.多民族文化状态造就了中国西部省区成为独特的生物-文化多样性地区;另一方面,中国西部省区面临农村贫困、自然资源与环境的退化和少数民族依然处于边缘状态的现实.本文讨论了中国西部省区的生物与文化多样性及其在经济发展方面的潜力.急需保护该地区的自然和文化,以达到可持续发展的目的.  相似文献   

13.
中国是世界上生物多样性资源丰富的国家之一。作为全球性生物 巨大多样性"国家,中国具有多种多样的生态系统、植被类型、物种和遗传多样性。中国的植物尤其丰富,30,0 0 0种高等植物产于中国,其中乔、灌木 7,5 0 0种;中国的动物区系同样丰富。据统计已发现有 6,347种脊椎动物(包括 1,2 4 4种鸟类和 3,862种鱼类),特有植物物种多达 1 7,30 0种;特有脊椎动物 667种;中国西部 1 2个省、市、自治区,包括甘肃、贵州、陕西、四川、青海、云南 6省,广西壮族自治区、内蒙古自治区、宁夏回族自治区、新疆维吾尔族自治区和西藏自治区等 5个自治区以及重庆市。土地面积 6 98万km2 ,约占国土总面积的70 %;有全国 75 %的植物物种数和动物物种数。中国西部省区人口总数为 4 0 5亿,其中少数民族人口占相当比重。多民族文化状态造就了中国西部省区成为独特的生物 文化多样性地区;另一方面,中国西部省区面临农村贫困、自然资源与环境的退化和少数民族依然处于边缘状态的现实。本文讨论了中国西部省区的生物与文化多样性及其在经济发展方面的潜力。急需保护该地区的自然和文化,以达到可持续发展的目的。  相似文献   

14.
With this work, we propose and validate a new service system in the context of Wayfinding services to improve the SmartCities mechanism: smart mobility, smart people, smart governance and smart living services. Steering and navigation tasks through an environment constitute an essential activity in our daily lives. They have a high degree of practical value in a variety of domains, such as public area design, architectural Wayfinding, geo-positioning and navigation, as well as urban planning and environmental design. At times, people with a visual impairment may also have problems in navigating autonomously and without personal assistance, especially in unknown environments (outdoor and indoor) using a smartphone. There could also be emergency situations in which the receiving of information in real time could be crucial. People with motor disabilities usually need information to avoid environments with obstacles, to arrive at a target or to manage touchscreens in daily activities and different environments. The use of landmarks is therefore vitally important in human navigation. Wayfinding systems must change, given that according to the United Nations (UN) Development Program, people with a disability represent around 10% of the world’s population, which is approximately 650 million people. Additionally, according to the World Health Organization, the world’s population of people 60 years of age and older has doubled since 1980 and is predicted to reach 2 billion by 2050. Most Wayfinding applications in the Smartphone market suffer from at least one of the following problems: the information is not dynamic, the design is not universal or the interface is not adapted to different users and preferences. Accordingly, apps do not currently have a universal design. The GAWA platform provides a universal and accessible solution to manage Wayfinding applications that focuses on people with a disability in outdoor and indoor environments in Smartcities. According to the results, the platform could be used for performing activities in their daily lives.  相似文献   

15.
王来圣 《科教文汇》2014,(24):121-121
“百年大计,教育为本。”我国是教育文化大国,随着人们生活水平的逐渐提高,国民对教育水平的要求亦逐渐提高。人们对孩子的教育更是从小抓起,因此针对幼儿智力教育的学前教育专业在我国逐渐形成规模和体系,我国学前教育专业成了近些年来的热门专业。因大学的扩招,很多高职院校的学前教育专业的学生文化程度和素质不一样,再加上高职院校受师资力量的影响,能够培养出来的学前教育专业的人才是非常少的。这不仅仅影响了高职院校的教育口碑,还不能保证为幼儿的学前教育培养一批高素质的优秀教育人才,严重影响了幼儿教学水平,影响了幼儿的智力发展。本文主要从高职学前教育专业人才培养的重要性、我国高职学前教育专业人才培养现状和高职学前教育专业人才培养的途径三个大的方面进行详细而深入的探讨。  相似文献   

16.
张小林 《资源科学》1996,18(3):6-13
土壤侵蚀是三峡库区的主要生态环境问题，造成环境质量下降，生态系统输出能力低下，制约了该区农村经济的发展。1989年开展的三峡库区水土流失重点防治工程，以小流域为单元实施综合防治，5a来一期工程完成治理水土流失面积3594.44km2,工程区的质量得到明显改善，人民生活水平,土壤侵蚀、综合治理、环  相似文献   

17.
A rational approach for developing effective filaricides awaits greater knowledge on the biochemical pathways operating in filarial parasites. For example, metabolic pathways or key enzymes that are so pivotal to the parasite that their interruption or inhibition causes spontaneous death, could be exploited to develop effective chemotherapeutic agents. Similarly, developing a safe and nontoxic filaricidal will require precise understanding of whether or not the potential molecular target in the parasite is unique or at least different enough from the host system. Recently, we identified a novel transglutaminase enzyme (EC2.3.2.13; TGase) in filarial parasites that plays an important role during their normal growth and development. Based on these principles, TGase may serve as a new target for the development of effective chemotherapeutic agent and vaccine for controlling and preventing the infections caused by these parasites.  相似文献   

18.
Long-term exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPs) without acute poisoning can lead to various OPs. Environmental exposure to organophosphate pesticides may be associated with depression and suicide attempts in a population living in a rural agricultural area. Patients (n = 149) suffering from major depressive disorder (with and without attempted suicide) and a control group of healthy individuals (n = 64) who had been living in the same rural district for at least 1 year were selected. Red blood cell acetylcholine esterase (RBC-AChE) activity was examined as the basis of evaluating the degree of chronic environmental exposure to OPs residues. There were negative association between RBC-AChE activity levels and suicide attempts, the number of past suicide attempts and hopelessness levels in the depressive patients. The results of the study may support the idea that environmental exposure to OPs may be associated with mental health in individuals living in agricultural districts who are not farmers or working in occupations with access to OPs.  相似文献   

19.
急性白血病的特殊临床表现及误诊分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
董勤 《科技通报》1997,13(3):197-199
报告了以髓外浸润为特殊临床表现的小儿急性白血病１３例，首发症状为：骨关节、肌肉肿痛，骨折，脊柱畸形，眼球突出，黄疸，腮腺肿大．分析了引起误诊的主要原因及如何减少及避免误诊的体会，强调了早期诊断对改善小儿急性白血病预后的重要性  相似文献   

20.
生态占用方法是通过跟踪人类利用的大多数消费品和产生的废弃物，来计算生产和维持这些消费及同化废弃物所需要的生物生产性土地面积，并与生态承载力进行比较，以此衡量可持续发展的程度。该文运用生态占用分析方法，以北京市、上海市为例，估计了1999年两市居民的食物、衣着、生活用品、生活用能等主要生活消费占用的生态空间。两市居民人均生态占用面积分别为1.62hm2和1.33hm2,其中存在由于地方生活习惯差异造成的生态占用面积及类型的差异。虽然估计相对保守，但全市居民生态占用的总面积已经数十倍于城市实际面积。城市显然是“生态赤字”区，城市居民依赖于城市边界之外的生态系统满足基本生活需求。随着我国今后城市化步伐的加快，城市可持续发展问题将越来越重要，开展城市生态占用这一科学问题的研究也变得十分紧迫和重要。  相似文献   

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