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1.
The marketization of higher education in the 15 countries that were formally part of the USSR has established a system model that is distinctive within world higher education, the dual-track tuition system. The foundations of this model were established in the economic liberalization of late Soviet period which facilitated a common pattern in higher education across the post-Soviet countries. Although a private sector has been established, the primary mode of marketization has taken place within the public sector. This remains dominant but has been split into two heterogenous segments in terms of funding and student selection. National systems, and individual institutions, have become divided between state-subsidized higher scoring students, and fee-paying lower performing students, creating different valuations and behaviours for the two segments. National standardized testing is an important instrument of marketization, shaping student selection and institutional differentiation and legitimating the unequal social outcomes that result. Empirical comparison across the 15 countries demonstrates a high level of privatisation of costs, largely because of private funding within public sector. This system model, which is incoherent and fosters a large-scale commitment to non-excellence, reflects a larger duality within post-Soviet societies and polities which remains unresolved. Higher education is riven between the Soviet egalitarian legacy of higher education as a public good, and the post-Soviet moment of the late 1980s and 1990s in which policy shaped by Anglo-American neoliberal thinking set out to turn education into a consumer choice on the basis of an abstract formula of the ideal market. 相似文献
2.
Over the last few decades, globalization and ever-increasing demands of the knowledge-based economy have caused higher education in most countries around the world to undergo significant transformation. Notwithstanding the dramatic changes in higher education, it is clearly noticed that the influence of the European higher education models is still present despite the fact that the American model has then become dominant on higher education in Europe or even worldwide. The changes have been seen in the evolutionary roles of universities, which share the common trend from traditional missions of teaching and research to the third mission for economic development. Despite various viewpoints about the third mission, the common one concerns the entrepreneurial role of university for socio-economic development, underlying the concept of entrepreneurial university in which the collaboration between university and external stakeholders is emphasized. This paper is aimed to present a review of the taxonomy of the three European higher education models, namely the Humboldtian, Napoleonic, and Anglo-Saxon model, which is followed by a discussion on the emergence of the Anglo-American model of higher education. The paper then presents the third mission in relation to the roles of a university in developed countries, which is followed by the elaboration on the transformation from mode 1 to mode 2 in knowledge production, and a pathway toward entrepreneurial universities. 相似文献
3.
This article gives an overview of the research training systems in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden with emphasis on the structure, organisation, time span of the degree, completion rates, labour market and internationalisation of postgraduate education. Even though the various national research training systems in the Nordic countries seem to be becoming more similar, there are still differences in their organisational models. In addition, the article compares the Nordic doctoral systems with those of the USA, the UK, Germany and France-the four countries which traditionally have been the most important recipients of Nordic students seeking research training abroad. The model of the US 'graduate school' has been the inspiration and basis for many European initiatives to improve doctoral degree education. In all these countries such schools have been introduced, but often in a modified form and to a limited extent. The main conclusion is that the trend is towards a common international PhD where the content, breadth, length and quality are equivalent. 相似文献
4.
近来中日韩三国的高等教育改革之所以有意无意地参照美国之先例,除了世界各国共有的理由之外,也与三国独特的历史经验不无关系.美国高等教育自19世纪即向东亚移植,在第二次世界大战以前对中国有较为突出的影响,而对朝鲜半岛和日本的影响未能上升至制度层面;战后美国模式被大举引入日韩两国,影响极为深远,而在中国却因苏联模式的引入而式微.尽管美国高等教育模式在三国的遭遇各不相同,但它的移植及其变种,都深刻地影响着三国的高等教育改革. 相似文献
5.
This article discusses social dynamics of higher education which is one of the most crucial but neglected perspectives in comparative studies of higher education. We pay attention to the importance of time, space and contexts—both geographical and socio-cultural ones—to reveal how they influence on different social dynamics in various systems of higher education. The article focuses on the national higher education system level. Theoretically we approach higher education systems from a relational perspective paying attention to dynamics created by changing relationships between different actors in cultural, geographical and historical contexts. 相似文献
6.
日本高等教育质量与数量的均衡发展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
自日本近代学制产生以来,高等教育内部便出现了两种不同的教育理念、教育体系及教育财政拨款制度,从而形成了高等教育办学主体的二元结构。这一结构特征有效地解决了日本高等教育数量与质量二者的关系,使战后日本高等教育得以均衡、协调发展。日本高等教育办学主体的二元结构的构成,为后发性国家高等教育数量与质量的均衡、协调发展提供了借鉴。 相似文献
7.
尼日利亚私立大学的发展和困境 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
LOU Shi-zhou 《高等教育研究》2008,(3)
在非洲各国高等教育体制变革的历程中,鼓励和促进私立大学的发展是一个共同的趋势。尼日利亚私立大学的发展,使其高等教育规模迅速扩大,也对改变尼日利亚高等教育财政体制产生了积极的影响。但由于尼日利亚没有形成与高等教育私有化相适应的体制和机制,私立大学的扩展和高等教育发展之间还没有形成良性互动,出现了一系列值得关注的现象。 相似文献
8.
Jan Sadlak 《Higher Education》1978,7(2):213-220
The problem of measuring efficiency in higher education is of increasing importance because of changes in socio-economic conditions and most notably rising enrolment rates. The article discusses problems of definition which occur in studying efficiency in higher education especially on a comparative basis. Illustrations are drawn from formulations of the problem in countries with different socio-economic and higher education systems. 相似文献
9.
中美高等教育机构都经历了一个分类发展的历史过程,两国的分类实践与理论中,既有共同的地方也有不同的地方。一致的地方表现在两国的分类都体现了“重学术”的价值取向,分类的标准都呈现出一元化的特点,各种分类理论中,按能级划分的层级分类最受人们的关注。不同的地方表现在我国的高等教育机构分类带有明显的行政性,分类的理论滞后于实践等方面。今天,随着高等教育机构的日益多样化,要求建立一个多维的高等教育机构分类体系。 相似文献
10.
高等教育大众化的教育质量保障机制是确保大众化高等教育健康发展的必要保证。审视与分析国外发达国家高等教育大众化进程中, 主要的质量保障机制的特征, 无疑对于我们构建有中国特色的高教大众化的教育质量保障机制具有启示和借鉴意义。 相似文献
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12.
Michel Arrouays 《Higher Education in Europe》1996,21(2-3):49-55
The TEMPUS/PHARE Multilateral Programme was initiated in 1990 by the European Communities with a view to improving training by means of the structural reform of the higher education systems in the central and eastern European countries. The results are now widely visible. The question to be asked is whether or not these results are limited solely to the educational field or whether the improvement of training has not also had an impact on society and the economy. In the particular case of the central and eastern European countries that are currently moving from one social system to another, the task is one of finding out in what respects and to what extent the changes in the higher education systems have contributed to this transition. 相似文献
13.
The paper draws on an international study of theeffects of national and institutional quality management systems onhigher education institutions in 14 countries. The study wasundertaken by the authors on behalf of the programme forInstitutional Management in Higher Education (IMHE) of theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).Over the last decade, almost all European countries have establishednational systems for the assessment of quality in higher education. Similar developments can be found in many other parts of the world. In most countries, these developments have been largely sponsored bythe state even if the national quality agencies so formed generallyhave a significant degree of operational autonomy and mainly use aform of peer review as their primary assessment method.Drawing on the IMHE study, the paper presents a conceptual model ofthe relationships between quality management and institutionalchange in higher education which takes into account variations inthe national and institutional contexts in which quality managementand assessment takes place as well as differences in the methodsused. The impact of quality assessment is considered in terms ofrewards/incentives, policies/structures and cultures ofinstitutions.The paper argues that central to the establishment of qualitymanagement and assessment systems, whether national or institutionalare questions of power and values. One of the central questionswhich the paper explores is the extent to which quality management represents a challenge to the intrinsic value systems of the academicprofession and is a mechanism through which extrinsic values ofsociety and economy are given greater weight in academicinstitutional life. Changes in the balance of power within academic life between system, institutional, basic unit and individual levelsare explored as part of more general processes of institutionalchange. 相似文献
14.
各国并不存在完全一致的高等教育管理体制与运行机制的普世模式。但是,高等教育管理体制与运行机制必须遵循高等教育规律,体现现代大学特性,存在有大学自治与自主办学、教师权力与学术自由、民主管理与社会参与等共有特性。我国的高等教育体制改革要适合中国国情,体现中国政治制度与经济社会发展要求,具有中国特色。但是,同时要遵循高等教育规律,遵循世界各国高等教育体制发展历程中形成的共有特性。 相似文献
15.
北欧高等教育质量评估制度比较研究——寻求高校内外部需求的平衡 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
过去十年，北欧四国分别建立了各具特色的高教质量评估制度。高教质量评估既是政府质量要求的反映，也得到了高等教育界的理解和积极响应。文章试图通过瑞典、苏兰、挪威和丹麦四个国家高教质量评估制度的介绍，以具体说明质量评估的组织、实施和效益。尽管各国在质量保障上所采取的手段不一，但有一点是共同的：那就是北欧四国在高教质量保证上确保的高等学校内外部的双重要求，达到了二者的平衡，从而有利于在评估者与被评估者之间建立专业互信。 相似文献
16.
Martin Polke Susanne Ihsen Dietrich Brandt 《European Journal of Engineering Education》2002,27(2):225-236
In this paper the relationship between new technologies and structural changes in society and the economy are discussed. The roles of engineers are described within this revolution of information technology. Through comparing the international patterns of engineering studies, the German model of engineering education is being questioned. It becomes evident that only a consecutive model of higher education studies can be the goal of further university development in Germany. Subsequently, system analysis will be used to draft a new campus structure of the university: the virtual campus consisting of a system of largely independent entities that are linked by different technological and organizational means. Further education needs to be integrated into this virtual campus university. In this way, Germany may serve as an example of how countries around the world are challenged to change fundamentally their educational systems in order to respond to the ongoing revolution in information technology. 相似文献
17.
Despite increasing financial pressures on higher education systems throughout the world, many governments remain resolutely opposed to the introduction of tuition fees, and some countries and states where tuition fees have been long established are now reconsidering free higher education. This paper examines the consequences of charging tuition fees on university enrolments, equity, and proxies for institutional quality. To do so, we study the English higher education system which has, in just two decades, moved from a free college system to one in which tuition fees are among the highest in the world. Our findings suggest that England's shift has resulted in increased funding per head and rising enrolments, with no apparent widening of the participation gap between advantaged and disadvantaged students. The role of fees is moderated by other key features of higher education finance which may differ across countries: in contrast to other systems with high tuition fees, the English system is distinct in that its income-contingent loan system ensures that no tuition fees are paid upfront, and provides students with comparatively generous assistance for living expenses. Still, the English experience provides an instructive case for other countries considering implementing or abolishing tuition fees. 相似文献
18.
Higher education systems in low-income countries are usually fragile and sensitive to the surrounding political and economic environment. This environment poses various problems for students, graduates, and universities with regard to issuance and verification of academic records management. The process of verification and accreditation of certificates is long and costly for both students and universities.This study endeavors to address these problems by introducing an innovative solution based on blockchain technology. We propose establishing a national hybrid blockchain-based platform that brings together all possible stakeholders in the field of higher education, including students, universities, government agencies, policymakers, and companies from the business sector. This study evaluates the costs and benefits from establishing this platform and investigates the possible commercialization of its contracts. Furthermore, we test the feasibility of this platform in two of the most instable low-income countries: Syria and Sudan. We find that this platform is feasible and can serve as a marketplace for all stakeholders in the higher education system and would increase the internationalization of higher education. The establishment of this platform will ensure inclusive and equitable education and promotes lifelong learning opportunities for students from low-income countries and thus meets the fourth goal of Sustainable Development. 相似文献
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在德国高等教育改革中,虽然引入了被国外验证行之有效的英美竞争机制和资源配置模式,然而由于德国在文化和高等教育传统上与其他国家的差异,这一模式短时间内在德国高等教育体系中所起的作用并不大。研究表明,文化价值观念和传统体制上的差异,在很大程度上制约着人们对一种新体制的认同程度。而这种认同程度又在很大程度上决定了改革的进程与成败。 相似文献