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1.
《学习科学杂志》2013,22(2):173-208
In this article, I present a longitudinal study comparing problem-solving performance for medical students trained using 2 different approaches to medical education. The first approach is the traditional medical education that involves lectures supplemented by laboratory exercises. The second approach is problem-based learning (PBL). In PBL, students learn basic science in small groups in the context of authentic patient problems. Because an expected outcome of medical education is to move students along the path from naive laypersons to novice physicians, the effects of these approaches should be understood in terms of how they affect the early acquisition of cognitive skill. The results indicate that there are important cognitive benefits of the PBL approach. 相似文献
2.
Medical schools are increasingly looking to case-based formats such as problem-based learning (PBL) for their medical students. However, the effects of PBL have not been adequately assessed for an informed decision. An approach to assessment should consider not just the knowledge outcomes expected of all students, but should be tailored to the theoretical goals of PBL: clinical reasoning, integration of scientific and clinical knowledge, and lifelong learning skills. This means that problem-solving processes as well as products need to be measured. In addition, cognitive measures associated with expert performance can be used to assess the extent to which PBL affects the development of expertise. In this study, students taking an elective in PBL were compared with students taking other electives on a realistic pathophysiological explanation task. The problem-solving protocols were examined for coherence, use of science concepts, strategy use, and self-directed learning. The results indicate that cognitive measures can be used to distinguish students who have participated in PBL from their counterparts in terms of knowledge, reasoning, and learning strategies. This suggests that such measures may play a meaningful role in assessment of student learning. 相似文献
3.
Erica Macho-Stadler Maria Jesús Elejalde-García 《European Journal of Engineering Education》2013,38(4):408-416
Active learning methods can be appropriate in engineering, as their methodology promotes meta-cognition, independent learning and problem-solving skills. Problem-based learning is the educational process by which problem-solving activities and instructor's guidance facilitate learning. Its key characteristic involves posing a ‘concrete problem’ to initiate the learning process, generally implemented by small groups of students. Many universities have developed and used active methodologies successfully in the teaching–learning process. During the past few years, the University of the Basque Country has promoted the use of active methodologies through several teacher training programmes. In this paper, we describe and analyse the results of the educational experience using the problem-based learning (PBL) method in a physics course for undergraduates enrolled in the technical telecommunications engineering degree programme. From an instructors’ perspective, PBL strengths include better student attitude in class and increased instructor–student and student–student interactions. The students emphasised developing teamwork and communication skills in a good learning atmosphere as positive aspects. 相似文献
4.
网络环境下PBL的模式研究 总被引：30，自引：3，他引：30
PBL(Problem-based Learning),即基于问题的学习。该学习模式的主要特点是学习者围绕着复杂问题的解决而结合成小组,小组成员在自主学习的基础上,相互间进行合作,共同为解决问题而努力。在现代远程教育领域中,PBL有着广泛的应用前景。我们研究认为,Internet环境下PBL的模式大体具有以下六个环节,依次是:设计并开发问题,把学习者组织成小组,传输问题并引导学习者确定学习目标,小组成员独立自主的学习,小组成员相互汇报和讨论各自学习的结果,师生对于解决问题的过程进行总结和评价。 相似文献
5.
Problem-based learning (PBL) was originally introduced in medical education programs as a form of small-group learning, but its use has now spread to large undergraduate classrooms in various other disciplines. Introduction of new teaching techniques, including PBL-based methods, needs to be justified by demonstrating the benefits of such techniques over classical teaching styles. Previously, we demonstrated that introduction of tutor-less PBL in a large third-year biochemistry undergraduate class increased student satisfaction and attendance. The current study assessed the generic problem-solving abilities of students from the same class at the beginning and end of the term, and compared student scores with similar data obtained in three classes not using PBL. Two generic problem-solving tests of equal difficulty were administered such that students took different tests at the beginning and the end of the term. Blinded marking showed a statistically significant 13% increase in the test scores of the biochemistry students exposed to PBL, while no trend toward significant change in scores was observed in any of the control groups not using PBL. Our study is among the first to demonstrate that use of tutor-less PBL in a large classroom leads to statistically significant improvement in generic problem-solving skills of students. 相似文献
6.
The influence of topic knowledge, domain knowledge, and interest on the comprehension of scientific exposition 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Patricia A. AlexanderJonna M. KulikowichSharon K. Schulze 《Learning and individual differences》1994,6(4)
In this study, we explored the influence of subject-matter knowledge and interest on college students' comprehension of scientific exposition. Two forms of subject-matter knowledge were considered: Passage-specific (i.e., topic) knowledge and general (i.e., domain) knowledge. College students read two passages from physics, one dealing with Stephen Hawking and Grand Unification Theory, and one about the search for the truth quark. Students' topic knowledge and domain knowledge were tested before reading the passages. After reading each passage, students rated their interest in what they read. Comprehension measures were then completed for each passage. We performed regression analyses to determine the effects of subject-matter knowledge and interest on the comprehension scores for each passage. For the more technical Quarks passage, domain knowledge and interest were both significant predictors of comprehension. For the more personally-involving Hawking passage, topic knowledge, domain knowledge, and interest were significant predictors of comprehension performance. Overall, students were more interested in less abstruse and more personally-involving information for both passages. 相似文献
7.
Shi-Jer Lou Kuo-Hung Tseng C. Ray Diez Huei-Yin Tsai 《European Journal of Engineering Education》2010,35(5):539-551
This study aimed to explore how vocational high school students transfer knowledge through a problem-based learning (PBL) Internet platform. A PBL Internet platform was provided to 33 sophomore mechanical engineering students for a 6-week teaching experiment. A survey questionnaire, observation and interview were research instruments. The findings include: 1) factual, conceptual and process knowledge are the major types of knowledge and the sources of knowledge transfer (KT) include students, instructors and industries, but may be acquired differently depending on the level of problem-solving needs; 2) students’ KT includes highly experienced tacit knowledge and more concrete explicit knowledge; 3) students’ attitudes toward the six domains of using the PBL Internet platform all show positive significance, including the platform, the platform instructors, the platform mobility, online interaction, the PBL and the platform interface mechanism of students’ perceptions; 4) the capability and the willingness for KT in instructors, industries and students all have some impact on the effectiveness of KT. 相似文献
8.
The effects of an intervention designed to enhance students' roles as control agents for strategic functioning were investigated. The goal was to increase the ability of students labeled learning disabled to generate new strategies or adapt existing task-specific strategies for meeting varying demands of the regular classroom. Measures were taken in three areas: (a) metacognitive knowledge related to generating or adapting strategies, (b) ability to generate problem-solving strategies for novel problems, and (c) the effects of the intervention on students' regular classroom grades and teachers' perceptions of the students' self-reliance and work quality. A multiple baseline across subjects design was used. The intervention resulted in dramatic increases in the subjects' verbal expression of metacognitive knowledge and ability to generate task-specific strategies. Students' regular class grades increased; for those students who did not spontaneously generalize use of the strategy to problems encountered in these classes, providing instruction to target specific classes resulted in improved grades. Teacher perceptions of students' self-reliance and work quality did not change, probably because baseline measures were already high in both areas. Implications for instruction and future research are discussed. 相似文献
9.
Problem-Based Learning: What and How Do Students Learn? 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
Cindy E. Hmelo-Silver 《Educational Psychology Review》2004,16(3):235-266
Problem-based approaches to learning have a long history of advocating experience-based education. Psychological research and theory suggests that by having students learn through the experience of solving problems, they can learn both content and thinking strategies. Problem-based learning (PBL) is an instructional method in which students learn through facilitated problem solving. In PBL, student learning centers on a complex problem that does not have a single correct answer. Students work in collaborative groups to identify what they need to learn in order to solve a problem. They engage in self-directed learning (SDL) and then apply their new knowledge to the problem and reflect on what they learned and the effectiveness of the strategies employed. The teacher acts to facilitate the learning process rather than to provide knowledge. The goals of PBL include helping students develop 1) flexible knowledge, 2) effective problem-solving skills, 3) SDL skills, 4) effective collaboration skills, and 5) intrinsic motivation. This article discusses the nature of learning in PBL and examines the empirical evidence supporting it. There is considerable research on the first 3 goals of PBL but little on the last 2. Moreover, minimal research has been conducted outside medical and gifted education. Understanding how these goals are achieved with less skilled learners is an important part of a research agenda for PBL. The evidence suggests that PBL is an instructional approach that offers the potential to help students develop flexible understanding and lifelong learning skills. 相似文献
10.
This phenomenographic study documented changes in student-held electrical concepts the development of meaningful learning
among students with both low and high prior knowledge within a problem-based learning (PBL) undergraduate electrical engineering
course. This paper reports on four subjects: two with high prior knowledge and two with low prior knowledge. Subjects were
interviewed at the beginning and end of the course to document their understanding of basic electrical concepts. During the
term, they were videotaped while solving problems in lab. Concept maps were generated to represent how subjects verbally connected
concepts during problem-solving. Significant to PBL research, each subject’s body of meaningful learning changed with each
new problem, according to how the subject idiosyncratically interpreted the activity. Prior knowledge among the four subjects
was a predictor of final knowledge, but not of problem-solving success. Differences in success seemed related more to mathematical
ability and habits of mind. The study concluded that, depending on context, meaningful learning and habits of mind may contribute
significantly to problem-solving success. The article presents a testable model of learning in PBL for further research. 相似文献
11.
This paper investigates the process and meaning of problem-based learning (PBL) that students may experience. The Project Cycle Management method was taught and utilised as an instrument of PBL at a Japanese women’s college over a period of 5 years. The study closely examined what and how students learned in PBL from the perspectives of cognitive, social, and internal aspects. Despite the relative ignorance about the internal aspect of learners in previous research, the results of the study revealed that the internal aspect is inseparably linked with the other two aspects, and the three of them simultaneously undergo their own changes in the PBL process. That is, meaningful learning experiences seem to be no less importantly affected by the feelings or internal aspect of learners than by cognitive and social counterparts. Then, beyond knowledge building and skill acquirement, PBL may have contributed to broadening learners’ perspectives and promoting their personal development. In this regard, PBL can be defined anew, from an angle different from that of previous research, as learning that can generate rich and varied emotions in learners concurrently as they face problems, enable them to acquire subject matter knowledge and relational skills through dialogue, and eventually guide them to the threshold of personal transformation. 相似文献
12.
Accurately determining when students are having difficulty with cognitive tasks is important in educational settings. This study investigated whether college students emitted observable displays of cognitive difficulty when engaged in solitary problem-solving tasks. Participants high and low in self-monitoring tendencies were videotaped while solving both hard and easy problems. Ten-second segments of the videotapes were rated for displayed difficulty levels. Results indicate that college students do emit nonverbal displays indicating task difficulty: Students' displayed significantly less difficulty while solving easy problems than while solving hard problems. Results also indicated that the difficulty displays of low self-monitors were more discernible than the difficulty displays of high self-monitors. Copyright 2001 Academic Press. 相似文献
13.
Fikru Tafesse 《Africa Education Review》2018,15(2):96-111
Discipline-specific knowledge and associated technical skills as well as generic skills have represented distinct and separate aspects of chemical sciences in university studies (linear training). In addition to technical skills gained through laboratory training, employers now require a soft skill set such as strengths in analytical thinking, problem-solving, written and oral communication, and collaboration. These skills require further integration with the human qualities needed to remain resilient to changing conditions and they do not come naturally, but through training. Since community engagement forms an integral part of tuition or learning and research, the the Department of Chemistry at the University of South Africa (UNISA) needed to blend these components to enhance and strengthen the requisite graduate attributes. The authors discuss the strategies employed by the department on how to inculcate these graduate attributes into modern-day chemistry students within an open distance learning (ODL) context. 相似文献
14.
"结构力学"是土木、水利、交通及桥梁工程专业为设计建筑工程结构提供理论依据和计算数据的重要基础课程,它以其独有的课程特性、难度和灵活的解题技巧而为众多相关专业的师生所高度重视。文章通过对"结构力学"主要知识点学习方法的论述及相关解题技巧的分析,旨在培养学生掌握灵活的结构分析方法,开阔解题思路,提高结构计算能力,为工程类专业知识的学习奠定良好的基础。 相似文献
15.
Jun Jin 《Educational studies》2017,43(3):328-342
Problem-based learning (PBL) has been increasingly employed as a teaching and learning approach in many disciplines in higher education. In English medium of instruction (EMI) universities in Asia, PBL can further enhance knowledge construction as well as development of disciplinary language and communicative skills. It is necessary to explore how learners participate in PBL, especially considering PBL requires high level of both domain knowledge and language skills. The issue of silence in small group collaborative learning such as PBL tutorials has received very limited attention. More factors such as identity need to be considered in fully exploring small group interactions in higher education. Thus, this study aims to investigate undergraduate students’ silence and identity in small group interactions for PBL in EMI universities in Asia. Eight PBL tutorials in the Faculty of Dentistry were video recorded. Three extracts of PBL interactions and the accompanying stimulated recall interviews were selected for case analysis. The analysis provides in-depth insights into the significant instances of students’ silence and identity construction in the learning process. Such a study offers opportunities to rethink the issue of silence and provides facilitators and curriculum developers with useful information about small group collaborative learning in higher education. 相似文献
16.
Meilan Zhang Joyce Parker Jan Eberhardt Susan Passalacqua 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2011,20(5):468-481
Problem-Based Learning (PBL), an instructional approach originated in medical education, has gained increasing attention in
K-12 science education because of its emphasis on self-directed learning and real-world problem-solving. Yet few studies have
examined how PBL can be adapted for kindergarten. In this study, we examined how a veteran kindergarten teacher, who was experienced
with PBL in her own learning, adapted PBL to teach students earth materials, a topic emphasized in the new state curriculum
standards but students had difficulty understanding. The pre-post tests showed that students improved their content understanding.
Analysis of the classroom discourse showed that PBL and the teacher’s facilitation strategies provided opportunities for students
to develop their questioning skills. In conclusion, we discuss the implications of this study for using PBL in kindergarten
classrooms. 相似文献
17.
《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2018,49(3):385-397
The aim of this study is to compare the role of the tutor in an online and a face‐to‐face problem‐based learning (PBL) session to shed light on potential differences of the tutor role in both settings. In this practice‐based study we compared the two groups with the same tutor undertaking the same module. Students completed questionnaires about tutor performance, student characteristics and the module. Marks on the end‐of‐module test were analysed. The tutor was interviewed about his expectations and experiences. One session of each group was recorded and analysed qualitatively. Results show tutor tasks appeared to be comparable in both settings with regard to “content and pedagogical content knowledge,” “group dynamics,” “process instruction” and “intermediary between faculty and students.” The face‐to‐face group rated tutor performance lower than the online students. Students and tutor identified the absence of nonverbal cues as a limitation of online PBL. In online sessions the tutor additionally provided technical support and moderated the chat box. It is recommended to involve an extra person in online sessions who is responsible for technical issues. This person could also check the chat box for messages of students. Future research should focus on the necessity of an extra tutor training for online sessions. 相似文献
18.
Galyna Lutsenko 《European Journal of Engineering Education》2018,43(6):895-910
The analysis of the current state of the Ukrainian system of engineering education indicates the prevalence of traditional teaching–learning approaches in contrast to the modern needs of the labour market. Many universities across the world use the problem/project-based learning (PBL) which is an effective approach for the development of design and management skills of engineering students. The paper describes a detailed structure of a PBL course in project management and practical experience related to its implementation in an engineering degree programme at Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University of Cherkasy. Also, the results of surveys carried out in order to study the students’ generic competences’ development and perception of the PBL process are presented. The results show that students understand the diversity of PBL aspects and the influence of the PBL approach on their professional characteristics such as teamwork, ability of self-directed learning, communication and problem-solving skills. 相似文献
19.
在医学计算机教学中引入PBL教学模式,引导学生利用社会调查和协作学习等方式学习知识与技能,理解并运用计算机技术解决实际问题。实践表明,该方法可以有效提高学生计算机技术应用能力。 相似文献
20.
Jos A. R. Arts Wim H. Gijselaers Mien S. R. Segers 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2006,21(1):71-90
Instructional designs, embedding learning in meaningful contexts such as problem-based learning (PBL) are increasingly used
for fostering expertise to prepare students for the demands of the future workplace. However, cognitive outcomes of these
curricula in terms of expertise outcomes are not always conclusive. Based on the instructional implications resulted from
research in the field of expertise development in general and in PBL curricula more specifically, we constructed and implemented
a refined PBL design. With this redesign, we aimed for a more advanced level of (a) knowledge acquisition and use, (b) reasoning
directionality, (c) diagnostic and problem solving accuracy.
The aim of the present research was to compare the outcomes of a ‘traditional’ and a ‘refined’ PBL learning environment. For
that purpose we measured the effects of the redesign on the students’ expertise profile. An experiment was conducted in a
second year course on International Marketing. In the study 75 students participated. Using a multidimensional coding scheme,
constructed on the basis of results of expertise research, we analysed students’ problem-solving performance. The results
of this analysis indicate hat the experimental students outperformed the control students in various aspects of expertise
when analyzing the problem: The experimental group demonstrated a more extensive use of domain-specific concepts and inferences,
more inductive reasoning, and both diagnoses and solutions of higher quality. 相似文献