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Flexible batteries, which maintain their functions potently under various mechanical deformations, attract increasing interest due to potential applications in emerging portable and wearable electronics. Significant efforts have been devoted to material synthesis and structural designs to realize the mechanical flexibility of various batteries. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have a unique one-dimensional (1D) nanostructure and are convenient to further assemble into diverse macroscopic structures, such as 1D fibers, 2D films and 3D sponges/aerogels. Due to their outstanding mechanical and electrical properties, CNTs and CNT-based hybrid materials are superior building blocks for different components in flexible batteries. This review summarizes recent progress on the application of CNTs in developing flexible batteries, from closed-system to open-system batteries, with a focus on different structural designs of CNT-based material systems and their roles in various batteries. We also provide perspectives on the challenges and future research directions for realizing practical applications of CNT-based flexible batteries. 相似文献
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Despite numerous advantages, applications of conventional microporous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are hampered by their limited pore sizes, such as in heterogeneous catalysis and guest delivery, which usually involve large molecules. Construction of hierarchically porous MOFs (HP-MOFs) is vital to achieve the controllable augmentation of MOF pore size to mesopores or even macropores, which can enhance the diffusion kinetics of guests and improve the storage capacity. This review article focuses on recent advances in the methodology of HP-MOF synthesis, covering preparation of HP-MOFs with intrinsic hierarchical pores, and modulated, templated and template-free synthetic strategies for HP-MOFs. The key factors which affect the formation of HP-MOF architectures are summarized and discussed, followed by a brief review of their applications in heterogeneous catalysis and guest encapsulation. Overall, this review presents a roadmap that will guide the future design and development of HP-MOF materials with molecular precision and mesoscopic complexity. 相似文献
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随着新能源汽车大规模使用,动力电池迎来退役潮。在国家双碳目标的指导下,废旧动力电池回收问题亟待解决。文章研究政府向电池生产商征收低碳环保税,对回收企业实施回收补贴的组合政策背景下,分别在单渠道回收模式和双渠道回收模式下对电池生产商主导的闭环供应链进行契约协调,并对组合政策设计的效果进行分析。研究发现：低碳环保税和回收补贴机制能够有效提高废旧电池回收量,组合政策的设计能有效引导动力电池闭环供应链的回收行为。双渠道回收模式下的回收量和企业利润均高于单渠道回收模式下的回收量和企业利润。在回收成本分担-收益共享契约的协调下,废旧动力电池回收量和供应链总利润能够达到集中决策下的理想情况。且在不同回收模式下,当成本分担比例和收益共享比例合理设置时,电池生产商和汽车制造商的利润均高于分散决策时的利润,因此双方都愿意接受该契约。此时,回收成本分担-收益共享契约能够有效协调动力电池闭环供应链。 相似文献
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To address the growing energy demands of sustainable development, it is crucial to develop new materials that can improve the efficiency of energy storage systems. Hierarchically structured porous materials have shown their great potential for energy storage applications owing to their large accessible space, high surface area, low density, excellent accommodation capability with volume and thermal variation, variable chemical compositions and well controlled and interconnected hierarchical porosity at different length scales. Porous hierarchy benefits electron and ion transport, and mass diffusion and exchange. The electrochemical behavior of hierarchically structured porous materials varies with different pore parameters. Understanding their relationship can lead to the defined and accurate design of highly efficient hierarchically structured porous materials to enhance further their energy storage performance. In this review, we take the characteristic parameters of the hierarchical pores as the survey object to summarize the recent progress on hierarchically structured porous materials for energy storage. This is the first of this kind exclusively to survey the performance of hierarchically structured porous materials from different porous characteristics. For those who are not familiar with hierarchically structured porous materials, a series of very significant synthesis strategies of hierarchically structured porous materials are firstly and briefly reviewed. This will be beneficial for those who want to quickly obtain useful reference information about the synthesis strategies of new hierarchically structured porous materials to improve their performance in energy storage. The effect of different organizational, structural and geometric parameters of porous hierarchy on their electrochemical behavior is then deeply discussed. We outline the existing problems and development challenges of hierarchically structured porous materials that need to be addressed in renewable energy applications. We hope that this review can stimulate strong intuition into the design and application of new hierarchically structured porous materials in energy storage and other fields. 相似文献
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运用政策法,将动力电池界定为新能源汽车关键零部件中最关键的部分,将其定位为Kraljic矩阵中具有高供应风险的战略项目。研究发现,以磷酸铁锂和三元材料锂电池为代表的锂离子电池是当前动力电池的主流,其供应短缺风险突出,包括供应总量短缺及供应结构性短缺。建立单一车型风险评估模型,在考虑废旧电池回收利用参数的情况下建立企业级综合风险评估模型。 相似文献
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Because of their low cost, natural abundance, environmental benignity, plentiful polymorphs, good chemical stability and excellent optical properties, TiO2 materials are of great importance in the areas of physics, chemistry and material science. Much effort has been devoted to the synthesis of TiO2 nanomaterials for various applications. Among them, mesoporous TiO2 materials, especially with hierarchically porous structures, show great potential owing to their extraordinarily high surface areas, large pore volumes, tunable pore structures and morphologies, and nanoscale effects. This review aims to provide an overview of the synthesis and applications of hierarchically mesoporous TiO2 materials. In the first section, the general synthetic strategies for hierarchically mesoporous TiO2 materials are reviewed. After that, we summarize the architectures of hierarchically mesoporous TiO2 materials, including nanofibers, nanosheets, microparticles, films, spheres, core-shell and multi-level structures. At the same time, the corresponding mechanisms and the key factors for the controllable synthesis are highlighted. Following this, the applications of hierarchically mesoporous TiO2 materials in terms of energy storage and environmental protection, including photocatalytic degradation of pollutants, photocatalytic fuel generation, photoelectrochemical water splitting, catalyst support, lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries, are discussed. Finally, we outline the challenges and future directions of research and development in this area. 相似文献
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以电动汽车电池技术专利的申请数据为基础,从专利所有地、专利类型、专利所有者等方面进行了分析。研究结果表明,(1)目前国内的电池技术还处于基础创新初期;(2)锂离子电池性能优良,是目前电动汽车主流的电池技术,也是未来主要的发展方向;(3)结合国内的新能源汽车政策以及专利的申请数量时间序列,发现政策出台对技术创新的推动有很大的作用。 相似文献
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新能源技术的不断发展对大规模储能技术提出更高的要求,钠硫电池作为一种备受关注的电化学储能技术,具有良好的性能与经济效益。本文以钠硫电池为研究对象,旨在通过对钠硫电池储能技术相关专利的分析,梳理并总结钠硫电池领域中技术研发重点与专利分布特点。专利数据来源于DII数据库中钠硫电池储能领域的全球专利。在调研钠硫电池研发概况的基础上,利用TDA和Innography工具,从专利申请总体态势、技术主题、主要国家/地区分布、重要专利权人等方面,对钠硫电池相关专利展开分析。最后,就我国钠硫电池储能技术的发展提出建议。 相似文献
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2020年北京市退役动力电池量将超过5 000吨。2019年京津冀地区确定了18个新能源汽车动力蓄电池回收利用试点示范项目,同期,北京58家汽车生产/梯次利用企业在官方网站公布了263个回收服务网点信息。回收模式方面,国外在产业联盟回收模式、生产者自主回收模式和第三方回收模式等方面已有成熟案例。研究表明,北京市新能源汽车动力电池回收模式短期内以汽车生产企业自主回收为主,市场成熟后,产业联盟和第三方回收模式将更具优势。经济性方面,北京市场上动力电池以三元电池为主,可通过湿法回收再生金属获取价值,811型三元电池回收将亏损535.4元/t,622型三元电池回收收益为517.7元/t。当电池收购成本低于7 000元/t时,两类三元电池回收均可实现盈利。 相似文献
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Applying metal organic frameworks (MOFs) in electrochemical systems is a currently emerging field owing to the rich metal nodes and highly specific surface area of MOFs. However, the problems for MOFs that need to be solved urgently are poor electrical conductivity and low ion transport. Here we present a facile in situ growth method for the rational synthesis of MOFs@hollow mesoporous carbon spheres (HMCS) yolk–shell-structured hybrid material for the first time. The size of the encapsulated Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-67 (ZIF-67) is well controlled to 100 nm due to the spatial confinement effect of HMCS, and the electrical conductivity of ZIF-67 is also increased significantly. The ZIF@HMCS-25% hybrid material obtained exhibits a highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction activity with 0.823 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode) half-wave potential and an even higher kinetic current density (JK = 13.8 mA cm−2) than commercial Pt/C. ZIF@HMCS-25% also displays excellent oxygen evolution reaction performance and the overpotential of ZIF@HMCS-25% at 10 mA cm−2 is 407 mV. In addition, ZIF@HMCS-25% is further employed as an air electrode for a rechargeable Zn–air battery, exhibiting a high power density (120.2 mW cm−2 at 171.4 mA cm−2) and long-term charge/discharge stability (80 h at 5 mA cm−2). This MOFs@HMCS yolk–shell design provides a versatile method for the application of MOFs as electrocatalysts directly. 相似文献
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Multi-electron reaction can be regarded as an effective way of building high-energy systems (>500 W h kg−1). However, some confusions hinder the development of multi-electron mechanisms, such as clear concept, complex reaction, material design and electrolyte optimization and full-cell fabrication. Therefore, this review discusses the basic theories and application bottlenecks of multi-electron mechanisms from the view of thermodynamic and dynamic principles. In future, high-energy batteries, metal anodes and multi-electron cathodes are promising electrode materials with high theoretical capacity and high output voltage. While the primary issue for the multi-electron transfer process is sluggish kinetics, which may be caused by multiple ionic migration, large ionic radius, high reaction energy barrier, low electron conductivity, poor structural stability, etc., it is urgent that feasible and versatile modification methods are summarized and new inspiration proposed in order to break through kinetic constraints. Finally, the remaining challenges and future research directions are revealed in detail, involving the search for high-energy systems, compatibility of full cells, cost control, etc. 相似文献
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电动汽车动力电池精细化梯次利用成为亟待解决的难点问题。本文设计了基于区块链技术的动力电池梯次利用方案,建立了具有共识机制的电池全生命周期信息存储链。梯次利用场景包括电动汽车服役场景、能源互联网储能场景、废弃电池提炼等多级场景。该方案实现了去中心化、提高了数据安全和经济性,显著降低了梯级间的交易成本和检测成本,增加了电池的剩余价值。模拟测算结果表明,该方案可显著提高动力电池利用率,预估我国2030年电动汽车1亿辆保有量,约产生3879亿经济效益,相比目前两种梯次利用方案的2313亿、1351亿,增值约147.7%,53.4%。 相似文献
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《Information processing & management》2022,59(6):103061
Federated Learning (FL) has been foundational in improving the performance of a wide range of applications since it was first introduced by Google. Some of the most prominent and commonly used FL-powered applications are Android’s Gboard for predictive text and Google Assistant. FL can be defined as a setting that makes on-device, collaborative Machine Learning possible. A wide range of literature has studied FL technical considerations, frameworks, and limitations with several works presenting a survey of the prominent literature on FL. However, prior surveys have focused on technical considerations and challenges of FL, and there has been a limitation in more recent work that presents a comprehensive overview of the status and future trends of FL in applications and markets. In this survey, we introduce the basic fundamentals of FL, describing its underlying technologies, architectures, system challenges, and privacy-preserving methods. More importantly, the contribution of this work is in scoping a wide variety of FL current applications and future trends in technology and markets today. We present a classification and clustering of literature progress in FL in application to technologies including Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, blockchain, Natural Language Processing, autonomous vehicles, and resource allocation, as well as in application to market use cases in domains of Data Science, healthcare, education, and industry. We discuss future open directions and challenges in FL within recommendation engines, autonomous vehicles, IoT, battery management, privacy, fairness, personalization, and the role of FL for governments and public sectors. By presenting a comprehensive review of the status and prospects of FL, this work serves as a reference point for researchers and practitioners to explore FL applications under a wide range of domains. 相似文献
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国内电动汽车专利计量分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
电动汽车作为未来汽车工业的发展方向,对中国专利信息中心(CPIC)数据库中的电动汽车相关专利申请量进行计量分析。分析结果表明,近几年来国内车企和科研机构在电动汽车领域专利申请量增长强劲,在新能源汽车、动力电池及关键零部件技术等技术领域达到国际水平。本文聚焦国内电动汽车产业的专利技术,在文献调研的基础上绘制相关图表展开专利计量分析,旨在为我国电动汽车产业的发展提出参考。 相似文献