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1.
Is Inequality Among Universities Increasing? Gini Coefficients and the Elusive Rise of Elite Universities 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
One of the unintended consequences of the New Public Management (NPM) in universities is often feared to be a division between
elite institutions focused on research and large institutions with teaching missions. However, institutional isomorphisms
provide counter-incentives. For example, university rankings focus on certain output parameters such as publications, but
not on others (e.g., patents). In this study, we apply Gini coefficients to university rankings in order to assess whether
universities are becoming more unequal, at the level of both the world and individual nations. Our results do not support
the thesis that universities are becoming more unequal. If anything, we predominantly find homogenisation, both at the level
of the global comparisons and nationally. In a more restricted dataset (using only publications in the natural and life sciences),
we find increasing inequality for those countries, which used NPM during the 1990s, but not during the 2000s. Our findings
suggest that increased output steering from the policy side leads to a global conformation to performance standards. 相似文献
2.
Genevieve E. Maricle 《Minerva》2011,49(1):87-111
No matter one’s wealth or social position, all are subject to the threats of natural hazards. Be it fire, flood, hurricane,
earthquake, tornado, or drought, the reality of hazard risk is universal. In response, governments, non-profits, and the private
sector all support research to study hazards. Each has a common end in mind: to increase the resilience of vulnerable communities.
While this end goal is shared across hazards, the conception of how to get there can diverge considerably. The earthquake
and hurricane research endeavors in the US provide an illustrative contrast. The earthquake community sets out to increase
resilience through a research process that simultaneously promotes both high quality and usable – preparedness-focused - science.
In order to do so, the logic suggests that research must be collaborative, responsive, and transparent. Hurricane research,
by contrast, largely promotes high quality science – predictions - alone, and presumes that usability should flow from there.
This process is not collaborative, responsive, or transparent. Experience suggests, however, that the latter model – hurricane
research - does not prepare communities or decision makers to use the high quality science it has produced when a storm does
hit. The predictions are good, but they are not used effectively. Earthquake research, on the other hand, is developed through
a collaborative process that equips decision makers to know and use hazards research knowledge as soon as an earthquake hits.
The contrast between the two fields suggests that earthquake research is more likely to meet the end goal of resilience than
is hurricane research, and thus that communities might be more resilient to hurricanes were the model by which research is
funded and conducted to change. The earthquake research experience can provide lessons for this shift. This paper employs
the Public Value Mapping (PVM) framework to explore these two divergent public value logics, their end results, and opportunities
for improvement. 相似文献
3.
The Public Values Failures of Climate Science in the US 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ryan Meyer 《Minerva》2011,49(1):47-70
This paper examines the broad social purpose of US climate science, which has benefitted from a public investment of more
than $30 billion over the last 20 years. A public values analysis identifies five core public values that underpin the interagency
program. Drawing from interviews, meeting observations, and document analysis, I examine the decision processes and institutional
structures that lead to the implementation of climate science policy, and identify a variety of public values failures accommodated
by this system. In contrast to other cases which find market values frameworks (the “profit as progress” assumption) at the
root of public values failures, this case shows how “science values” (“knowledge as progress”) may serve as an inadequate
or inappropriate basis for achieving broader public values. For both institutions and individual decision makers, the logic
linking science to societal benefit is generally incomplete, incoherent, and tends to conflate intrinsic and instrumental
values. I argue that to be successful with respect to its motivating public values, the US climate science enterprise must
avoid the assumption that any advance in knowledge is inherently good, and offer a clearer account of the kinds of research
and knowledge advance likely to generate desirable social outcomes. 相似文献
4.
Here we present the framework of a new approach to assessing the capacity of research programs to achieve social goals. Research
evaluation has made great strides in addressing questions of scientific and economic impacts. It has largely avoided, however,
a more important challenge: assessing (prospectively or retrospectively) the impacts of a given research endeavor on the non-scientific,
non-economic goals—what we here term “public values”—that often are the core public rationale for the endeavor. Research programs
are typically justified in terms of their capacity to achieve public values, and that articulation of public values is pervasive
in science policy-making. We outline the elements of a case-based approach to “public value mapping” of science policy, with
a particular focus on developing useful criteria and methods for assessing “public value failure,” with an intent to provide
an alternative to “market failure” thinking that has been so powerful in science policy-making. So long as research evaluation
avoids the problem of public values, science policy decision makers will have little help from social science in making choices
among competing paths to desired social outcomes. 相似文献
5.
Harry G. Johnson 《Minerva》1965,3(4):500-514
Summary There is no necessary connection between leadership in basic science and leadership in the applications of science, because scientific progress is a cooperative endeavour and not a competitive game; indeed, there may be a conflict between basic research and applied science. The notion of a position of leadership; in science raises questions of what leadership consists in and what its value is to the nation. The two main arguments for government support of science are cultural-social, and economic. The cultural-social argument stresses scientific activity as a form of social consumption of wealth and raises the question of whether other uses of the resources employed would contribute more to the greatness of the society. The economic argument stresses basic scientific research as a form of investment for the future, and raises the questions of what the rate of return on such investment is and whether and to what extent government support is called for. Relevant economic research results bearing on this problem are scarce. Economic theory suggests that competition in the market will supply less than the optimal amount of basic research; but our society substantially supplements the market through private contributions to and government support of science, and the question is whether this supplementation is deficient or excessive. Here difficult problems arise, on which more economic research is needed; one of these concerns the relative merits of government and private support of science. The rule-of-thumb procedures generally recommended for determining the volume and allocation of government support to basic scientific research generally ignore these problems, and amount to endorsing the present level of government support or recommending that it be increased. Allocation of federal support of science should take account of the possibility of stimulating the economic development of poor regions of the country by locating scientific research facilities in them. 相似文献
6.
This paper analyzes the effects that the 2012 VAT rise in Spain had on household’ demand for cultural goods and services. Household’ demands are modeled as a two-stage QUAIDS. After estimating price and expenditure elasticities, and the pass-through parameter associated with the reform, our results show that the individual welfare loss and the increment in the tax bill increase, but less than proportionately, with income. Consequently, the reform can be considered as regressive. Relating the effects of the VAT reform to households’ incomes also implies a low quantitative effect, because of the low proportion of total household expenditure that cultural expenditure represents. From a social perspective, the size of the induced welfare loss would positively depend on society’s inequality aversion. Regardless of the latter, it cannot be concluded whether the reform would have increased or reduced inequality in the distribution of cultural spending. Our results prove qualitatively robust to alternative values of the pass-through parameter. 相似文献
7.
Nathaniel Logar 《Minerva》2009,47(4):345-366
How does the research performed by a government mission agency contribute to useable technologies for its constituents? Is it possible to incorporate science policy mechanisms for increasing benefits to users in the decision process? The United States National Institute of Standards &; Technology (NIST) promises research directed towards industrial application. This paper considers the processes that produce science and technology at NIST. The institute’s policies for science provide robust examples for how effective science policies can contribute to the emergence of useful technologies. To progress towards technologies that can be years away, the agency uses several means for integrating the needs of eventual information users into the prioritization process. To accomplish this, NIST units, such as the Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, incorporate mechanisms for considering user need and project impact into different stages of its scientific decision processes. This, and other specific strategies that the agency utilizes for connecting the supply of science to information demand, provide lessons for generating useable science. 相似文献
8.
Socio-technical governance has been of long-standing interest to science and technology studies and science policy studies. Recent calls for midstream modulation direct attention to a more complicated model of innovation, and a new place for social scientists to intervene in research, design and development. This paper develops and expands this earlier work to demonstrate how a suite of concepts from science and technology studies and innovation studies can be used as a heuristic tool to conduct real-time evaluation and reflection during the process of innovation – upstream, midstream, and downstream. The result of this new protocol is inclusivity mainstreaming: determining if and how marginalized peoples and perspectives are being maximally incorporated into the model of innovation, while highlighting common problems of inequality that need to be addressed.
相似文献9.
In many Western science systems, funding structures increasingly stimulate academic research to contribute to practical applications,
but at the same time the rise of bibliometric performance assessments have strengthened the pressure on academics to conduct
excellent basic research that can be published in scholarly literature. We analyze the interplay between these two developments
in a set of three case studies of fields of chemistry in the Netherlands. First, we describe how the conditions under which
academic chemists work have changed since 1975. Second, we investigate whether practical applications have become a source
of credibility for individual researchers. Indeed, this turns out to be the case in catalysis, where connecting with industrial
applications helps in many steps of the credibility cycle. Practical applications yield much less credibility in environmental
chemistry, where application-oriented research agendas help to acquire funding, but not to publish prestigious papers or to
earn peer recognition. In biochemistry practical applications hardly help in gaining credibility, as this field is still strongly
oriented at fundamental questions. The differences between the fields can be explained by the presence or absence of powerful
upstream end-users, who can afford to invest in academic research with promising long term benefits. 相似文献
10.
W. D. Walls 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2010,34(4):261-279
This research presents a systematic empirical analysis of the market for digital versatile discs (DVDs). We examine a sample
of 953 DVD titles that appeared on the weekly top-30 sales charts in North America over a 30-month interval. We find that
the size distribution of weekly DVD sales revenue does not indicate the presence of increasing returns to information. The
empirical results for DVD sales contrast starkly with previous results obtained for motion-picture box-office revenue, where
a number of researchers have found evidence of positive feedback in demand. While the distribution of cumulative revenues
across DVDs is highly unequal, the DVD market appears not to be characterized by the extreme heavy upper tail that so well
describes the winner-take-all nature of the distribution of box-office success across motion pictures. 相似文献
11.
The relationship between “marginal” and “mainstream” science has, in recent decades, become a matter of discussion. Traditional perspectives must be reexamined in the wake of transformations in the international circulation of knowledge and the subsequent diversification of scientific “peripherality”. Argentina represents an interesting case with which to explore the structure of “peripheral centres” and new forms of scientific development. While it has recently experienced an expansion in terms of institutionalization, professionalization, and internationalization, that process has been coupled with entrenchment of existing institutional asymmetries and persistent intra-national inequalities; academic prestige is distributed according to opposite principles of legitimation (local/international). Our main task is to explore the current state of research capacities pursuant to that expansion in order to analyze the diverse styles in which knowledge is produced. In our analysis, we make critical use of Bourdieu’s concept of field and the Latin American category of “structural heterogeneity,” while also focusing on the question of circulation. The paper outlines how professionalization has developed locally over time, and the historical tension between the National Council for Scientific and Technical Research and the public universities. It describes the current structure of the scientific field in terms of researchers, institutes, publishing circuits, and institutional evaluative cultures. It focuses on geographical asymmetries in order to assess the distribution of new human and material resources throughout the country. Finally, it addresses the current situation under the new government, and raises concern over recent regressive actions. 相似文献
12.
Dusdal Jennifer Powell Justin J. W. Baker David P. Fu Yuan Chih Shamekhi Yahya Stock Manfred 《Minerva》2020,58(3):319-342
The world’s third largest producer of scientific research, Germany, is the origin of the research university and the independent, extra-university research institute. Its dual-pillar research policy differentiates these organizational forms functionally: universities specialize in advanced research-based teaching; institutes specialize intensely on research. Over the past decades this policy affected each sector differently: while universities suffered a lingering “legitimation crisis,” institutes enjoyed deepening “favored sponsorship”—financial and reputational advantages. Universities led the nation’s reestablishment of scientific prominence among the highly competitive European and global science systems after WWII. But sectoral analysis of contributions to science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medical and health journal publications (1950–2010) finds that Germany’s small to medium-sized independent research institutes have made significant, growing contributions, particularly in publishing in higher impact journals proportionally more than their size. Simultaneously—despite dual-pillar policy implications—the university sector continues to be absolutely and relatively successful; not eclipsed by the institutes. Universities have consistently produced two-thirds of the nation’s publications in the highest quality journals since at least 1980 and have increased publications at a logarithmic rate; higher than the international mean. Indeed, they led Germany into the global mega-science style of production. Contrary to assumed benefits of functional differentiation, our results indicate that relative to their size, each sector has produced approximately similar publication records. While institutes have succeeded, the larger university sector, despite much less funding growth, has remained fundamental to German science production. Considering these findings, we discuss the future utility of the dual-pillar policy.
相似文献13.
Mercy W. Kamara 《Minerva》2009,47(4):441-463
Drawing from contemporary social science studies on the shifting regime of research governance, this paper extends the literature
by utilizing a metaphoric image—research is a game—observed in a field engagement with 82 American, British, and Danish crop
and plant scientists. It theorizes respondents’ thinking and practices by placing the rules of the research “game” in dynamic
and interactive tension between the scientific, social, and political-economic contingencies that generate opportunities or
setbacks. Scientists who play the game exploit opportunities and surmount setbacks by adopting strategies and reinventing
tactics in order to maximize their winnings and to minimize their losses. Winners become superstars who decree what is open,
closed, or doable science for the majority of the scientific community. 相似文献
14.
Changes in Academy/Industry/State Relations in Canada: The Creation and Development of the Networks of Centres of Excellence 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Networks of Centres of Excellence programme is perhaps Canada's most dramatic science policy innovation since theFirst World War. This article traces its development, using documentary analysis and interviews with the policy actors responsible for conceiving and implementing the programme.Established in 1989, the networks were explicitly designed to change the norms of science. The intention was to instil an approach to long-term fundamental research that considered possibilities of use from the start. Of equal importance was the idea that management was essential to produce knowledgein a network structure. 相似文献
15.
Chang-Jun Kim Wi Sung Yoo Ung-Kyun Lee Ki-Jun Song Kyung-In Kang Hunhee Cho 《Journal of Cultural Heritage》2010,11(4):193-437
Today's restoration and preservation of cultural heritage is an important task because of its historical significance, symbolism, and economic benefits. Decision makers or executors often encounter with taking decisions on which heritage is prioritized to be restored within the limited budget. However, very few tools are available to determine appropriately restoration priorities for the diverse historical heritages, perhaps because of a lack of systematized decision-making aids. This paper proposes an alternative decision support model to prioritize restoration needs within the executable budget. The model is constructed on stochastic analytic hierarchy process (S-AHP) and knowledge-based experience curve (EC); the former requires the input data to be random variables for interpreting probabilistically the ranks of the prioritized heritages and the latter reflects quantitatively the contribution of experts’ knowledge to weighting significant criteria in carrying out an assessment of restoration urgency. The application of 14 cultural heritages in Korea has been conducted, and the results are analyzed to illustrate the model's efficiency. 相似文献
16.
In the U.S.A., advocates of academic freedom—the ability to pursue research unencumbered by government controls—have long found sparring partners in government officials who regulate technology trade. From concern over classified research in the 1950s, to the expansion of export controls to cover trade in information in the 1970s, to current debates over emerging technologies and global innovation, the academic community and the government have each sought opportunities to demarcate the sphere of their respective authority and autonomy and assert themselves in that sphere. In this paper, we explore these opportunities, showing how the Social Contract for Science set the terms for the debate, and how the controversy turned to the proper interpretation of this compact. In particular, we analyze how the 1985 presidential directive excluding fundamental research from export controls created a boundary object that successfully demarcated science and the state, but only for a Cold War world that would soon come to an end. Significant changes have occurred since then in the governance structures of science and in the technical and political environment within which both universities and the state sit. Even though there have been significant and persistent calls for reassessing the Cold War demarcation, a new institutionalization of how to balance the concerns of national security and academic freedom is still only in its nascent stages. We explore the value of moving from a boundary object to a boundary organization, as represented in a proposed new governance body, the Science and Security Commission. 相似文献
17.
Norriss S. Hetherington 《Minerva》1991,29(4):420-439
Conclusion The development of radar, jet propulsion, ballistic missiles and the atomic bomb during the Second World War established and made visible to an unprecedented degree governmentally supported and directed research and development. National survival was now seen to depend on the mobilisation of a country's talents and resources in science and technology for military purposes.Prior to the Second World War, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics had established its own role in research. It also established the legitimacy of governmental patronage for scientific research far beyond aeronautics. It was during that period that American politicians and the organs of public opinion became convinced and persuaded the electorate to think that science was indispensable for national security and well-being. A very great deal has been accomplished since then, but the credit for a pioneering role in the conduct of research with the financial support of the federal government must be given to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. 相似文献
18.
J. D. Snowball 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2005,29(2):107-125
In the New South Africa, as in other developing countries, the equitable distribution of public resources is a priority. The case for public support of the arts is thus difficult to make because it has been shown and borne out by South African research, that arts audiences tend to represent the better educated, more prosperous minority of society, not the majority of the very poor, mainly African-origin population. Using data from willingness to pay studies conducted at two South African arts festivals, this paper shows that, when the positive externalities provided by the arts are included in their valuation, it can be shown that both high and low income earners benefit. However, as suggested by Seaman (2003), it is also found that some of what the WTP figure is capturing is current and expected future economic benefit from the event. 相似文献
19.
In this paper, we engage with the widespread and influential approach of National Innovation Systems (NIS). We discuss its adequacy to non-OECD countries, especially in Latin America where it tends to be reified. Although the NIS approach is meant to address the most pressing needs of the economies it applies to, we argue that it would benefit from developing a more encompassing scope, allowing integration of greater diversity and complexity. By retracing the history of regimes of science, technology and innovation in Latin America, we explore the following paradox: whereas numerous Southern scholars urge the pressing need to develop an innovation agenda for Southern countries with a “Southern framework of thought”, they continue to heavily rely on a reductionist version of the NIS-approach that prevents such a “Southern perspective” to fully emerge. This creates problems for actors willing to use NIS more reflexively, and it also affects the effectivity of science, technology and innovation (STI) policies in non-OECD countries. We formulate a research agenda with three suggestions for further engaging NIS both conceptually and practically. Using such analytical perspectives, we argue, might benefit both to scholarly work about NIS, but could also allow for a better articulation with STI regimes in Southern countries. 相似文献
20.
Responsible innovation (RI) is gathering momentum as an academic and policy debate linking science and society. Advocates of RI in research policy argue that scientific research should be opened up at an early stage so that many actors and issues can steer innovation trajectories. If this is done, they suggest, new technologies will be more responsible in different ways, better aligned with what society wants, and mistakes of the past will be avoided. This paper analyses the dynamics of RI in policy and practice and makes recommendations for future development. More specifically, we draw on the theory of ‘trading zones’ developed by Peter Galison and use it to analyse two related processes: (i) the development and inclusion of RI in research policy at the UK’s Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC); (ii) the implementation of RI in relation to the Stratospheric Particle Injection for Climate Engineering (SPICE) project. Our analysis reveals an RI trading zone comprised of three quasi-autonomous traditions of the research domain – applied science, social science and research policy. It also shows how language and expertise are linking and coordinating these traditions in ways shaped by local conditions and the wider context of research. Building on such insights, we argue that a sensible goal for RI policy and practice at this stage is better local coordination of those involved and we suggest ways how this might be achieved. 相似文献