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1.
Free primary education was introduced to Malawi in 1994, and it led to an increase in enrolment of one million pupils. The present contribution gathers case studies of 10 schools which sought information on the general conditions of communities and schools as well as on enrolment, resources, staffing, absenteeism etc. The results highlight the difficulties of implementing Education for All (EFA). Generally speaking, schools have been poorly supplied by the state. Effectively, many pupils have been marshaled into schools not properly equipped in terms of material and human resources. As a result, EFA in Malawi has been undermined by a persistently large number of pupils who drop out before attaining permanent literacy. Yet providing quality education is more than just a question of resources. From the points of view of parents and pupils, quality education requires relevance to local needs; adaptability to local conditions; and flexibility in addressing cultural obstacles. Overall, as is shown here, it appears that increased access to schooling has been achieved at the expense of the quality of education offered.
Zusammenfassung QUANTITÄT IM UNTERSCHIED ZU QUALITÄT IN DER ERZIEHUNG: FALLSTUDIEN IN MALAWI – Die kostenlose Grundschulbildung wurde im Jahre 1994 in Malawi eingeführt und hatte den Zuwachs in der Schülerzahl von einer Million Schüler zur Folge. Der vorliegende Beitrag versammelt Fallstudien von zehn Schulen, in welchen Informationen über die allgemeinen Bedingungen der Gemeinden und Schulen ebenso wie über die Schülerzahl, Ausstattung, Personalversorgung, Fernbleiben vom Unterricht usw. erfragt wurden. Die Ergebnisse betonen die Schwierigkeit, Bildung für alle (Education for All / EFA) zu verwirklichen. Allgemein gesprochen wurden die Schulen vom Staat schlecht ausgestattet. Letztendlich wurden viele Schüler an Schulen geleitet, die nicht über ein ausreichendes Maß an materieller sowie personeller Ausstattung verfügten. Als ein Ergebnis wurde die Bildung für alle (EFA) in Malawi durch eine anhaltend hohe Anzahl von Schülern untergraben, welche die Schule verlassen, bevor sie dauerhafte Lese- und Schreibfähigkeit erlangt haben. Dennoch ist die Versorgung mit gehaltvoller Bildung mehr als lediglich eine Frage der Ausstattung. Aus den Perspektiven von Eltern und Schülern erfordert diese Bildung einen Bezug auf örtliche Bedürfnisse, Anpassungsfähigkeit an örtliche Bedingungen und Flexibilität im Ansprechen kultureller Hindernisse. Insgesamt scheint es, wie hier gezeigt wird, dass der angestiegene Zugang zur Schulbildung auf Kosten der Qualität der angebotenen Bildung erreicht worden ist.
Résume CANTIDAD VERSUS CALIDAD EN LA EDUCACIÓN: CASOS DE ESTUDIO EN MALAWI – La educación primaria gratuita ha sido implantada en Malawi en 1994, dando lugar a un aumento de un millón de alumnos matriculados. Esta contribución resume estudios científicos sobre casos concretos de diez escuelas, que recabaron informaciones sobre las condiciones generales que presentaban las comunidades y las escuelas y sobre matriculación, recursos, políticas de personal, absentismo, etc. Los resultados ponen de relieve las dificultades que existen en implementar la Educación para Todos (EPT). En resumidas cuentas, las escuelas han recibido un equipamiento deficiente por parte del Estado. Efectivamente, muchos alumnos han sido concentrados en escuelas que carecían de recursos materiales y humanos apropiados. Como resultado, la Educación para Todos en Malawi ha estado minada persistentemente por un gran número de alumnos que abandonaron las escuelas antes de haber adquirido conocimientos sólidos de lectoescritura. De todas maneras, la provisión educativa de calidad es más que una simple cuestión de recursos. Desde la óptica de los padres y los alumnos, una educación de calidad exige una especial atención a las necesidades locales y debe ser adaptable a las condiciones locales y lo suficientemente flexible para superar obstáculos culturales. Sobre todo, tal como lo muestra este caso, el acceso ampliado a la enseñanza básica aparentemente se ha logrado en desmedro de la calidad de la educación ofrecida.
Résumé QUANTITÉ CONTRE QUALITÉ DANS L’ÉDUCATION : ÉTUDES DE CAS AU MALAWI – L’éducation primaire gratuite fut introduite au Malawi en 1994 et conduisit à une augmentation de l’immatriculation d’un million d’élèves. La contribution présente rassemble les études de cas de 10 écoles qui recherchèrent des informations sur les conditions générales des communautés et des écoles aussi bien que sur l’immatriculation, les ressources, le personnel etc. Les résultats mettent au premier plan les difficultés à mettre en œuvre l’Éducation Pour Tous (EPT). De façon générale, les écoles ont été pauvrement fournies par l’État. Effectivement, beaucoup d’élèves ont été placés dans des écoles qui n’étaient pas proprement équipées en termes de matériel et de ressources humaines. Le résultat est que l’EPT au Malawi a été minée de façon persistente par un grand nombre d’élèves qui ont abandonné l’école avant d’être parvenu à une alphabétisation stable. Cependant, fournir une éducation de qualité est plus qu’une simple question de ressources. Du point de vue des parents et des élèves, une éducation de qualité exige une pertinence par rapport aux besoins locaux, une adaptabilité aux conditions locales et une flexibilité quant à la façon d’aborder les obstacles culturels. Au total, comme on le montre ici, il apparaît qu’un accès plus large à la scolarisation a été réalisé aux dépends de la qualité de l’éducation proposée.相似文献
2.
Equity in the distribution of public resources is one of the dimensions of the Malawi economy that faces various trade-offs. Public services such as education are usually unequally distributed, and if so, there is a compromise on quality or efficiency. This article gives an assessment of the impact of the education funding scenario on equity and efficiency in Malawi’s secondary education. Education policy reform through the introduction of Free Primary Education brought an increase in access to basic education for many Malawian school-aged children but the increased enrolment brought insurmountable strain on the education system, particularly the secondary subsector. Inadequacies in human and financial resources available for the running of Secondary Schools have affected the quality of service delivery in such schools. Furthermore, significant disparities among Conventional and Community Day Secondary Schools have been a major issue of concern in recent years. The article concludes by providing some policy recommendations. 相似文献
3.
Over the last 20 years education policies in Cambodia have been driven by the global Education for All (EFA) campaign and
have resulted in a rapid increase in the rates of primary education enrolment. However, the increasing number of children
enrolling in schools has not always translated into high rates of primary education completion. Against this background the
authors argue that while teachers play a significant role in keeping children in school and helping them to progress further
in the education system, that role has been somewhat sidelined in the main debates about achieving EFA. They suggest that,
while genuine problems exist with the qualifications and motivation of many Cambodian teachers, positive results could come
from emphasizing their roles in achieving the wider goals of the education system and society, and thus promoting their active
participation in furthering EFA. 相似文献
4.
This paper estimates the local efficiency of the public provision of education in Colombia between 2008 and 2013. Since the decentralization process in 1991, local authorities have spent an increasing amount of resources in the provision of education services. The empirical analysis relies on a multiproduct function that assesses public performance considering two types of education products: quality and enrolment. Results for Colombian municipalities show efficiencies that vary between 26% and 98%, suggesting that better results in quality and enrolment in public education could be accomplished using the same resources. Possible sources of inefficiency are explored, such as institutional environment and fiscal autonomy. Differing regional patterns are observed for the cases of education quality and enrolment. 相似文献
5.
C. K. Cheung 《Educational studies》2005,31(4):361-374
In this age of new media, children are exposed to media messages at an early age. What can we do when the mass media exert such a great influence on children? One proposal has been for the introduction of a new school subject: media education. Though media education has not been part of the official curriculum in Hong Kong, some schools, both primary and secondary, have tried it out. This paper argues for the desirability of introducing media education in primary schools in Hong Kong, with regard to social change, recent education reform and learning initiatives of primary pupils. It then draws on the findings of a study conducted in a local primary school to examine the views of pupils, parents, and teachers on the effects on pupils of the implementation of media education lessons and campus radio projects in this age of new media. 相似文献
6.
Abstract As LEAs and schools develop their inclusive policies and practices, arguments about how to provide the most effective education for pupils with EBD continue. Is it possible to provide high quality education for this group in mainstream schools whilst not adversely affecting the education of the other pupils? What are the consequences of placing the most disturbed pupils in special schools? What do the pupils themselves think? This article draws on findings from 26 interviews with former pupils of an EBD residential school. We were interested in their opinions about the quality of education and care they received at the school and the impact of the placement on their experiences as young adults. Overall, despite some concerns, the former pupils have very positive memories of the school and felt that it had helped them to overcome their learning and behavioural difficulties. The findings have key implications for the development of policy and practice. 相似文献
7.
《International Journal of Educational Development》1997,17(1):41-50
Health education programmes need to address local understandings of HIV/AIDS within the broader context of sexual behaviour. We report on a locally derived and community orientated questionnaire survey of HIV/AIDS and sexually related behaviour among 756 pupils from two government secondary schools in Malawi. On average, pupils gave the correct answers to more than 70% of the items on the survey. Seventy-two pupils from one of the schools subsequently participated in playing an educational board game about AIDS, once a week, over four weeks. The percentage of correct responses given while playing the board game significantly increased each time the board game was played, and a one-month follow-up questionnaire showed that a significant improvement had been maintained in comparison with the initial questionnaire survey. Pupils who attended the school where the board game was trialed, but who did not participate in the board game, scored slightly, but significantly, higher than pupils from the other ‘no-board game’ control school. This result was tentatively interpreted as a ‘trickle down’ effect. The benefits of introducing active learning methods into schools, of focusing on local understandings of health problems, and of establishing an accurate knowledge base for health promotion are discussed. 相似文献
8.
传承“柯桥实验”精髓让学生在“轻负高质”的教育中成长 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
许义平 《浙江教育学院学报》2008,(2):18-22
“柯桥实验”是一项在全国范围有重要影响的农村教育实验。在“柯桥实验”思想的指导和影响下,绍兴县坚持以科学发展观为指导,全面贯彻教育方针,全面推进素质教育,在规范教育教学管理、减轻学生课业负担、深化招生制度改革、提升教育内涵品质等方面,实施了一系列新的政策和举措,在探索“轻负高质”的教育实践中走出了一条新路子。 相似文献
9.
丁润生 《黄河科技大学学报》2001,3(2):39-43
“宽进严出”是民间办学的传统经验。实行“宽进严出”不是短暂策略或权宜之计,对于扩大生源、积累办学资金、充分利用教育资源、更有力地保证教学质量、全面推进素质教育有重要意义。在贯彻实施中要解决扩招初中毕业生和毕业生安置就业问题,实现宽严适度,持续进出。 相似文献
10.
After several failed attempts to rein in the growth of special education, the Dutch government made a start in 1991 with a policy to accommodate pupils with problems in regular education and to put a stop to the growth of special education. This paper examines a large-scale study conducted by our research group at the University of Amsterdam which attempted to answer the question whether pupils with problems are better off in special education where there are more resources and they can get more attention than in mainstream schools. It was expected that the pupils in special education would do better due to the specialist care and individual attention. However, with a few exceptions, few differences were found when comparable at-risk pupils in regular schools were compared with their counterparts in both types of special schools. There was a conspicuously large measure of variability in both regular and special education. All school types had both at-risk pupils who were doing well from an academic and/or psychosocial perspective and pupils whose progress left much to be desired. There is little evidence to support the idea that at-risk pupils make less progress, in either their academic or psychosocial development, in regular schools compared with pupils in special schools. The general assumption that at-risk pupils will do better in special education does not seem to account for its attractiveness. Contrary to the policy theory, the dual system, as it exists in The Netherlands, does not appear to be an obstacle to the provision of adequate care for pupils with special educational needs. However, the policy to equip regular schools to accommodate this category of pupils appears not to be realized as simply as that. It has not proved possible to demonstrate the effects of the varying levels of specialist help provided by regular schools on the development of at-risk pupils. 相似文献
11.
The growing number of children made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS threatens the achievement of Education for All (EFA) and Millennium Development goals. Policy recommendations assign schools key roles in meeting the needs of vulnerable children, but there is a dearth of evidence about how vulnerable children and schools interact in AIDS affected communities. Case studies of schools and vulnerable children in Kenya, Malawi and Zimbabwe show that although schools are materially and symbolically well‐positioned to serve as the institutional base to meet the needs of vulnerable children, schools are not accountable for these children and have not reorganised or built capacity to meet their special needs. The Malawi and Zimbabwe cases show that elimination of fees, passive open door policies and exhortations are insufficient measures to bring and keep these children in school. The Kenya case study suggests that investments in long term, well‐resourced local partnerships can be effective. 相似文献
12.
Mercy Kazima 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2014,12(4):841-858
In this paper, I discuss Universal Basic Education (UBE) in relation to the teaching and learning of mathematics in Southern Africa. I present the status of UBE for all countries in the region and then use 3 selected examples: Botswana, Malawi, and Zambia, to illustrate the provision of mathematics in the general framework of UBE in the countries. I draw from results of SACMEQ evaluations to compare the 3 countries’ quality of primary education and also the mathematical achievement of learners. According to the evaluations, countries that have better age-appropriate enrolment and provide a better quality of primary education seem to have better mathematical achievement than countries that have less age-appropriate enrolment and less quality of primary education. While this might seem obvious, it is important to note because of the many challenges that some Southern African countries are facing in their efforts in providing quality mathematics education to all. 相似文献
13.
In an effort to address social imbalances and equity in Ghana's education delivery and to achieve her Education for All (EFA) agenda, some pro-poor programmes have been introduced. Among these is the Ghana School Feeding Programme (GSFP) that aims among others, at providing safety nets for the poor, increasing school enrolment in addition to boosting domestic food production. While this programme has been implemented since 2005, there is paucity of information on the experiences of beneficiaries and implementers. The GSFP has been designed as a national programme to feed children in public kindergarten and primary schools, based on a single implementation framework. This single implementation framework does not make room for contextualization of programme implementation and allow the tapping into the knowledge base of both the school and the community in making judgments about who is really needy and who is not. Thus, the study sought to explore the experiences of beneficiaries and implementers of the programme within three rural communities in Ghana, using interviews and observations. Challenges of programme delivery, which include prolonged time spent on serving, eating and cleaning up, counter effective teaching and learning and pose a threat to education quality. There are policy conflicts, funding challenges and issues about targeting and sustainability of the programme. These give credence to the need to understand the local dynamics of poverty and how they affect demand for educational access in rural contexts. The paper finally proffers ways in which insights gained from these experiences can contribute to the current discourse on School Feeding Programmes in the context of developing economies. 相似文献
14.
Afroditi Kalambouka Peter Farrell Alan Dyson Ian Kaplan 《Educational research; a review for teachers and all concerned with progress in education》2013,55(4):365-382
Background Over the past 20 years or so policy and practice on the education of children with special educational needs (SEN) has been aimed at placing increasing numbers of children in a mainstream school environment. Although this policy has been supported in principle by many teachers, parents and local authority officers, there has been much less agreement about whether this principle can be realized in practice, and even if it can, about what the impacts might be on the achievements of pupils with SEN in mainstream schools and, in particular, on their peers. Purpose This paper discusses the key findings from a systematic review of the literature carried out by the Inclusion Review Group, on behalf of the Evidence for Policy and Practice Information (EPPI)-Centre, the purpose of which was to review research evidence on whether the placement of pupils with special educational needs (SEN) within mainstream schools has an impact on academic and social outcomes for pupils without SEN. Design and methods The methodology followed the procedures adopted by the EPPI-Centre. Having agreed on the inclusion and exclusion criteria for studies that could be included in the review, an initial pool of 7137 papers were identified through electronic databases. After having screened all their titles and/or abstracts and having marked out possible papers to be included in the review, 119 paper copies were obtained—all of which were read by one or more of the authors of this paper. This led to a further reduction to 26 studies that were subjected to the EPPI data extraction process and synthesis. Conclusions Overall, the findings suggest that there are no adverse effects on pupils without SEN of including pupils with special needs in mainstream schools, with 81% of the outcomes reporting positive or neutral effects. Despite concerns about the quality of some of the studies that were reviewed and the fact that the great majority were carried out in the USA, these findings should bring some comfort to headteachers, parents and local authority officers around the world at a time when concerns have been raised about the problems that schools face in responding to the twin agenda of becoming more inclusive and, at the same time, raising the achievements of all their pupils. 相似文献
15.
PANAYIOTIS ANGELIDES 《International Journal of Inclusive Education》2013,17(4):407-422
Within the last decade, the government of Cyprus has encouraged and supported the education of children assessed as having special needs into the mainstream educational system. With the existing arrangements, however, many pupils who experience difficulties within schools (and many of those are pupils who have been integrated from special schools) are marginalized or even excluded from teaching. This paper looks at the existing arrangements of special education in Cyprus by analysing local practice to identify barriers to inclusion, to consider ways of improving schools and classrooms in relation to policy‐making, and to see how to go forward towards inclusive education. Using four stories from the author’s involvement with one school, and reflecting on them, the author presents what was seen as barriers to providing more inclusive education. 相似文献
16.
上海居民教育消费增长因素与效应的实证分析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
杭爱明 《上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2003,32(3):14-19
上海居民教育消费自20世纪90年代以来快速增长,目前已达到相当高的水平。其影响因素除经济发展和居民收入水平提高以外,还有高校扩招、民办学校的发展、教育收费制度的改革以及居民教育消费的价值取向等等。教育消费的迅速增长在宏观上具有显著的积极意义,但也会对居民的其他消费产生挤出效应,而且过度教育消费可能导致结构性过度教育、影响教育机会公平等社会问题,应该注重教育消费资源的管理,规范教育市场,引导居民进行理性教育消费,使教育消费尽快进入可持续发展的良性循环。 相似文献
17.
《International Journal of Educational Development》2002,22(2):191-203
In the recent past, there have been a number of new initiatives to improve the access to primary education in many developing countries. Such initiatives, which came from the public, private and non-governmental (NGO) sectors, have resulted in improved performance in various efficiency indicators. This paper reports results from a nationwide study in Bangladesh on the levels and changes in enrolment pattern of children at the primary level. The gross enrolment ratio has reached 107% and the net enrolment rate 77%. Gender gap has disappeared; in fact girls have surpassed boys! However, the increase in enrolment taking place is not at the desired speed; it is less than one percentage point per year. The government is still the major provider of primary education with two-thirds of all enrolments, but non-formal schools run by NGOs also have important contributions to the positive changes that are taking place in Bangladesh. 相似文献
18.
The number of pupils with Statements who are permanently excluded from school has been identified as an issue in several national studies. This paper reports on a small-scale research project within one local education authority (LEA), aimed at identifying common factors and issues around the exclusion of Statemented pupils from mainstream schools. Key findings include a high rate of significant literacy and numeracy difficulties in the sample, limited communication between some schools and LEA support services, the schools' predominant use of Statements to provide in-class support from a learning support assistant rather than other more targeted interventions, and teachers' perceptions that no amount of increased funding through the Statement would have prevented the exclusion. 相似文献
19.
The paper reports on a participatory action research study conducted in six rural primary schools in Uganda in 2013 to establish why children taught in the local language had difficulties in reading and writing. Findings through interviews, focus group discussions, reviews of exercise books and lesson observations indicated that though it was easier for pupils to learn the concepts in the local language; challenges ranging from poor translation, inadequate teachers’ language proficiency, lack of instructional materials, high pupils’ enrolment, lack of administrative support and teacher-centred approach of teaching, affected pupils’ learning to read and write. Participants recommended adopting the child-centred pedagogy, incorporating instructional materials, conducting continuous assessment and recording pupils’ competencies attained in reading and writing. Teachers need to engage more in Participatory action research in order to reflect on their practices and pupils’ learning, and collaboratively decide what works best and what needs improvement in their classrooms. 相似文献
20.
《British Educational Research Journal》2005,31(4):481-508
The aim of this research article is to investigate how pupils from Black Caribbean backgrounds are helped to achieve high standards in British schools and to identify a number of significant common themes for success in raising the achievement. It draws evidence of good practice from 13 case study schools in the local education authority (LEA). The main findings of the research carried out show that Key Stage 2 (KS2) and General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) results have improved significantly in the case study schools in the last seven years and all schools are performing above national average with Black Caribbean pupils. The study has also identified a number of good practices in successful schools. Among the key features that contribute to the success in the case study schools for raising the achievement of Black Caribbean are: strong leadership with emphasis on raising expectations for all pupils and teachers; the use of performance data for school self‐evaluation and tracking pupils' performance; a commitment to creating a mesmerising curriculum where teachers use their creative intuition to deepen the quality of pupils' learning; a highly inclusive curriculum that meets the needs of Black Caribbean pupils; a strong link with the community and a clear commitment to parents' involvement; good and well coordinated support to Black Caribbean pupils through extensive use of learning mentors and role models; an inclusive curriculum and a strong commitment to equal opportunities with a clear stand on racism. This article discusses in detail these good practices and pattern of KS2 and GCSE performance by ethnicity to illustrate difference in attainment. Overall, the finding of this case study LEA confirms that in good schools Black Caribbean pupils do well and buck the national trend against all odds. The reasons for this success story are all to do with education provided in the LEA and schools. The implications of the research for all concerned with school improvement receive much attention. 相似文献