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1.
The aim of the two studies presented in this article was to examine working memory performance in Dutch children with various subtypes of learning disabilities. The performance of children with reading disabilities (RD) was compared to that of children with arithmetic disabilities (AD), children with both reading and arithmetic disabilities (RAD), and chronological age-matched controls (CA). Measures covered the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the central executive. In both studies, the children with RD showed no working memory deficits whatsoever. Children with AD showed a single impairment on the task tapping working memory for dynamic visual information. Children with RAD performed lower only on the digit span backward task. The failure to replicate the expected working memory deficits in children with reading-related disabilities is discussed. 相似文献
2.
Cognitive deficits in reading disability and attention deficit disorder 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
This paper presents data from three studies (a cross-sectional study of school-referred children, a test-retest study of subtypes of reading disabilities, and a study of a large, random sample of first graders) that focus on specifying the cognitive deficits associated with reading difficulties and separating them from those associated with attentional deficits. The cognitive deficits associated with difficulty in reading were consistent across samples, developmental levels, definitions, and subtypes of reading disabilities. With IQ, age, and sex controlled for, poor readers were significantly impaired on measures of naming and phonological awareness. The effects of attentional deficits were more variable and complex but were clearly separate from the reading disability effects. 相似文献
3.
A few studies have shown more central auditory processing deficits in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) than in nondisabled children. Because these studies failed to screen participants with ADHD for learning disabilities (LD), it is not clear whether these deficits are correlates of ADHD or LD or both. In the present study, the central auditory processing ability of children with ADHD, ADHD with LD, and no disabilities was examined. Results indicated lower central auditory processing ability, and significant correlations between reading and ADHD symptoms and reading and central auditory processing ability in the ADHD with LD group compared with the other two groups. These findings suggest that central auditory processing deficits are more likely to be associated with LD than ADHD. 相似文献
4.
Virginia W. Berninger 《Annals of dyslexia》2001,51(1):21-48
The historical roots of the IQ-achievement discrepancy definition of learning disability are discussed as a reference point
for explaining why this definition came into being and why it is inadequate for dealing with the variety of learning and developmental
disabilities that present in school settings. A proposal is offered and justified for defining learning disabilities on the
basis of profiles for multiple developmental domains that affect learning. In this proposal, developmental dyslexia is differentiated
from other learning disabilities. Developmental dyslexia is defined as uneven development (dissociation) between word reading
and higher-level processes in the functional reading system. Dyslexics may struggle with word reading because of deficits
in phonological processes, orthographic-phonological connections, and/or fluency (rate, automaticity, or executive coordination).
The need for both national and international classification schemes for defining specific learning and developmental disabilities
for the purposes of educational services and research is emphasized.
Grant P50 33812-06 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development supported preparation of this article. 相似文献
5.
The successful integration of students with learning disabilities into mainstream reading classes may require teachers to adapt instruction and curricula in major ways. In this article, we discuss the relation between the instruction prescribed by standardized commercial curricula and the reading achievement of mainstreamed students with learning disabilities and other low-performing nonhandicapped students. An instructional template designed to complement commercially published reading lessons is described and its effects on the reading achievement of mainstreamed students with learning disabilities examined. Next, the limitations of generic instructional procedures to rectify the deficiencies of mainstream curricular programs for students with greater-than-average instructional needs are reviewed. We conclude with a discussion of the complexity of educating instructively needy learners in mainstream settings and the significance of well-designed instruction. 相似文献
6.
7.
The Learning Disability Index (LDI) is one of many diagnostic indicators proposed for the identification of students with learning disabilities that relies on patterns of performance on cognitive tests. The LDI is hypothesized to relate to students' specific neuropsychological deficits. The present study investigated the diagnostic utility of the LDI with the third edition of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children by comparing students previously diagnosed with learning disabilities (n = 2,053) to students without learning disabilities (n = 2,200). Subsamples of youth with specific reading (n = 445) and math (n = 168) disabilities permitted further assessment of the efficacy of the LDI. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves revealed that the LDI resulted in a correct diagnostic decision only 55% to 64% of the time. These results demonstrate that the LDI is not a valid diagnostic indicator of learning disabilities. 相似文献
8.
Carol S. Robinson Bruce M. Menchetti Joseph K. Torgesen 《Learning disabilities research & practice》2002,17(2):81-89
A two‐factor theory is proposed in an attempt to explain the difficulty that children with math disabilities have in mastering the basic number facts. The theory is based on the premise that weak cognitive representations lead to poorer retrieval of information from long‐term memory. Two groups of children with disabilities are discussed: those with math disabilities alone (MD) and those with co‐morbid math and reading disabilities (MD/RD). It is proposed that weak phonological processing abilities underlie the learning difficulties of MD/RD children, and that weak number sense is a causal factor in the math‐fact learning difficulties of MD only and some MD/RD children. 相似文献
9.
The current investigation explored the diagnostic utility of reading fluency measures in the identification of children with
reading disabilities. Participants were 50 children referred to a university-based clinic because of suspected reading problems
and/or a prior diagnosis of dyslexia, where children completed a battery of standardized intellectual, reading achievement,
and processing measures. Within this clinical sample, a group of children were identified that exhibited specific deficits
in their reading fluency skills with concurrent deficits in rapid naming speed and reading comprehension. This group of children
would not have been identified as having a reading disability according to assessment of single word reading skills alone,
suggesting that it is essential to assess reading fluency in addition to word reading because failure to do so may result
in the under-identification of children with reading disabilities. 相似文献
10.
Visual processing of verbal and nonverbal stimuli in adolescents with reading disabilities 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
This study investigated whether a group of children with reading disabilities (RD) were slower at processing visual information in general (compared to a group of children of comparable age and a group of children of comparable reading level), or whether their deficit was specific to the written word. Computerized backward masking and temporal integration tasks were used to assess the speed of visual information processing. Stimulus complexity (simple, complex) and type (verbal, nonverbal) were varied, creating a 2 x 2 matrix of stimulus conditions: simple nonverbal, complex nonverbal, simple verbal, and complex verbal. Adolescents with RD demonstrated difficulties in processing rapidly presented verbal and nonverbal visual stimuli, although the effect was magnified when they were processing verbal stimuli. Thus, the results of this study suggest that some youth with reading disabilities have visual temporal processing deficits that compound difficulties in processing verbal information during reading. 相似文献
11.
3年级汉语阅读障碍儿童的诊断及其特征分析--"听力理解-阅读理解差异诊断模式"初探 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
本研究探索性地运用“听力理解—阅读理解差异模式”诊断汉语阅读障碍儿童,并在中文文字系统内对该模式的理论基础和实证效力进行了验证。研究结果表明,阅读成份理论适用于中文文字系统;“听力理解—阅读理解差异诊断模式”能够有效确定不同阅读障碍儿童的主要缺陷:解码、理解以及混合成分,这利于之后的教育矫治。 相似文献
12.
This study was designed to examine whether the phonetic regularity of a language can significantly influence the prevalence and pattern of developmental dyslexia. Demographically matched samples of fifth-grade children in Italy (N = 448) and the United States (N = 1,278) were evaluated to identify children with specific reading disabilities. Reading disabled children with average intelligence were compared to normal controls on a series of neuropsychological tests to evaluate specific cognitive deficits associated with reading disorders in each country. The findings suggested that (a) dyslexia is more prevalent in the United States than in Italy, (b) reading disabilities are strongly associated with disorders of verbal processing in both countries, although some American dyslexics also show visual-motor deficits, and (c) there is a greater dissociation between reading comprehension and decoding in Italian than in English. 相似文献
13.
Maryanne Wolf 《Annals of dyslexia》1999,49(1):1-28
This paper is a written version of the Norman Geschwind Lecture delivered to the International Dyslexia Association on November
13, 1998. The first purpose is a theoretical one: to describe a new conceptualization of reading disabilities, the double-deficit
hypothesis, that depicts and integrates work on two core deficits in the phonological system and in processes underlying naming
speed. Implications for subtyping, diagnosis, and, in particular, intervention are described. The second purpose is to thank
the women and men whose commitment to children with reading disabilities has transformed our field over the last century.
Within that double set of purposes, I wish to dedicate this paper to five research teachers whose insights have been the foundation
for my work and the efforts of many of us in the field of reading disabilities research: Jeanne Chall, Carol Chomsky, Martha
Bridge Denckla, Helen Popp, and especially, Norman Geschwind. 相似文献
14.
This article integrates the findings in the special issue with a comprehensive review of the evidence for seven central questions about the role of naming-speed deficits in developmental reading disabilities. Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and cross-linguistic research on naming-speed processes, timing processes, and reading is presented. An evolving model of visual naming illustrates areas of difference and areas of overlap between naming speed and phonology in their underlying requirements. Work in the cognitive neurosciences is used to explore two nonexclusive hypotheses about the putative links between naming speed and reading processes and about the sources of disruption that may cause subtypes of reading disabilities predicted by the double-deficit hypothesis. Finally, the implications of the work in this special issue for diagnosis and intervention are elaborated. 相似文献
15.
Object-naming deficits in children with reading problems may be due to deficiencies in either the phonological stage of processing
or the semantic stage. The present study approached this issue by manipulating the type of cue given (semantic or phonetic)
when object drawings were not named correctly by first-grade children. Although the children who were poor readers named significantly
fewer objects than the good readers, both groups of children benefited from phonetic cues. In contrast, semantic cues had
relatively little effect. These results support the view that difficulty on object naming is more likely related to phonological
deficiencies. 相似文献
16.
Read aloud is a testing accommodation that has been studied by many researchers, and its use on K‐12 assessments continues to be debated because of its potential to change the measured construct or unfairly increase test scores. This study is a summary of quantitative research on the read aloud accommodation. Previous studies contributed information to compute average effect sizes for students with disabilities, students without disabilities, and the difference between groups for reading and mathematics using a random effects meta‐analytic approach. Results suggest that (1) effect sizes are larger for reading than for math for both student groups, (2) the read aloud accommodation increases reading test scores for both groups, but more so for students with disabilities, and (3) mathematics scores gains due to the read aloud accommodation are small for both students with and without disabilities, on average. There was some evidence to suggest larger effects in elementary school relative to middle and high school and possible mode effects, but more studies are needed within levels of the moderator variables to conduct statistical tests. 相似文献
17.
Lester Tarnopol Sc.D. J. Scott Breed M.A. Muriel Tarnopol M.A. Michael Ozaki B.A. 《Annals of dyslexia》1977,27(1):132-148
Summary Seventy “predelinquent” disadvantaged seventh-grade students and 30 controls were compared on fifteen variables. It was found
that the experimental group was significantly behind the controls in reading, grade-point-average, IQ test scores (verbal
and nonverbal), as well as on measures of visual-motor and auditory perceptual functioning. It appears that the experimental
youngsters display a syndrome usually considered to evidence specific learning disabilities. However, in this type of population
it is difficult to separate the effects of environmentally determined deficits from inherent deficits. Therefore, it was not
possible to estimate the incidence of true specific learning disabilities. On the other hand, it was suggested that regardless
of the etiology of the deficits, these children could profit from the same types of educational opportunities as have been
found well-suited to aid children with learning disabilities. 相似文献
18.
Enid Reichrath Luc P. de Witte Ieke Winkens 《International Journal of Inclusive Education》2013,17(6):563-580
Implementing effective interventions in general education increases the chances of success for students with disabilities. Often the effectiveness of interventions is not known. The aim of this review was to investigate what interventions are used in general education and what is known about their effectiveness so that educational institutions can exchange best practices and students with disabilities have better opportunities for successful participation in general education. A systematic literature search was conducted in four databases. Three investigators assessed the relevance of the studies identified. In only half of the studies is information on the effectiveness of interventions reported. Due to enormous variety in the types of interventions, effect measures, disability groups, and focus on different types of education, we chose to focus on reading interventions for improving the reading skills of students with reading and/or learning disabilities. Other interventions are shortly mentioned. All of the eight reading interventions found seem to have positive influences on reading skills. However, the methodological quality in some studies was low. Still, recommendations for actual interventions in general education are made. Measuring the effectiveness of interventions systematically and publishing the information helps others to implement effective interventions without having to reinvent them. 相似文献
19.
Escribano CL 《Journal of learning disabilities》2007,40(4):319-330
The double-deficit hypothesis acknowledges both phonological processing deficits and serial naming speed deficits as two dimensions associated with reading disabilities. The purpose of this study was to examine these two dimensions of reading as they were related to the reading skills of 29 Spanish average readers and poor readers (mean age 9 years 7 months) who met the criteria for either single phonological deficit (PD), double deficit (DD), or no deficit. DD children were the slowest readers and had the weakest orthography processing skills. No significant differences were found between PD and DD groups on word and pseudoword reading. Word reading and reading comprehension skills were average or above average in the three studied groups. As in previous studies in transparent orthographies, word reading was not a salient problem for Spanish poor readers, whereas for the DD group, reading speed and orthographic recognition skills were significantly affected. 相似文献
20.
《Scientific Studies of Reading》2013,17(1):87-110
This study employed the distinction between lexical and supralexical processes in reading in order to gain a more fine-grained picture of the relationships between early language impairment and later reading disabilities. We hypothesized that early semantic-syntactic deficits would be only weakly related, if at all, to the characteristically modular word recognition processes involved in reading isolated words and pseudowords. On the other hand, early language deficiencies were expected to be significantly associated with processes operating beyond the level of individual words when children are required to read and understand connected text. These predictions were tested using data from a longitudinal study of over 500 unselected children followed from kindergarten to the end of Grade 1. Both traditional categorical analyses of specific subgroups with early language impairment or later reading disability as well as dimensional (regression) analyses were carried out. As predicted, higher order language was found to be related to supralexical aspects of reading after controlling IQ, age, gender and socioeconomic status, with only a weak and statistically marginal association with lexical processing. With biosocial variables and phonological awareness partialled out, higher order language was unrelated to lexical aspects of reading. These data highlight the multicomponential nature of reading and suggest that different measures of reading cannot simply be regarded as interchangeable measures of a single undifferentiated reading construct. 相似文献