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1.
In this article we have seen how the principles of quantum physics can be exploited in making a computational device. However, we still haven’t seen the kind of algorithms a quantum computer would use and how they would be different from traditional algorithms. We will look at these issues in the next part of this article, with the help of Shor’s famous factorization algorithm. We will also briefly mention some practical issues and the progress achieved so far. 相似文献
2.
Kamal Lodaya 《Resonance》2009,14(4):367-379
To solve problems occurring in the real world, computing scientists devise algorithms. These algorithms are programmed on
computers and used to solve the problems. But computing scientists also talk about ‘machines’ of various kinds, such as Turing
machines, Mealy machines and von Neumann machines. (These are quite different from actual computers.) This article examines
how algorithms turn into machines. The problems considered are the very elementary ones of addition, multiplication and factoring. 相似文献
3.
What is the first step beyond this dreaming activity? Understanding where future research in this area could move is an excellent extension of this work. Is the distancing experienced by girls’ interactions with computer software oozing beyond the borders of the screen, beyond what is inside the computer? Might it be that the distancing is also a function of the external manifestation of the computer itself the way it looks on the outside? We don’t know how important the physical structure of the computer is. This is an area worthy of more rigorous research. Our work focuses on the actual, unalterable hardware facets of computers from the late 1990’s the outside 6 and suggests alternative constructions that might make computers more approachable for and appealing to girls. But we don’t know if indeed such computers would be more appealing, nor do we know what the interest or impact of more essentialized recent computers such as the Barbie and Hot Wheels computers are. Rigorous qualitative research into the adoption tendencies and impact on gender relations of the introduction of such essentialized products needs to be accomplished. The original design of the computer was based not on marketing needs or perceptions, nor on progressive concepts of equity, but rather on functionality for those who created the hardware itself. As a result, it is likely to be quite appealing to the designers, but may be less so to those who were outside this creative process. The importance of resting the design decisions with users has been the subject of several important texts on developing computer systems including Norman’s Design of Everyday Things (1988) and also Schuler & Namioka’s Participatory Design: Principles and Practices (1993). 相似文献
4.
Neil Gislason 《Learning Environments Research》2010,13(2):127-145
This article develops a theoretical framework for studying how instructional space, teaching and learning are related in practice.
It is argued that a school’s physical design can contribute to the quality of the learning environment, but several non-architectural
factors also determine how well a given facility serves as a setting for teaching and learning. Supporting evidence for this
argument is drawn from research on school climate and organisation, as well as from the author’s study of three open-plan
high schools. Facilities design, educational practice, school culture, and student learning are found to be interrelated aspects
of a school’s total learning environment. 相似文献
5.
Karin I. E. Dahlin 《Reading and writing》2011,24(4):479-491
This study examines the relationship between working memory and reading achievement in 57 Swedish primary-school children
with special needs. First, it was examined whether children’s working memory could be enhanced by a cognitive training program,
and how the training outcomes would relate to their reading development. Next, it was explored how differential aspects of
working memory are related to children’s reading outcomes. The working memory training yielded effects, and these effects
appeared beneficial to children’s reading comprehension development. Working memory measures were found to be related with
children’s word reading and reading comprehension. The results show that working memory can be seen as a crucial factor in
the reading development of literacy among children with special needs, and that interventions to improve working memory may
help children becoming more proficient in reading comprehension. 相似文献
6.
Frederick Williams Joseph Coulombe Leah Lievrouw 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》1983,31(1):3-7
While it has been established that children have positive attitudes toward the use of computers when used in computer-assisted
instruction, little is known about children’s attitudes toward small“home” or“personal” computers. Results of this study indicate
that children have multidimensional attitudes toward small computers, their interaction with these computers, and ease of
use. 相似文献
7.
This paper shows how the patterns of variation created in the teaching were critical in helping a class of Primary 3 students
in Hong Kong to learn about the colour of light, so that the students attained conceptual rather than procedural knowledge.
A ‘Learning Study’ approach was adopted, which is a Lesson Study grounded in a particular learning theory to improve teaching
and learning. This study, based on the learning theory of Variation advanced by Marton and Booth, was premised on three types
of variation: variation in students’ ways of experiencing what is to be taught/learnt (V1), variation in teachers’ ways of
dealing with the ‘object of learning’ (V2), and the use of ‘pattern of variation’ as a guiding principle of pedagogical design
to enhance students’ learning (V3). In planning the lesson, a conscious effort was made to create relevant patterns of variation,
i.e. varying certain critical aspect(s) while keeping other aspects of the object of learning invariant in order to help students
to discern those aspects. Comparison between the results of the pre- and post-test shows that there was significant gain in
the students’ learning outcomes with respect to the intended object of learning. The findings contribute knowledge to how
the Theory of Variation can be used in practice. It also illustrates how teachers can make use of this theoretical framework
to analyze their own teaching and thereby, develop an analytical awareness of teaching and learning. 相似文献
8.
This article examines the role elementary school children’s spontaneous metaphors play in learning science. The data consists
of tape recordings of about 25 h from five different schools. The material is analysed using a practical epistemology analysis
and by using Dewey’s ideas on the continuity and transformation of experience. The results show the rich and varied meanings
that children put into their spontaneous metaphors. Their metaphors deal with facts as well as norms and aesthetics in relation
to the science content taught and they influence learning both through what is made salient, as well as through their relations
to the children’s possibilities of proceeding with their undertakings. Often one and the same metaphor encompassed all these
cognitive, aesthetic and normative aspects at the same time. It is discussed how this rich meaning can be cultured in a productive
way, and how the children’s spontaneous metaphors, with all their relations, can be used to enhance conceptual learning and
also learning about the nature of metaphor use in science. Through their connection with various experiences of the children,
it is also shown how children’s spontaneous metaphors have the potential to enliven and humanise the subject. 相似文献
9.
Optical computing 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Researchers are using new conducting polymers to make transistor-like switches that are smaller and thousand times faster
than the silicon transistors. Electricity-conducting organic molecules that are much thinner than semiconductor wires, are
being teased into self-assembling. These advances promise super-tiny all-optical chips. In fact, progress in optical storage
devices can now shrink an entire Library’s book collection down to sugar-cube size. Optical computers could be leaving silicon
number crunchers choking in the dust by decade’s end. 相似文献
10.
Shailesh A. Shirali 《Resonance》2008,13(12):1156-1172
In this article we examine the role of mappings in elementary geometry. After making some comments about the Erlangen programme
initiated by Felix Klein in 1872, wherein he proposed a way of studying geometries based on the underlying transformation
groups, we see how theorems like Von Aubel’s theorem and Napoleon’s theorem can be proved in an elegant manner using similarity
mappings, and how some construction problems may be solved using isometries. At the end we present a recent proof by Alain
Connes of “Morley’s Miracle”, based on affine transformations.
Shailesh Shirali heads a Community Mathematics Center at Rishi Valley School (KFI). He has a deep interest in teaching and
writing about mathematics at the high school/post school levels, with particular emphasis on problem solving and the historical
aspects of the subject. 相似文献
11.
Stephen Brookfield 《Interchange》2004,35(3):375-384
This response to Mayo’s book emphasizes its Gramscian aspects and explores two dimensions not addressed in the original. The
first is Cornel West’s attempt to racialize Gramsci and examine how his ideas might serve the interests of African-Americans.
The second is Michael Newman and Ian Baptiste’s exploration of the partisan, directive role of adult educators confronting
situations of conflict. 相似文献
12.
Pandora Hadzidaki 《Science & Education》2008,17(6):613-639
In this paper, we present a multi-dimensional study concerning Heisenberg’s ‚gamma ray microscope’, a thought experiment,
which is intimately connected with the historical development of quantum mechanics (QM), and also with the most disputed interpretations
of quantum theory. In this study: (a) we investigate how philosophers of science read and explicate the function of thought
experimentation in physical science; (b) in the light of relevant philosophical theories, we examine the complicated epistemological
questions raised by the ‚gamma-ray microscope’ during the birth-process of QM and the contribution of this thought experiment
to the clarification of the physical meaning of Heisenberg’s indeterminacy relations; (c) on the basis of the preceding analysis,
we propose an instructional intervention, which aims at leading learners not only to an essential understanding of QM worldview,
but to a deep insight into the Nature of Science as well. 相似文献
13.
Chronoula Voutsina 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2012,79(2):193-214
This study analysed the different types of arithmetic knowledge that young children utilise when solving a multiple-step addition
task. The focus of the research was on the procedural and conceptual changes that occur as children develop their overall
problem solving approach. Combining qualitative case study with a micro-genetic approach, clinical interviews were conducted
with ten 5–6-year-old children. The aim was to document how children combine knowledge of addition facts, calculation procedures
and arithmetic concepts when solving a multiple-step task and how children’s application of different types of knowledge and
overall solving approach changes and develops when children engage with solving the task in a series of problem solving sessions.
The study documents children’s pathways towards developing a more effective and systematic approach to multiple-step tasks
through different phases of their problem solving behaviour. The analysis of changes in children’s overt behaviour reveals
a dynamic interplay between children’s developing representation of the task, their improved procedures and gradually their
more explicit grasp of the conceptual aspects of their strategy. The findings provide new evidence that supports aspects of
the “iterative model” hypothesis of the interaction between procedural and conceptual knowledge and highlight the need for
educational approaches and tasks that encourage and trigger the interplay of different types of knowledge in young children’s
arithmetic problem solving. 相似文献
14.
In the present study we attempt to incorporate the philosophical dialogue about physical reality into the instructional process
of quantum mechanics. Taking into account that both scientific realism and constructivism represent, on the basis of a rather
broad spectrum, prevalent philosophical currents in the domain of science education, the compatibility of their essential
commitments is examined against the conceptual structure of quantum theory. It is argued in this respect that the objects
of science do not simply constitute ‘personal constructions’ of the human mind for interpreting nature, as individualist constructivist
consider, neither do they form products of a ‘social construction’, as sociological constructivist assume; on the contrary,
they reflect objective structural aspects of the physical world. A realist interpretation of quantum mechanics, we suggest,
is not only possible but also necessary for revealing the inner meaning of the theory’s scientific content. It is pointed
out, however, that a viable realist interpretation of quantum theory requires the abandonment or radical revision of the classical
conception of physical reality and its traditional metaphysical presuppositions. To this end, we put forward an alternative
to traditional realism interpretative scheme, that is in harmony with the findings of present-day quantum theory, and which,
if adequately introduced into the instructional process of contemporary physics, is expected to promote the conceptual reconstruction
of learners towards an appropriate view of nature. 相似文献
15.
The advent of computer technology in the classroom raised the issue of its appropriate use by teachers and their students
alike. It has been recommended that teacher education programs provide more opportunities for teacher candidates’ use of technology
including teaching their own technology-enhanced lessons. With a goal of integrating scholarship into student teaching, a
teacher candidate enrolled in a graduate program in childhood education carried out a technology-enhanced research project
within a professional development school. Examining the impact of the project on the teacher candidate, this article describes
how one’s pedagogical content knowledge and technological competence can be developed through a research-oriented teaching
experience. The article also demonstrates the emergence of a community of practice that shares the goal of providing learning
spaces for the teacher candidate and young children in the context of mathematics enrichment with computers. 相似文献
16.
The use of portfolio assessment is a valuable tool for teachers to use with young children to better understand how young
children develop and learn. An intentional data collection and documentation system becomes a very powerful assessment tool,
one that is authentic and based on children’s capabilities and strengths. Children, educators, parents, and administrators
are able to see the collection of items that celebrates the child. This article will describe several aspects of the portfolio
system including: what a portfolio is; it’s purposes; how to create the portfolio; and, how to use the portfolio with families. 相似文献
17.
Cathy Burnett 《Education and Information Technologies》2011,16(3):245-258
In maximising opportunities to nurture rich and productive learning communities, there is a need to know more about the cultures
and sub-cultures that surround virtual learning environments (VLEs). Drawing from a small-scale interview study of students’
digital practices, this paper explores how different discourses may have patterned a group of students’ experiences of VLEs.
Unlike studies which have focused upon evaluations of specific projects or interventions, this study investigated their experience
across their course. It explores the student identities they associated with digital environments and the power relationships
which seemed to pattern how they positioned themselves (or felt positioned) as learners. Whilst none were intimidated by technical
aspects, the student identities available to them seemed to vary, as did their perceptions of the student identities associated
with university-sponsored digital environments. The analysis considers three aspects of their experience: how they related
to the VLE itself, how they related to others through this, and the alternative communities they created to attempt to manage
their engagement with the VLE. The paper concludes by arguing for further research which focuses on the broader student experience
across courses in order to explore how university-based digital environments intersect with students’ identities as learners. 相似文献
18.
Isabel Escudero Victoria Sánchez 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2008,6(1):87-106
In this paper we try to characterize the pedagogical approaches that mathematics teachers are developing to meet the challenges
posed by education reforms. A key aspect is the identification of the perspectives that underlie those pedagogical approaches,
using the term perspective to include a broad pedagogical structure composed of multiple conceptions that are related to some
aspects of a teacher’s practice. Through the study of the practice of a secondary mathematics teacher, we try to explore how
his/her pedagogical approaches on mathematics, mathematics learning, and mathematics teaching are related to the relational
architecture that is established in the classroom during the development of an instructional unit of similarity at a secondary
school level, and we examine if that relationship can be explained in terms of the underlying perspective. The results of
the study have shown the characteristics of that relationship, and the important role that the teacher’s knowledge of the
students’ difficulties plays both in making decisions and in developing the teachers’ actions. 相似文献
19.
Kangdon Lee 《TechTrends》2012,56(2):13-21
There are many different ways for people to be educated and trained with regard to specific information and skills they need.
These methods include classroom lectures with textbooks, computers, handheld devices, and other electronic appliances. The
choice of learning innovation is dependent on an individual’s access to various technologies and the infrastructure environment
of a person’s surrounding. In a rapidly changing society where there is a great deal of available information and knowledge,
adopting and applying information at the right time and right place is needed to main efficiency in both school and business
settings. Augmented Reality (AR) is one technology that dramatically shifts the location and timing of education and training.
This literature review research describes Augmented Reality (AR), how it applies to education and training, and the potential
impact on the future of education. 相似文献
20.
Toni Downes 《Education and Information Technologies》1996,1(3-4):191-201
This paper presents the findings of a recent research project into children’s access to and use of computers in their homes.
The study involved over 400 children who regularly used a computer at home. The children were aged between five and twelve
and came from a variety of social, economic and cultural backgrounds in urban Sydney. Significant themes that emerged from
the discussion included issues of equity and access, the variety of use of computers, the ways children learned to use them
in their homes and children’s perceptions of differences between computing at home and at school. Each of these themes is
discussed in terms of the implications for schools and teachers. 相似文献