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Cognitive Load Theory and Complex Learning: Recent Developments and Future Directions 总被引：27，自引：0，他引：27
Traditionally, Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) has focused on instructional methods to decrease extraneous cognitive load so that available cognitive resources can be fully devoted to learning. This article strengthens the cognitive base of CLT by linking cognitive processes to the processes used by biological evolution. The article discusses recent developments in CLT related to the current view in instructional design that real-life tasks should be the driving force for complex learning. First, the complexity, or intrinsic cognitive load, of such tasks is often high so that new methods are needed to manage cognitive load. Second, complex learning is a lengthy process requiring learners motivational states and levels of expertise development to be taken into account. Third, this perspective requires more advanced methods to measure expertise and cognitive load so that instruction can be flexibly adapted to individual learners needs. Experimental studies are reviewed to illustrate these recent developments. Guidelines for future research are provided. 相似文献
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Alexander Renkl 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》1999,14(4):477-488
Recent research has shown that learning from worked-out examples is of major importance for initial skill acquisition in well-structured domains such as mathematics. However, only those learners who actively process the presented examples profit noticeably from this learning mode. Specifically, the learning outcomes depend on how well the learners explain the solution steps presented in the examples to themselves (‘self-explanation effect”). In a series of studies on learning mathematics from examples, learners’ spontaneous self-explanations and instructional means used to encourage self-explanations were investigated. In this research, the following main findings were obtained. Most learners were rather passive with respect to their spontaneous self-explanations. Among the active and successful learners, two subgroups employing different self-explanation styles could be identified. With regard to the instructional means used to induce effective example processing, it turned out that to employ “learning by teaching” in order to stimulate explanation activities was of very limited use. Attempts to directly train for or elicit certain types of self-explanations were more successful. However, even in the latter case, self-explanations had inherent deficits (e.g., proneness to errors). Thus, we sought to design learning arrangements that try to integrate self-explanations with well-timed and well-adapted instructional explanations (e.g., from tutors) in order to enhance students’ problem-solving skills. 相似文献
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多媒体学习理论是一个贯通了学习理论与教学理论的科学体系。作为学习理论的多媒体学习认知理论基于双重编码理论、工作记忆模型以及生成加工理论,解释了学习者通过加工语词与画面所呈现的材料来建构知识的学习机制,属于解释性理论;作为教学理论的多媒体教学设计理论发展出一系列教学设计应遵循的原则,为教育实践提供了具有处方性意义的行动指南,属于处方性理论。解释性的学习理论为处方性的教学理论提供了扎实可靠的科学基础。在多媒体学习研究从学习理论向教学理论转化的过程中,多媒体教学设计理论是实现跃迁的关键环节,而认知负荷理论则是理论跃迁成功的关键变量。基于认知负荷理论,梅耶提出多媒体学习认知负荷三元模型,包括必要认知加工、外来认知加工和生成性认知加工。围绕这三类认知加工,梅耶及其同事进行了大量的实验研究,最终确定了12项与多媒体学习认知理论及其前提假设保持高度逻辑一贯性的多媒体教学设计原则。这些原则都是经得起实践检验的,但教学设计人员在应用的过程中,应明确各项原则的问题情境、适用范围等边际条件。 相似文献
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Tamara van Gog K. Anders Ericsson Remy M. J. P. Rikers Fred Paas 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2005,53(3):73-81
Cognitive load theory (CLT) has been successful in identifying instructional formats that are more effective and efficient
than conventional problem solving in the initial, novice phase of skill acquisition. However, recent findings regarding the
“expertise reversal effect” have begun to stimulate cognitive load theorists to broaden their horizon to the question of how
instructional design should be altered as a learner's knowledge increases. To answer this question, it is important to understand
how expertise is acquired and what fosters its development. Expert performance research, and, in particular, the theoretical
framework of deliberate practice have given us a better understanding of the principles and activities that are essential
in order to excel in a domain. This article explores how these activities and principles can be used to design instructional
formats based on CLT for higher levels of skills mastery. The value of these formats for e-learning environments in which
learning tasks can be adaptively selected on the basis of online assessments of the learner's level of expertise is discussed.
In their preparation of this article, the first and last authors were supported by an Internationalization grant from the
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO, The Hague, project number 411-01-010). 相似文献
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基于认知负荷理论的复杂学习整体任务设计探讨 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
目前的教学设计趋向于聚焦真实的学习任务,但由于这些任务的复杂性,使学习者的学习受到阻碍。文章基于认知负荷理论介绍了复杂学习任务的设计,并结合认知负荷理论具体探讨了如何通过降低认知负荷来进行复杂学习的整体任务设计。 相似文献
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This article summarizes single-subject-design intervention studies that include students with learning disabilities. Effect sizes of 85 studies were analyzed across instructional domains (e.g., reading, mathematics); sample characteristics (e.g., age, intelligence); intervention parameters (e.g., number of instructional sessions, instructional components); and methodological procedures (e.g., internal validity, treatment integrity, sample representation). The major findings were as follows: (a) All domain areas except handwriting yielded effect sizes at or above Cohen's .80 threshold for a substantial finding; (b) instructional components related to drill-repetition-practice-review, segmentation, small interactive groups, and the implementation of cues to use strategies contributed significant variance (15%) to estimates of effect size; (c) strategy instruction (SI) models better predicted effect size estimates than direct instruction (DI) models when the results were qualified by the reported intellectual and reading levels of the participants; (d) high-IQ discrepancy groups yielded lower effect sizes compared to low-IQ discrepancy groups in the domain of reading, whereas the reverse effect occurred when treatment outcomes were not reading measures; and (e) the low-IQ discrepancy groups yielded higher effect sizes for a Combined DI and SI Model when compared to competing models. The results are supportive of the pervasive influence of cognitive strategy and direct instruction models across treatment domains and of the notion that variations in sample definition moderate treatment outcomes. 相似文献
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《Learning and Instruction》2006,16(2):87-91
Worked examples are an effective instructional means to teach complex problem-solving skills. It has been argued that worked examples decrease extraneous load, enabling more Working Memory (WM) resources to be directed to activities that facilitate learning and transfer performance. Hence, cognitive load research has started to shift its focus towards finding instructional techniques that impose a germane cognitive load by stimulating the allocation of WM resources to such activities. This special issue provides an overview of recent experimental research on ways to further optimise the design and delivery of worked examples in order to foster learning and transfer. 相似文献
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Based on a critical re-analysis of cognitive load theory (CLT), Schnotz and Kürschner identified the need for research on more sensitive ways of assessing learner characteristics, both prior to and during instruction, in order to understand learning processes and outcomes. One emergent theme of the papers in this special issue is that the “same” learning environment is differentially demanding and produces different results depending on characteristics of the learners, most importantly their knowledge in the task domain. These findings indicate that to optimize learning outcomes, theories of instructional design and learning need to be more adaptive and reflect the nuances of interactions among learners, tasks, and instructional supports. 相似文献
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Slava Kalyuga 《Educational Psychology Review》2007,19(4):509-539
The interactions between levels of learner prior knowledge and effectiveness of different instructional techniques and procedures
have been intensively investigated within a cognitive load framework since mid-90s. This line of research has become known
as the expertise reversal effect. Apart from their cognitive load theory-based prediction and explanation, patterns of empirical
findings on the effect fit well those in studies of Aptitude Treatment Interactions (ATI) that were originally initiated in
mid-60s. This paper reviews recent empirical findings associated with the expertise reversal effect, their interpretation
within cognitive load theory, relations to ATI studies, implications for the design of learner-tailored instructional systems,
and some recent experimental attempts of implementing these findings into realistic adaptive learning environments. 相似文献
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Ron J. C. M. Salden Kenneth R. Koedinger Alexander Renkl Vincent Aleven Bruce M. McLaren 《Educational Psychology Review》2010,22(4):379-392
Recent studies have tested the addition of worked examples to tutored problem solving, a more effective instructional approach
than the untutored problem solving used in prior worked example research. These studies involved Cognitive Tutors, software
designed to support problem solving while minimizing extraneous cognitive load by providing prompts for problem sub-goals,
step-based immediate feedback, and context-sensitive hints. Results across eight studies in three different domains indicate
that adding examples to Cognitive Tutors is beneficial, particularly for decreasing the instructional time needed and perhaps
also for achieving more robust learning outcomes. These studies bolster the practical importance of examples in learning,
but are also of theoretical interest. By using a stronger control condition than previous studies, these studies provide a
basis for refining Cognitive Load Theory explanations of the benefits of examples. Perhaps, in addition to other reasons,
examples may help simply because they more quickly provide novices with information needed to induce generalized knowledge. 相似文献
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Jeroen J. G. van Merriënboer Dominique M. A. Sluijsmans 《Educational Psychology Review》2009,21(1):55-66
This article explores the opportunities to apply cognitive load theory and four-component instructional design to self-directed
learning. Learning tasks are defined as containing three elements: learners must (a) perform the tasks, (b) assess their task performance, and (c) select future tasks for improving their performance. Principles to manage intrinsic and extraneous load for performing learning
tasks, such as simple-to-complex ordering and fading-guidance strategies, are also applicable to assessing performance and
selecting tasks. Moreover, principles to increase germane load, such as high variability and self-explanation prompts, are
also applicable to assessment and selection. It is concluded that cognitive load theory and four-component instructional design
provide a solid basis for a research program on self-directed learning. 相似文献
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Jongpil Cheon Michael M. Grant 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2012,60(3):399-420
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a metaphorical interface on germane cognitive load in Web-based instruction. Based on cognitive load theory, germane cognitive load is a cognitive investment for schema construction and automation. A new instrument developed in a previous study was used to measure students?? mental activities of schema construction and automation supported by structural cues in a metaphorical interface environment. Eighty participants were randomly assigned to one of two types of instructional units with the same instructional content and different interface types (i.e., non-metaphorical interface and metaphorical interface). The results indicated that germane cognitive load positively affected learning performance while there was no relationship between germane cognitive load and students?? prior knowledge. A metaphorical interface enhanced learners?? germane cognitive load and learning performance, and both germane cognitive load and prior knowledge similarly contributed to learning performance. The findings provide implications for the advancement of cognitive load theory and the practice of instructional development. 相似文献
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According to cognitive load theory, using worked examples is an effective and efficient instructional strategy for initial cognitive skill acquisition for novice learners, as it reduces cognitive load and frees up cognitive resources to build task competence. Contrary to this, productive failure (as well as invention learning, desirable difficulties and other problem-solving-first) frameworks suggest that scaffolded problem-solving activities (a generation phase) preceding explicit instruction enhance learners’ performance. The reported experimental study investigated the effectiveness of different levels of instructional guidance provided to students during the learning phase preceding explicit instruction in standard solution procedures in enhancing students’ engagement and transfer problem-solving skills. Specifically, the study compared partially-guided or unguided attempts at generating problem solutions as opposed to comprehensive guidance, in the form of a worked example. Levels of experienced cognitive load and learner motivation were evaluated in addition to delayed post-test performance scores. There were no differences between the three groups on the transfer post-test outcomes, even though the condition with fully-guided worked examples prior to the explicit instruction expectedly reduced cognitive load relative to the conditions without such guidance. There were also differences between the conditions on some sub-dimensions of the motivation scale. In general, the findings indicate that similar overall outcomes (delayed transfer performance) could be achieved by different sequences of instructional tasks aimed at achieving different sets of specific goals. 相似文献
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基于认知负荷理论的教学媒体设计 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
首先对认知负荷的概念含义、主要观点和分类做简单扼要的论述。认知负荷理论提出了一些能减少学习者认知负荷,提高学习效率,并对教学媒体设计有指导作用的教学效应:分散注意力效应、双重感官效应、独立交互元素效应、元素交互效应及冗余效应。在阐述这些教学效应的基础上,分别给出它们在教学媒体设计中应用的例子。 相似文献
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Cognitive load theory (CLT) was used to redesign a Database Systems course for Information Technology students. The redesign was intended to address poor student performance and low satisfaction, and to provide a more relevant foundation in database design and use for subsequent studies and industry. The original course followed the conventional structure for a database course, covering database design first, then database development. Analysis showed the conventional course content was appropriate but the instructional materials used were too complex, especially for novice students. The redesign of instructional materials applied CLT to remove split attention and redundancy effects, to provide suitable worked examples and sub-goals, and included an extensive re-sequencing of content. The approach was primarily directed towards mid- to lower performing students and results showed a significant improvement for this cohort with the exam failure rate reducing by 34% after the redesign on identical final exams. Student satisfaction also increased and feedback from subsequent study was very positive. The application of CLT to the design of instructional materials is discussed for delivery of technical courses. 相似文献
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This special issue consists of six theoretical papers and an introduction. Each paper describes a current advance to the applications
and focus of cognitive load theory (CLT). Four of the papers use an interdisciplinary approach outside of educational psychology
by combining CLT with elements of evolutionary biology, mirror neuron research, cognitive brain science, and the philosophy
of science. The remaining two papers use an intradisciplinary approach within educational psychology by applying CLT to self-regulation
and heuristic learning. This paper introduces CLT, overviews each contribution, and summarizes the main themes. 相似文献
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Example-based learning often follows a design in which learners first receive instructional explanations that communicate new principles and concepts and second examples thereof. In this setting, using the knowledge components of the instructional explanations to explain the examples (i.e., generating principle-based self-explanations) is considered to be a highly important learning process. However, a potential suboptimality of this learning process is that it scarcely requires learners to organize the content of the instructional explanations into coherent mental representations. Thus, in two experiments we investigated whether prompting learners to organize the content of the instructional explanations before providing them with the examples (and self-explanation prompts) enhances the effectiveness of example-based learning. We consistently found that organization prompts fostered learning regardless of whether the learners also received self-explanation prompts. Hence, in example-based learning, learners should be prompted to not only generate principle-based self-explanations but also to organize the content of the instructional explanations. 相似文献
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杨进中 《现代远程教育研究》2012,(3):86-90
移动通讯技术的发展促进了学习理念的变革,给学习者带来了全新的学习方式。移动学习作为一种特殊的、全新的学习模式,其课程的教学设计受学习对象、呈现方式、传输载体等的影响,需在充分考虑认知负荷理论和多媒体学习认知理论的基础上,按照明确定位、界面简单、小模块呈现、随机进入、双通道、去除冗余、适当排序、情境认知等八大设计原则,设计既不增加学习者认知负荷、符合移动学习者特点和需求,又能充分发挥移动通讯技术、特别是多媒体技术优势的移动课程,实现高效的移动学习。 相似文献