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1.
儿童词汇习得理论述评 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
儿童在习得语言的过程中究竟怎样习得和学习词汇、词汇意义和指称，研究们从不同角度提出了不同的理论假设，并作了相应的实验研究。这些理论假设主要有：(1)花园变化学习理论，认为儿童学习词汇是一个联想式学习过程，即把语音与感性经验的显性方面联系起来。(2)制约原则论，认为儿童习得词汇除了通常的联想式学习过程外，还必须利用某种演绎限制机制，以便对词汇意义范围和指称范围做出限制。(3)社会语用理论，认为儿童习得词汇从本质上来说是完全社会化的过程，他们学习词汇不需要特定的语言限制，需要的是具有可塑性的、强有力的社会认知技能，儿童正是依赖这种技能去理解各种情境中交际的意图的。本对儿童词汇习得理论进行了综观研究，对各理论假设作了分析和述评。 相似文献
2.
有关儿童习得词汇的研究主要有三种理论假设 :联想学习理论、制约原则论和社会语用理论。本文在分析前两种词汇习得理论缺陷的基础上 ,着重对社会语用认知理论进行了评述。该理论强调 ,具有可塑性的、强有力的社会认知技能是儿童成功习得词汇的关键因素 相似文献
3.
近年来围绕语言习得关键期的假设学术界出现了许多不同观点、重大发现和研究进展。国外学者通过对语言环境受到剥夺的儿童和成年人的研究指出年龄在第一语言习得中发挥着至关重要的作用。同时,年龄问题在二语习得领域的研究中进展得也十分迅速,但是研究者们始终没有达成一致意见。通过对国外第一语言习得和第二语言习得关键期假设研究动态、研究发现和最新进展的分析．本文提出了儿童要尽可能早地开始学习母语,但什么时候开始学习外语可以因学习时间长短、学习目的和动机的不同而因人而异。 相似文献
4.
徐中锋 《沙洋师范高等专科学校学报》2010,11(4):15-17
针对第二语言习得＂关键期假设＂（Critical Period Hypothesis,CPH）的理论,文章考察了学者们不同观点,指出并不存在二语习得（Second Language Acquisition,SLA）的最佳年龄,也不支持通常认为的儿童更善于学习二语的论断。不同年龄段的人在语言学习的不同方面各有长处,学习者应该充分发挥自身优势学习目标语（target language）。这些对我们的外语教学也有一定的启示作用。 相似文献
5.
整体假设是儿童习得词汇的早期所依赖的一项重要原则,它的存在使儿童将新出现的词汇作为物体的名称而不是物体的部分、属性、动作和空间关系.进一步分析此原则产生的原因,发现无论持何种语言的儿童在词汇习得的早期都倾向于使用整体假设将新习得的词汇作为物体的名称,可见,它具有跨文化的稳定性.但由于研究中各方面的局限,欲透析整体假设的性质尚需大量的研究. 相似文献
6.
近年来,国外的一些偶然词汇习得研究都表明带任务的阅读比纯阅读更能促进阅读过程中的词汇习得。尽管偶然性学习可以增加词汇习得,但是其习得过程是缓慢的,并且习得哪些词汇,什么时候习得及习得至何种程度都无法预料。基于这些问题,Laofer与Hulstjn（2001）构建了参与量假设,本文主要探讨＂投入量假设＂对英语偶然词汇习得的影响。 相似文献
7.
《校园英语(教研版)》2016,(11):46-47
本文以Laufer和Hulstijin提出的投入量假设为理论基础,探讨不同的阅读任务投入量对英语专业学生词汇附带习得产生的影响。本研究采用实验设计,对三个实验组实施不同的阅读任务,并对阅读任务进行量化,分析投入量不同的阅读任务对词汇附带习得的即时作用和延时作用是否具有显著差异。在此研究的基础上,以期对国内二语词汇的教学有一定的启示作用。 相似文献
8.
为进一步检验＂投入量假设＂理论,本研究比较了四组不同投入量的任务（正误判断、选词填空、翻译句子和用目标词造句）对词汇知识附带习得的效果。研究结果表明,较高的投入量不一定带来较好的习得与保持效果。 相似文献
9.
母语迁移是影响二语习得的重要因素之一.正迁移促进语言学习,负迁移则制约语言学习.本文对母语为汉语的英语学习者在词汇习得过程中出现的母语负迁移现象的原因及其制约作了简单分析,并就如何克服这种负面影响略述对策. 相似文献
10.
文章首先对Swain的输出假设理论进行了概述,然后分析了Swain的输出假设对二语词汇习得的影响及其对教学的启示,包括二语词汇习得存在的问题、Swain的输出假设对二语词汇习得的影响、Swain的输出假设对二语词汇习得教学的启示。 相似文献
11.
早期汉语儿童多义词的习得策略——一个北京话儿童的个案研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
儿童多义词的习得在理论上存在三种途径:一是按各义项的派生过程来习得,可称为连续性策略;二是独立进行不同义项的习得,可称为离散性策略;三是上述两种策略综合使用。通过对早期儿童产出的多义词义项所做的穷尽性统计可以看出,早期儿童多义词义项习得的策略是多方面的,其制约因素也是多方面的。本文在认知及功能理论框架内认为:早期儿童习得多义词时,如果没有其他因素的干扰,会无意识地采取连续性策略;而如果违反认知规律来习得语言项目,必有较强的功能因素,表现为:实用性最强的义项优先习得,输入频率高的义项优先习得。另外,多义词不同义项之间的意义相关度对义项习得次序也可能有一定的影响。 相似文献
12.
运用调查研究法、个案纵向观察法、数理统计法对两名1～3岁说汉语儿童的方位词习得及使用情况进行研究分析,并从认知语言学意象图式的角度来探讨儿童早期方位词的习得过程,结果显示：儿童方位词的习得遵循一定顺序;＂上＂类及＂里＂类方位词的习得要早于＂下＂类及＂外＂类方位词,且出现的频率明显高于其他方位词.笔者认为,儿童方位词的习得受到儿童早期认知能力、方位词的语义理解难度、语言输入频度等因素的影响. 相似文献
13.
《Scientific Studies of Reading》2013,17(2):119-144
Efficiency in basic reading processes can be discussed in terms of accuracy and speed. In this longitudinal study, the development of accurate and fast reading processes was studied in a group of 66 children learning to read simultaneously in English, their first language (L1), and Hebrew, their second language (L2). Children's speed and accuracy were compared in Grade 1 and Grade 2 on parallel L1 and L2 tasks of letter naming, reading isolated words and the same words in text. Results indicated that corresponding accuracy and speed across the two languages are highly correlated. Despite differences in language familiarity and different orthographies, accuracy and speed rates of isolated word reading in L1 and L2 were highly similar. Yet, in L1, children were more efficient (faster and more accurate) in reading text than isolated words, but in early stages of L2 reading acquisition, text reading was not more efficient than the reading of isolated words. In terms of efficiency components in L2 language, accuracy distinguished good from poor L2 readers, but speed did not. It is concluded that (a) steps associated with the development of L1 reading efficiency (i.e., accuracy attained before speed) are applicable to the development of word recognition skills in L2, but they do not emerge concurrently in both languages and (b) specific linguistic features such as orthographic depth and morphosyntactic complexity may interact with more global L2 proficiency effects in determining the course of L2 reading skills development. 相似文献
14.
Wauters LN Tellings AE van Bon WH Mak WM 《Journal of deaf studies and deaf education》2008,13(2):175-192
This article examines the role of mode of acquisition (MoA) of word meanings in reading comprehension: children acquire word meanings using perceptual information (e.g., hearing, seeing, or smelling the referent) and/or linguistic information (e.g., verbal explanations). A total of 72 deaf and 99 hearing children between 7 and 15 years of age performed a self-paced reading task. Comprehension scores increased with age in both groups, but reading speed increased over age only for the hearing participants. For both groups, reading times on linguistically acquired words were longer than on perceptually acquired words. Although deaf children scored lower than hearing children in both conditions, comprehension scores for both groups were lower on linguistic items than on perceptual items. Thus, MoA influences reading comprehension, but the deaf show difficulty on both the perceptual and the linguistic items. 相似文献
15.
Hollich GJ Hirsh-Pasek K Golinkoff RM Brand RJ Brown E Chung HL Hennon E Rocroi C 《Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development》2000,65(3):i-vi, 1-123
How do children learn their first words? The field of language development has been polarized by responses to this question. Explanations range from constraints/principles accounts that emphasize the importance of cognitive heuristics in language acquisition, to social-pragmatic accounts that highlight the role of parent-child interaction, to associationistic accounts that highlight the role of "dumb attentional mechanisms" in word learning. In this Monograph, an alternative to these accounts is presented: the emergentist coalition theory. A hybrid view of word learning, this theory characterizes lexical acquisition as the emergent product of multiple factors, including cognitive constraints, social-pragmatic factors, and global attentional mechanisms. The model makes three assumptions: (a) that children cull from multiple inputs available for word learning at any given time, (b) that these inputs are differentially weighted over development, and (c) that children develop emergent principles of word learning, which guide subsequent word acquisition. With few exceptions, competing accounts of the word learning process have examined children who are already veteran word learners. By focusing on the very beginnings of word learning at around 12 months of age, however, it is possible to see how social and cognitive factors are coordinated in the process of vocabulary development. After presenting a new method for investigating word learning, the development of reference is used as a test case of the theory. In 12 experiments, with children ranging in age from 12 to 25 months of age, data are described that support the emergentist coalition model. This fundamentally developmental theory posits that children construct principles of word learning. As children's word learning principles emerge and develop, the character of word learning changes over the course of the 2nd year of life. 相似文献
16.
Six match-to-sample picture/object selection experiments were designed to explore children's knowledge about superordinate words (e.g., "food") and how they acquire this knowledge. Three factors were found to influence the learning and extension of superordinate words in 3- to 5-year-old children (N = 230): The number of standards (one versus two), the type of standards presented (from different basic-level categories versus from the same basic-level category), and the nature of the object representations used (pictures versus objects). A different pattern of superordinate word acquisition was found between 3-year-olds and 4- and 5-year-olds. Although 4- and 5-year-olds could learn and extend novel words to superordinate categories in the presence of two picture exemplars from different categories or a single three-dimensional (3-D) exemplar, 3-year-olds could do so only in the presence of two 3-D exemplars. These findings indicate that young children's acquisition of superordinate words is influenced by multiple factors and that there is a developmental progression from multiple exemplars to single exemplars in superordinate word learning. 相似文献
17.
The lexical restructuring model (LRM) is a theory that attempts to explain the developmental origins of phonological awareness (PA). According to the LRM, various characteristics of words should be related to the extent to which words are segmentally represented in the lexicon. Segmental representations of words allow children to access the parts of words needed to complete PA tasks. This study examined the relations between various lexical characteristics of Spanish and English words and the PA skills of Spanish-speaking language-minority children. Participants came from two independent samples of Spanish-speaking preschool children (Sample 1 N = 553, Sample 2 N = 600). For children in both samples, only phonotactic probability was related to children’s likelihood to respond correctly to Spanish PA items. Age of acquisition and word frequency were related to children’s likelihood to respond correctly to English PA items for children in both samples. Phonological neighborhood density and phonotactic probability were also related to children’s likelihood to respond correctly to English PA items; however, these effects were sample-specific. Children’s Spanish vocabulary knowledge moderated the effects of Spanish age of acquisition and word frequency on responses to Spanish PA items. Children’s English vocabulary knowledge moderated the effects of English phonological neighborhood density and phonotactic probability on responses to English PA items. These findings have implications for the development of PA assessments to be used with language-minority children. 相似文献
18.
Young Children's Concept of Color and Its Relation to the Acquisition of Color Words 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Nancy N. Soja 《Child development》1994,65(3):918-937
Many children experience great difficulty in learning their first color word. In contrast, once children have learned 1 color word, they learn additional color words more easily. This striking fact raises the question of whether children who do not know color words have conceptual color categories capable of supporting inferences about word meaning. In 3 experiments 2-year-olds were provided with tasks that required them to base inferences on color or to map things onto color. Half the children comprehended at least 1 color word, and the remaining children comprehended none. In all experiments, the children in both groups succeeded on the color tasks. It was argued that children who do not know color words have the conceptual foundation necessary to base inferences on color but have specific constraints against basing inferences about word meaning on color. 相似文献
19.
The study tested phonemic awareness in the two languages of Russian (L1)–Hebrew (L2) sequential bilingual children (N = 20) using phoneme deletion tasks where the phoneme to be deleted occurred word initial, word final, as a singleton, or part of a cluster, in long and short words and stressed and unstressed syllables. The experiments were designed to test the effect of four linguistic factors on children’s phoneme deletion: phoneme position (initial, final), linguistic context (singleton, cluster), word length and stress. The results indicated that word length and stress confirmed previous findings in other languages demonstrating the universal validity of these factors. However, phoneme position and linguistic context gave rise to novel findings in the languages studied and provided evidence for language-specific effects on phonemic awareness reflecting onset-rime versus body-coda syllable structure differences. The results are discussed within the framework of universal versus language-specific constraints on phonemic awareness performance in different languages. 相似文献
20.
Catherine McBride-Chang Dan Lin Phil D. Liu Dorit Aram Iris Levin Jeung-Ryeul Cho Hua Shu Yuping Zhang 《Reading and writing》2012,25(1):283-300
In the present study, maternal Pinyin mediation and its relations with young Chinese children??s word reading and word writing development were explored. At time 1, 43 Mainland Chinese children and their mothers were videotaped on a task in which children were asked to write 12 words in Pinyin (a phonological coding system used in Mainland China as an aid to reading Chinese characters) with help from their mothers. The videotapes were later coded on a scale (adapted from Aram & Levin, 2001) of mothers?? writing facilitation techniques. Scores on this scale of maternal mediation of Pinyin uniquely explained children??s reading of Chinese words, but not writing of Chinese words, after statistically controlling for maternal education and age, and children??s non-verbal IQ, age, and phonological awareness. At time 2, 22 of the children from time 1 were further tested on Chinese word reading and word reading task 1?year later. After controlling for children??s age and non-verbal IQ, maternal Pinyin mediation uniquely explained 6% of the variance in children??s word writing and 7% of the variance in children??s word reading performance at time 2. Results underscore the potential importance of the maternal scaffolding role for reading acquisition both theoretically and practically in a domain not previously explored (i.e., use of a common coding system (Pinyin) for learning to read, rather than word reading itself). 相似文献