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1.
Ruth Gilbert 《Children‘s Literature in Education》2010,41(4):355-366
This discussion explores the role that storytelling and stories might have in leading children towards an awareness of uncertainty
and ambiguity in relation to Holocaust representation. It focuses on Morris Gleitzman’s Once (2006), its sequel Then (2008), and John Boyne’s The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (2006) to consider the narrative techniques used to draw young readers into an understanding of the Holocaust. In particular, the
discussion examines the role of silence within these narratives to suggest that a meaningful dialogue with silence is a crucial
aspect in communicating the fractured nature of Holocaust history. Literature aimed at a young audience engages explicitly
with the oft-cited injunction not to forget the Holocaust by setting out to inform a new generation of readers about the horrors
of the Nazi genocide. In my analysis of these texts, however, I want to consider whether we should assume that such works
do necessarily perform a progressive educative role. The article argues that the blunt didacticism of Boyne’s text might close
down possibilities for the child reader’s imaginative engagement with the ungraspable nature of the Holocaust. In contrast,
Gleitzman’s novels confront the child reader with a complex set of ideas about the relationship between narrative and subjectivity. 相似文献
2.
3.
We examined text memory in children with word reading deficits to determine how these difficulties impact representations
of text meaning. We show that even though children with poor word decoding recall more central than peripheral information,
they show a significantly bigger deficit relative to controls on central than on peripheral information. We call this the
centrality deficit and argue that it is the consequence of insufficient cognitive resources for connecting ideas together due to these children’s
resources being diverted from comprehension to word decoding. We investigated a possible compensatory mechanism for making
these connections. Because a text representation is a synthesis of text information and a reader’s prior knowledge, we hypothesized
that having knowledge of the passage topic might reduce or eliminate the centrality deficit. Our results support this knowledge
compensation hypothesis: The centrality deficit was evident when poor readers did not have prior knowledge, but was eliminated
when they did. This presents an exciting avenue to pursue for possible remediation of reading comprehension in children with
word identification difficulties. 相似文献
4.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether poor readers have more pronounced problems than average-reading peers reading
derived words the base forms of which undergo a phonological shift when a suffix is added (i.e., shift relations as in “natural”),
as compared to derived words whose forms are phonologically and orthographically transparent (i.e., stable relations, as in
“cultural”). Two computer-based word recognition tasks (Naming and Lexical Decision) were administered to children with reading
disability (RD), peers with average reading ability, and adults. Across tasks, there was an effect for transparency (i.e.,
better performance on stable than shift words) for both child groups and the adults. For the children, a significant interaction
was found between group and word type. Specifically, on the naming task, there was an advantage for the stable words, and
this was most noteworthy for the children with RD. On the lexical decision task, trade-offs of speed and accuracy were evident
for the child reader groups. Performances on the nonwords showed the poor readers to be comparable to the average readers
in distinguishing legal and illegal nonwords; further analyses suggested that poor readers carried out deeper processing of
derived words than their average reading peers. Additional study is needed to explore the relation of orthographic and phonological
processing on poor readers’ memory for and processing of derived words. 相似文献
5.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of impaired reading skills and visual discomfort on the reading rate and comprehension of university students when reading texts presented at a high school (Grade 9) or university (Grade 12) level of difficulty. Groups included impaired readers (n=18) and normal readers with (n=13) or without visual discomfort (n=19). Regardless of text difficulty the impaired reader group had a significantly slower reading rate and poorer comprehension than the normal reader control group. However, when reading rate and comprehension were compared at the assessed reading level of each group, no group differences were found. The normal reading visual discomfort group had poorer reading comprehension than other normal readers with presentation of university‐level text only. It was concluded that poor word decoding skills may exacerbate comprehension difficulties in impaired readers. In contrast, the comprehension difficulties found for normal readers with visual discomfort occurred because of the somatic and perceptual difficulties induced with exposure to the repetitive striped patterns found on text pages. The types of strategy needed to increase the reading efficiency and produce greater academic success in university students with impaired reader skills or visual discomfort are discussed. 相似文献
6.
Helen Mulholland 《Journal of Research in Reading》1985,8(2):139-140
The research reported in this thesis was designed to investigate the nature of reading comprehension failure with a view to improving remedial reading programmes for those children who, although resembling normal readers in other respects, enter secondary education with an inadequate level of reading ability. By the use of cloze tests, in which the reader is required to restore words deleted from a text, comparisons were made between failing readers at age twelve, normal readers of age twelve and normal readers of age nine who had reached the same level of reading comprehension as the failing twelve-year-olds. The three groups’ responses were classified by a system based on a view of the reading process as an interaction between the reader and the text. The effects of specific aspects of text on the three groups of readers were investigated. It was found that there were significant differences between the responses offered by the failing readers at age twelve and normal readers at age nine. Since the level of reading ability of the two groups was the same, this suggests that reading failure involves qualitative differences from normal reading development. The types of difficulty experienced by failing readers, as reflected in their cloze responses, include difficulties in visual scanning, in reconstruction of syntactic structures and in vocabulary. These components did not affect all failing readers equally. Failing readers appear to have greater difficulty than normal in relating their responses to the general theme of the text and tend to treat it as a series of isolated fragments. They make less use of the context following a deleted word than normal readers. Failing readers at age twelve appear to have greater difficulty than normal readers at age nine in recognizing which segments of a text contain important information. The whole population of a secondary school, 643 subjects, was tested and it was found that failing readers at age fifteen produced the same pattern of responses as those failing at age twelve. The only improvement appearing in their reading was in the processing of complete sentences. There were indications that remedial programmes designed on the diagnostic basis provided by the research results produced an increase in reading age in six months of a similar order to that produced by previous remedial programmes in a year. The increase was approximately twenty-four months on average for a group of failing readers whose mean reading age on entry was eight years six months. The programme caused them to alter their response patterns to resemble those of normal readers at age twelve. 相似文献
7.
Individual and developmental differences in reading monitoring: When and how do children evaluate their comprehension? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Elsa Eme Minna Puustinen Béatrice Coutelet 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2006,21(1):91-115
This paper examines evaluation in reading. Evaluation refers to the processes by which readers monitor their ongoing text
comprehension to assess performance and task difficulties. Monitoring is assumed to explain a large proportion of individual
differences in text comprehension, in that individuals need to be aware of their objectives and difficulties in order to adjust
their strategies to match task requirements. The participants were French children in grades 3 and 5. Study 1 examined their
evaluation-related knowledge (i.e., knowledge about reading objectives, sources of difficulties, comprehension awareness).
Study 2 examined the children’s actual evaluation behavior during a comprehension task. The results showed that few children
provided elaborate verbalizable knowledge about reading tasks, goals and corresponding skills, and that in most cases the
children were highly confident in their responses to text comprehension questions, regardless of the correctness of their
answer. The contribution of metalinguistic awareness to literacy acquisition as well as the implications of this type of study
for educational practice are discussed. 相似文献
8.
Uncovering the effect of text structure in learning from a science text: An eye-tracking study 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This study examined whether reading a refutational or non-refutational text would induce different cognitive processing, as
revealed by eye-movement analyses. Unlike a standard expository text, a refutational text acknowledges a reader’s alternative
conceptions about a topic, refutes them, and then introduces scientific conceptions as viable alternatives. Forty university
students read one or the other type of text about the phenomenon of the tides. All had alternative conceptions about the topic.
Findings showed that at post-test (off-line measure) refutational text readers learned more than non-refutational text readers.
Outcomes regarding indices of visual behavior (on-line measures) during reading revealed that refutational text readers fixated
the text segments presenting scientific concepts for a longer time overall than non-refutational text readers, in particular
during the second-pass reading. Refutational text readers also fixated the refutational segments for a shorter time than non-refutational
text readers for the control segments. Furthermore, all indices of visual attention predicted learning only for the refutational
text readers. The more the students’ reading of the refutational text was strategic, the better they learned from it. Implications
about eye-tracking methodology and the refutational effect are drawn. 相似文献
9.
Carole King 《Literacy》2001,35(1):32-36
Drawing on research into the use of Literature Circles carried out at the University of Brighton, this paper discusses the role of talk as a way of developing children’s meaningful interactions with literary texts. It argues that where children are engaged in small group unstructured expressive talk, they are able to articulate affective responses to their reading which would otherwise remain dormant, yet which contribute to a richer understanding both of the texts they read and themselves as readers. Using the Literature Circle as a model, this paper suggests that, from reception onwards, guided reading can provide an ideal opportunity for the development of such text‐related talk. The teacher needs firstly to scaffold guided reading to enable children to learn how to respond and secondly, to transfer control of the talk to the group. The teacher should not be seen as the expert reader having all the right answers, but should lead by following. The conclusion stresses the way that guided reading can encourage children as readers, by enabling them to recognise reading as an active and desirable social process rather than as an essentially private activity. 相似文献
10.
Narrative for a dual audience of children and adults is a field of expanding interest among children’s literature scholars.
A great deal of the extant research is implicitly or explicitly informed by longstanding anxieties about the status of children’s
fiction, a context that shifts the parameters of the analysis to questions of literary sophistication. Whilst some attention
is paid to the reader-subject position of the child reader, rather less is given to the positioning of the adult reader in
relation to the pedagogical agendas of such texts. This article examines picture books featuring parents reading to preschool
children. In the context of family literacy, it is an instance in which the pedagogical address to the adult reader is as
significant as the address to the child. Drawing on distinctions between double and dual address, the article examines the
ways in which representations of parents reading to children position adult and child reading-subjects to understand reading
as work and leisure, respectively. We conclude with some observations about how the dual address might in fact subvert the
literacy agendas in these texts. 相似文献
11.
Nils Søvik Marit Samuelstuen Annlaug Flem 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2000,15(2):135-155
The problem was concerned with the extent to which cognitive/linguistic functions and domain-specific strategies could predict readers’ text comprehension when working with science texts. Six hypotheses were stated and tested in two prediction studies (N=101 eighth-graders), and one experiment (N=8 pupils of same age). Handal’s reading test was used for classifying pupils into good and poor readers. Two texts, one with a known subject and another with an unknown theme were imposed pupils as science reading tasks. Questionnaires and tests concerning cognitive and linguistic functions were used as independent variables in the prediction studies. Two different tests were used as independent variables (for text comprehension) in all of the three studies, and one additional criterion test (writing essays on main ideas in the texts) was applied in the experient. The experiment was organized as a 2x2 factorial design where text type and reading skill were the factors. According to the results, 5 of the 6 hypotheses could not be rejected, i.e., general concept information was the most significant predictor of science text comprehension. Furthermore, text based on a subject known to the reader always surpassed text with an unknown subject as to text comprehension. Similarily, across-domain strategies were more closely related to reading comprehension than domain-specific strategies. 相似文献
12.
Tracy Linderholm Qin Zhao David J. Therriault Kristi Cordell-McNulty 《Metacognition and Learning》2008,3(3):175-188
Low accuracy levels are often obtained when readers are asked to predict test performance over reading materials. Three investigations
further explore the information readers use to make predictions during metacomprehension. Our results show that readers’ estimates
are influenced by factors such as their initial impression of the reading task, based in part on their perceptions surrounding
text genre and test item type. To explain these and other published results, a new framework for investigating metacomprehension
using Tversky and Kahneman’s (Science, 185:1124–1131, 1974) anchoring and adjustment heuristic as a guide is proposed. We argue that readers anchor comprehension test performance on
factors such as self-perceptions of reading ability and/or perceptions of the reading task and then insufficiently adjust
their predictions to reflect the demands of the specific reading task at hand such as text difficulty. 相似文献
13.
Maryanne Wolf 《Annals of dyslexia》1984,34(1):87-115
In research in the cognitive and neurosciences, a co-occurrence between naming and reading disorders has been found in children
and aphasic adults. Evidence from a completed cross-sectional study will be briefly summarized and an ongoing longitudinal
study will be presented to suggest that factors disrupting specific stages of the naming process can impede the development
of children’s reading in particular, perhaps predictable, ways. Based on the components of a neurolinguistic model of naming,
a battery of naming and reading tests was administered to a longitudinal sample of 115 children before, during, and after
reading acquisition. Preliminary trends indicate that poor readers are significantly different (p<.001) from average readers
on all naming tests except those emphasizingreceptive vocabulary perception. Tests emphasizing retrieval rate are best able to predict patterns of naming performance and errors
characterize specific subgroups of the dyslexias.
The research was supported in part by funds from the Livingston Fellowship Foundation, Department of Social Psychiatry, Harvard
Medical School and Biomedical Research Support Grants from Tufts University. 相似文献
14.
Eleni Moschovaki Sara Meadows Anthony D. Pellegrini 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2007,22(4):405-420
This study examines how teachers’ use of affective strategies (voice intonation, dramatization, personal involvement comments)
during the reading and discussion of books influence young children’s affective reactions (dramatization, personal engagement,
language play comments). Twenty kindergarten teachers read four books, two fiction and two information ones (narrative/expository
text).
We found significant differences in both teachers’ affective presentation and young children’s affective reactions between
fiction and information books, between the two fiction books but not between the narrative and expository text. A strong bi-directional
relationship was found between teachers’ affective presentation of stories and young children’s affective reactions. In particular,
teachers’ personal involvement comments prompted children’s personal engagement reactions, teachers’ reenactment was followed
by children’s imitations of such reenactments and teachers’ voice intonation elicited children’s personal engagement comments.
On the other hand, children’s use of paralinguistic cues and personal engagement comments reinforced teachers’ use of voice
intonation and personal involvement comments. Finally, text features, such as rhyming, were followed by children’s language
play. 相似文献
15.
This paper investigates the relationship between phonological processing and reading ability amongst grade 4 and grade 5 Arabic
speaking children in Egypt. In addition to measuring reading level, the study assessed the children’s ability to identify
rhymes, delete individual phonemes from words, retain and manipulate sequences of digit names and rapidly access verbal labels.
Further literacy and literacy-related tasks required children to decode novel letter strings, to distinguish similar words,
to identify words within letter chains and to correctly spell dictated text. A non-verbal ability measure was also included
to allow comparisons to be made between a group of poor readers with good non-verbal skills (dyslexics) with a control group
of chronological-age-matched normal readers with equivalent average scores on the non-verbal task. Results indicated relationships
between literacy ability, decoding and phonological processing within this cohort, as well as identifying differences between
dyslexic and control groups that suggest Arabic dyslexics show signs of poor phonological skills. The study supports the view
that Arabic dyslexic children have impairments in the phonological processing domain. 相似文献
16.
Jenni Adams 《Children‘s Literature in Education》2010,41(3):222-233
This article examines the consolatory possibilities presented by Markus Zusak’s recent crossover novel The Book Thief, investigating the degree to which the novel delivers the simultaneous consolation and confrontation identified with children’s
and young adults’ Holocaust texts by such critics as Adrienne Kertzer and Lawrence Baron. Contending that the supernatural
nature of the novel’s redemptive imagery ultimately undermines its apparently consolatory purpose, the article concludes with
an analysis of the extent to which such a reading is complicated by the novel’s status as crossover text, and the triangular
gaze that might subsequently be attributed to its adult readers. 相似文献
17.
Patricia M. Cooper 《Early Childhood Education Journal》2007,34(5):315-322
Today’s emphasis on using children’s literature as a tool to teach reading and writing sub-skills distracts teachers’ attention
from looking to children’s books for their historical role in helping children navigate the intellectual, social, and emotional
terrains of childhood. This article argues, first, that early childhood educators must remain fluent in the use of literature
that supports young children’s psychosocial development. Second, teachers must establish criteria for choice. By way of example,
it examines two popular books for young children, Sendak’s (1963) Where the Wild Things Are [New York: HarperCollins Publishers] and Shannon’s (1998) No, David! [New York: Blue Sky Press] Three theoretical perspectives guide the analysis. The first combines Dewey’s (1938/97) [Experience and education. New York:Touchstone] impetus for learning and Vygotsky’s (1978) [Mind in society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press] theory that learning precedes development through scaffolded social
interaction. The second is Erikson’s (1950, 1985) [Childhood and society. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.] theory of psychosocial development in light of the
4–6-year-old’s drive towards self-regulation, control, and independence. The third is Rosenblatt’s (1978) [The reader, the text, the poem. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English] transactional nature of reading. 相似文献
18.
Louise Spear-Swerling 《Reading and writing》2006,19(2):199-220
This study explored third-graders’ oral reading fluency (ORF) in easy text in relation to their third- and fourth-grade reading
comprehension. It also examined the children’s performance on two different measures of text exposure, a self-report questionnaire
and a title-recognition test. Although third-graders’ ORF related significantly to their reading comprehension, oral language
comprehension accounted for most of the variance in reading comprehension, whereas single word reading speed accounted for
most of the variance in ORF. Third-grade reading comprehension and ORF each predicted unique variance in children’s scores
on a fourth-grade state-mandated reading comprehension assessment. Scores on the self-report questionnaire correlated significantly
with third-grade ORF and fourth-grade reading; the self-report accounted for reliable variance in ORF even with all of the
other reading ability variables entered first. Results are consistent with the viewpoint that text exposure affects reading
fluency. They also demonstrate that ORF is a valuable predictor of middle-elementary children’s reading comprehension, even
when the ORF measure employs very easy text in which children achieve near-perfect word accuracy. 相似文献
19.
Previous studies have showed that early problems with word decoding can lead to poor performance in text reading and comprehension and suggest that poor readers often struggle with reading deficits throughout their school years. Therefore, early detection of those children who are at risk for slow reading development and/or who belong to the lowest reading profiles is essential in order to organize proper support. The present study explores the heterogeneity and prevalence of latent reading profiles among 769 Finnish- and German-reading students during their first and second school years in three countries (Finland, Germany, and Italy) using latent profile analysis. The results identified three latent profiles among Finnish readers, one of which (sentence-level reading) was identified as developing slowly. Among German-reading students, four latent profiles were discovered, two of which were identified as developing slowly. The results of ordinal logistic regression modeling show that rapid automatic naming (RAN) was significantly related to poorer reading profiles among Finnish- and German-reading students, and that the poorer results in letter-sound connection testing among the German-reading group was also significantly related to poorer reading profiles. Although the educational systems have some differences between Germany and German-speaking areas of Italy, no significant country effect was detected. In addition, a child’s age and spoken language did not significantly affect the student’s reading profile. 相似文献
20.
The researchers addressed two questions: (1) Does maternal reading mediation and family home literacy environment (HLE) relate
to children’s emergent literacy (EL) level? and (2) Do the relationships among these variables differ as a function of socioeconomic
strata (SES) level. A total of 94 5–6-year-old children, 47 from low SES (LSES) and 47 from high (HSES) families, and their
mothers participated. Mother–child interactions while reading an unfamiliar book were videotaped and their verbal expressions
were coded for extracting maternal mediation level. Children’s independent EL level was assessed prior to the interaction.
Compared with the LSES group, HSES children showed higher EL levels and their homes had a richer literacy environment. Maternal
mediation level differed by SES: LSES mothers paraphrased text more often; HSES mothers’ higher mediation level included a
discussion of the written system and making connections beyond the text. In the HSES group, maternal mediation level and HLE
related to children’s EL; no such relationships appeared in the LSES group. Results are discussed in terms of children’s socio-economic
background and their reading experiences. Implications for researchers and educational practices about the relationships between
children’s literacy development, SES, HLE, and parental mediation are discussed. 相似文献