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1.
Tanya R. Berry John C. Spence Sean M. Stolp 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):302-309
Abstract This research examined attentional bias toward exercise-related images using a visual probe task. It was hypothesized that more-active participants would display attentional bias toward the exercise-related images. The results showed that men displayed attentional bias for the exercise images. There was a significant interaction of activity level by gender, and simple slopes analysis showed that active women displayed attentional bias toward the exercise-related images and inactive women displayed attentional bias toward the control images. A similar analysis with explicit attention to the pictures as the outcome variable was not significant. These findings confirm that attention for exercise-related images can be captured automatically regardless of whether people report they are attending to them. 相似文献
2.
Marie-Héloïse Bardel Tim Woodman Fabienne Colombel Christine Le Scanff 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):597-602
We investigated the relationship between coping strategies and attentional bias after a sport competition. We administered the Ways of Coping Checklist (Paulhan, Nuissier, Quintard, Cousson, & Bourgeois, 1994) to 145 athletes immediately after they had participated in a sport competition. We also assessed attentional bias using a dot probe detection task. Results revealed that emotion-focused coping strategies led athletes to orient their attention away from threat, whereas athletes who adopted problem-focused coping strategies focused their attention toward threat. More precisely, problem-focused coping strategies are related to a facilitated detection of threat, not to disengagement difficulties. The vigilance attentional bias seems to be a compensatory strategy to cope with a stressful situation, such as sport competition. 相似文献
3.
We examined the relationship between implicit and explicit “exerciser” and “sedentary” self-identity when activated by stereotypes. Undergraduate participants (N = 141) wrote essays about university students who either liked to exercise or engage in sedentary activities. This was followed by an implicit identity task and an explicit measure of exercise self-identity. Results showed that implicit and explicit exerciser identities were not highly correlated. There were also no significant prime effects, but women showed greater implicit sedentary identity, whereas men showed greater implicit exercise identity. This research suggests that implicit exercise-related identity is a distinct construct from explicit exercise identity. The results also reflect responses to societal pressures for women to be thin and for men to be strong, when free of self-presentational bias. 相似文献
4.
采用BT-LYR注意能力测试软件(1.0版)对我国54名蹦床运动员的注意进行测试,分析注意的影响因素。结论:1)高水平蹦床运动员的注意集中稳定和注意转移水平较高是由于蹦床项目的特点和需求所致,即蹦床项目对运动员的注意集中稳定和注意转移提出了更高的要求。2)训练年限与年龄可能共同成为注意集中稳定和注意转移水平提高的因素。3)蹦床运动员注意分配并没有随训练年限的增加和年龄的增长而提高,反而降低;注意广度与运动水平、专项训练年限、年龄、性别均无显著性差异;男女性别在注意各维度均无显著性差异。4)系统和有针对性的专项训练可以显著地提高蹦床运动员注意集中稳定和注意转移水平,建议在平时加强运动员的注意训练。5)注意集中稳定和注意转移可以作为蹦床运动员选材的心理指标。 相似文献
5.
Abstract Although the effects of lateral biases in visual attention (“pseudoneglect”) have been examined in real-world settings, this phenomenon has yet to be considered within the realm of sporting performance. In the present study, we investigated the effects of pseudoneglect on putting errors in golf. Novice golfers (n = 30) performed 90 putting trials followed by a series of pseudoneglect tasks: requiring participants to bisect lines manually and with a biomechanical bisection tool. All pseudoneglect measures were performed with both the left and right hands. Results demonstrated a leftward bias for all the pseudoneglect tasks, and a rightward bias for putting error. Moreover, the results revealed that individuals who bisected lines to the left on the Bisection Tool (the typical class of pseudoneglect error for humans) with the left hand (the hand that typically produces the greatest pseudoneglect bias) displayed significantly smaller rightward putting errors. Moreover, these individuals also holed more putts. No other pseudoneglect tasks were shown to impact on putting performance. Our findings suggest that lateralized attentional biases have a significant effect on sport performance; they appear to influence a wide range of precision-based sports (e.g. shooting, archery). Findings are also discussed in terms of the processes that are likely to be involved in this effect. 相似文献
6.
运动性猝死在人类历史的长河中屡见不鲜,在体育场上发生的一系列运动性猝死事件震撼了国际体坛,引起了人们极大的关注.在查阅了国内外有关运动性猝死的大量文献后发现,猝死的发生率男性多于女性,30岁以下为高峰,死亡原因以心源性猝死最为多见,脑源性猝死在运动也时有发生.针对我国运动猝死的发生情况提出相应的预防措施. 相似文献
7.
试图研究自我损耗与锻炼规律性对负性情绪图片注意偏向的影响。采用了2（自我损耗：高、低）×2（锻炼规律性：有、无）×2（探测点位置：一致,不一致）三因素重复测量设计,统计分析了56名被试在完成负性情绪面孔的点探测任务时的反应时与N1、P1、N2、P3等ERP成分。结果发现：高自我损耗比低自我损耗表现出对负性情绪图片更明显的注意偏向,且在无规律锻炼条件下,高自我损耗比低自我损耗表现出对负性情绪图片更明显的注意偏向,在有规律锻炼条件下,高低自我损耗对负性情绪图片的注意偏向无差异;无规律锻炼比有规律锻炼表现出对负性情绪图片更明显的注意偏向。 相似文献
8.
Preservation of visual attention in older expert orienteers at rest and under physical effort 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study investigated the visual attention of older expert orienteers and older adults not practicing activities with high attentional and psychomotor demands, and considered whether prolonged practice of orienteering may counteract the age-related deterioration of visual attentional performance both at rest and under acute exercise. In two discriminative reaction time experiments, performed both at rest and under submaximal physical workload, visual attention was cued by means of spatial cues of different sizes followed, at different stimulus-onset asynchronies, by compound stimuli with local and global target features. Orienteers, as compared to nonathletes, showed a faster reaction speed and a complex pattern of attentional differences depending on the time constraints of the attentional task, the demands on endogenous attentional control, and the presence or absence of a concomitant effortful motor task. Results suggest that older expert orienteers have developed attentional skills that outweigh, at least at rest, the age-related deficits of visual attentional focusing. 相似文献
9.
目的：本研究系统评价太极拳运动对原发性高血压患者血压指标的影响并进行Meta分析，以期为临床工作提供较为可靠的参酌依据。方法：收集太极拳对原发性高血压患者血压影响的随机对照试验，应用Cochrane偏倚风险评估工具对纳入研究进行方法学质量评价，Stata15.0软件进行Meta分析。结果：依据排除标准，研究共纳入15篇随机对照试验，其中低、中、高风险文献分别为6篇、8篇和1篇。纳入研究总样本量732个，其中实验组316个，对照组416个。Meta分析发现，实验组对原发性高血压患者收缩压和舒张压的改善效果优于对照组；亚组分析显示，太极拳可明显改善65岁以下患者的收缩压和舒张压；多因素Meta回归分析未能解释研究间异质性的来源，敏感性分析剔除2篇质量较差的文献后，同质性较好。Egger检验显示，太极拳影响收缩压的文献存在显著发表偏倚，影响舒张压的文献无显著发表偏倚。结论：基于现有证据，太极拳对原发性高血压患者收缩压和舒张压的干预是有效的，应在原发性高血压的治疗中得到重视和推广。 相似文献
10.
Moslem Bahmani Abbas Bahram Jed A Diekfuss Saeed Arsham 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(20):2318-2330
ABSTRACTThe aims of this study were to (1) to explore attentional strategies in expert judo players and (2) investigate how attentional focus affects performance effectiveness and perceptions of workload in expert judo players during real competitions. Fourteen expert male judo players participated in the study. A simulated recall method was used following participants’ competition to explore contents of attention qualitatively. The data analysis process for the qualitative portion of the study was an iterative process between inductive and deductive analyses. Quantitative analyses of performance outcomes and workload were then associated with the qualitative findings. Qualitative results revealed that the focus of attention was dynamic and complex, with technical aspects of the movements as the highest identified focus. Quantitative analyses revealed that reporting a lower quantity of attentional cues and higher percentage of focus on opponent resulted in higher performance effectiveness and less perceptions of workload. This study indicates that cognitive control and automaticity may work in a synergistic manner for successful skill execution in expert performance. 相似文献
11.
This study examined attentional processes underlying skilled motor performance in threatening situations. Twenty-four trained participants performed a simulated rally driving task under conditions designed either to direct the focus of attention toward the explicit monitoring of driving or a distracting secondary task. Performance (lap time) was compared with a "driving only" control condition. Each condition was completed under nonevaluative and evaluative instructional sets designed to manipulate anxiety. Mental effort was indexed by self-report and dual-task performance measures. The results showed little change in performance in the high-threat explicit monitoring task condition, compared with either the low-threat or the high-threat distraction conditions. Mental effort increased, however, in all high- as opposed to low-threat conditions. Performance effectiveness was therefore maintained under threat although this was at the expense of reduced processing efficiency. The results provide stronger support for the predictions of processing efficiency theory than self-focus theories of choking. 相似文献
12.
Steven N. Blair Aaron Blair Henry G. Howe Russell Pate Morton Rosenberg Gwynne M. Parker 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):718-723
In this study, the dual-task paradigm was used to determine peak attentional demand during the free-throw process. Thirty participants completed 40 free-throw trials. The free throw was the primary task, but participants also verbally responded to a tone administered at one of four probe positions (PP). Repeated measures analysis of variance showed no significant difference in free-throw performance across PPs, indicating participants were able to keep the free throw as the primary task. Repeated measures analysis of response time (RT) showed significant differences, with RT at PP1 (preshot routine) and PP2 (first upward motion of the ball) significantly higher than baseline RT. These results suggest that PP1 requires the greatest attentional demand, followed by PP2. 相似文献
13.
Kara K. Palmer Abigail L. Matsuyama J. Megan Irwin Jared M. Porter 《Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy》2017,22(6):580-588
Background and purpose: Attentional focus cues have been shown to impact motor performance of adults and children. Specifically, an external focus of attention results in improved motor learning and performance as compared to adopting an internal focus of attention. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an internal and external attentional focus cue on children’s object control skill performance during a commonly used motor skill assessment.Methods: Using a within-participant design, a total of 44 children (Mage?=?7.7 years, 20 boys and 24 girls) completed all three attentional focus conditions. The object control subscale of the Test of Gross Motor Development-2nd Edition (TGMD-2; Ulrich, 2000. Test of Gross Motor Development-2. Austin: Pro-Ed.) served as the motor skill assessment in present study. The TGMD-2 is a normed and criteria-referenced assessment frequently used to assess fundamental motor skill competence in children. The object control subtest of the TGMD-2 assesses a child’s ability to complete six fundamental motor skills – striking a stationary ball, stationary dribble, catch, kick, overhand throw, and underhand roll. All participants completed the object control subtest of the TGMD-2 under three different attentional focus conditions: baseline (i.e. neutral focus), internal, and external. The internal cue focused on movement performance and the external cue focused on movement outcome. In all three conditions, a video demonstration of proper skill performance was used to ensure no difference in visual demonstration, but the overlaying audio was changed to encompass each attentional focus condition. Children’s motor performance was recorded and later coded by a single researcher blinded to the study. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to determine if children’s motor scores changed among the three conditions.Results: Findings demonstrated that children’s performance differed among the three conditions (F(2,43)?=?3.5, p?Post hoc analysis revealed that children scored significantly better in the external cue condition compared to the baseline (difference?=?1.98, p?Conclusion: Children performed better when given a verbal instruction to focus their attention externally rather than a verbal instruction with no attentional focus cue. No significant differences exist between the internal and external focus condition or between the neutral and internal condition. Our findings align with the literature and support that external attentional focus cues have a positive effect on motor performance. From a teaching and learning standpoint, using consistent instructions appears to be essential for young learners. Slight changes in verbal cues can have a significant effect on how well children execute fundamental motor skills. 相似文献
14.
Nibbeling N Daanen HA Gerritsma RM Hofland RM Oudejans RR 《Journal of sports sciences》2012,30(1):11-19
State anxiety is known to affect far aiming tasks, but less is known about the effects of state anxiety on running and aiming while running. Therefore, in the current study participants ran on a treadmill at their preferred speed in a low- and high-anxiety condition. In both conditions, running was combined with dart throwing in the last minutes. Results showed that attention shifted away from task execution with elevated levels of anxiety. Furthermore, gait patterns were more conservative and oxygen uptake was higher with anxiety. In addition, performance and efficiency on the dart throwing task also decreased with anxiety. These findings are in line with attentional control theory and provide an indication that state anxiety not only affects aiming tasks but also tasks that rely heavily on the aerobic system. Moreover, findings indicate that when combined, running, aiming, and anxiety all compete for attention leading to suboptimal attentional control and possibly a decrease in performance. 相似文献
15.
The role of focusing attention on one limb or both limbs in a bimanual aiming task was investigated in two experiments. Participants were prompted to focus attention on either limb (Experiment 1) or were free to choose their attentional strategy (Experiment 2). Fifty-two college-aged participants made quick, bimanual lever reversals in the sagittal plane over 20 degrees and 60 degrees in 210 ms to the reversal point. In both experiments, spatial accuracy was better when participants focused their attention on a single limb compared to the nonattended limb and when they paid attention to both limbs. However, no differences were shown on a no-knowledge of results (KR) retention test when participants paid attention to both limbs. In the second experiment, differences were maintained on a no-KR retention test when participants continued to select their own attentional strategy, although the statistical effect was smaller than in the first experiment. The findings suggested that the movement parameter selection process benefited from attentional focus. 相似文献
16.
为了研究环境主导注意型运动员在不同分心数量刺激条件下的眼动特征,应用眼动仪进行测试,考察环境主导注意型运动员的各项眼动指标,发现环境主导注意型运动员与主体主导注意型运动员相比,在反应时、正确率、注视次数、注视点持续时间、眼跳距离、注视时间、回视次数、注视轨迹和注视频率等各项眼动指标上都存在明显的差异。结论:环境主导注意型项目运动员、主体主导注意型运动员和普通大学生具有不同的信息加工效率;环境主导注意型项目运动员具有独特的眼动模式。 相似文献
17.
形体认知偏差定义为自我体型认知与实际生理体型产生的差值,差值越大,偏差越大。基于社会认知理论,对青少年学生形体认知偏差与自尊、生活满意感的关系进行探讨与分析。被试者600名大、中学生填写了一般自尊量表、身体自尊量表、生活满意感量表、BMI表。研究结果表明,青少年学生对形体认知偏差在不同体型、年龄和性别之间存在着显著差异。形体认知偏差与身体自尊和一般自尊存在着显著相关关系,主要体现在女生群体中。形体认知偏差能够对身体自尊和一般自尊进行可靠的预测。但无论男、女生,形体认知偏差与生活满意感之间不存在相关关系,即不能对生活满意感产生预测效应。路径分析表明,形体认知偏差对生活满意感的影响是通过身体自尊和一般自尊这两个中间变量间接实现的。 相似文献
18.
Purpose: Considerable research supports the motor-learning advantage associated with an external focus of attention; however, very few studies have attempted to generalize these findings to children especially with attentional focus feedback. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of attentional focus feedback on motor learning in children. Method: Boys (n = 14) and girls (n = 14) aged 9 to 11 years old were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 gender-stratified groups: (a) internal-focus feedback or (b) external-focus feedback. Following initial instructions and task demonstration, participants performed 100 modified free throws over 2 days while receiving feedback statements respective to their attentional focus condition. Approximately 24 hr later, participants performed a retention test consisting of 20 additional free throws. Participants were also asked to respond to a retrospective verbal report at the end of each day to serve as a manipulation check. Results: Results of the analysis revealed a statistically significant learning advantage for participants receiving external-focus feedback, and retrospective verbal reports provide support for the self-invoking trigger and constrained action hypotheses. Conclusions: Future research should continue to incorporate retrospective verbal reports and explore potential causal links between internal attentional focus and self-evaluation. 相似文献
19.
Alan L. Smith Diane L. Gill Debra J. Crews Regina Hopewell Don W. Morgan 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):142-150
The purpose of this investigation was twofold: (a) to compare most and least economical runners on use of attentional strategies and (b) to determine whether the least economical runners within the subject sample could improve running economy (RE) with the use of an active associative (relaxation) attentional strategy. Subjects (N = 36) completed an initial assessment of attentional style and RE; then the 12 least economical runners ran in each of three laboratory sessions using control, passive associative, and active associative attentional strategies. Results showed that the most economical and least economical runners did not differ in associative style use. The most economical runners, however, reported less dissociation use and more use of relaxation than did the least economical runners. No significant physiological or psychological changes were associated with any of the three attentional strategy conditions. The findings are related to possible differences in how most and least economical runners use associative strategies. 相似文献
20.
Purpose: The influence of attention on postural control and the relationship between attention and falling has been reported in previous studies. Although a dual-task procedure is commonly used to measure attentional demand, such procedures are affected by allocation policy, which is a mental strategy to divide attention between simultaneous tasks. Therefore, we examined the effectiveness of salivary α-amylase, which is a physiological method for measuring attentional demand during postural control. Method: Sixteen healthy participants performed a postural-control task using the Balance System, which is a device that can be calibrated to a specific stability level (“Level 1 = least stable” to “Level 8 = most stable”). Levels 1, 2, and 3 were used for this study. Dependent variables measured were overall stability index, which represents the variance of platform displacement in degrees from a horizontal plane; probe reaction time, which was measured using a sound stimulator and recorder; and salivary α-amylase, which was measured using a portable salivary amylase analyzer. Results: As stability level of the test task decreased, both stability index and probe reaction time significantly increased. In addition, we identified a positive moderate correlation between probe reaction time and salivary α-amylase. Conclusions: Our results suggest that salivary α-amylase and probe reaction time reflect the change in attentional demands during a postural-control task and that salivary α-amylase may be an effective tool for evaluating attentional demands during postural control because it is noninvasive and simple to perform. 相似文献