共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Gary D. Phye 《Contemporary educational psychology》1979,4(4):381-394
From a cognitive perspective, informative feedback is assumed to be confirmatory or corrective. However, feedback is not always effective and errors persist. In cases where errors persist, an analysis of errors as well as correct responses is recommended in order to better understand the processing of informative feedback. A model of multiple-choice processing is introduced to provide the context for a consideration of the role of error analysis. Data from experiment 1 demonstrate the use of semantic retrieval cues in multiple-choice performance. While informative feedback improves post-test performance, it is difficult to demonstrate a differential effect for type of feedback. Experiment 2 suggests a threshold effect for informative feedback. Information beyond that which is necessary for the confirmation of a correct response and/or the correction of an error has a deleterious effect on post-test performance. Error analysis indicated a disproportionate number of perseverative errors when the use of a retrieval process was not required at post-test. 相似文献
2.
In two experiments, immediate feedback defined as feedback following the completion of a 40-item multiple-choice test and delayed feedback (received 48 hr later) were examined in a simulated classroom situation with college students. As defined, delayed feedback was not superior to immediate feedback, as would be predicted by the delayed retention effect. Also, feedback in the form of correct answer only was superior to correct answer plus distractors lending partial support to the frequency theory of recognition memory. In addition to not finding the delayed retention effect, an analysis of errors in experiment two did not support the interference—perseveration hypothesis as an explanation for the type of error committed following immediate feedback. 相似文献
3.
本研究主要探讨重铸、元语言反馈和要求澄清三种修正性反馈方式对中国中学生英语冠词习得的不同作用,并检测男女生不同性别是否会对这三种反馈方式产生不同效果。本研究经过约8周的实验,结果显示,重铸和元语言反馈在即时后测和延时后测中表现显著有效性,而要求澄清的效果不明显,不接受任何反馈的控制组的前后检测结果无显著差异。与元语言反馈相比,重铸在中国中学生英语冠词学习中表现出稳定且持久的效果。本研究还表明女生对这三种负向反馈方式的效果均要好于男生。 相似文献
4.
This study investigates the effects of prompting on secondary students’ written peer feedback in chemistry investigation reports. In particular, we examined students’ feedback features in relation to the use of criteria, feedback specificity, and feedback levels. A quasi-experimental pre-test post-test design was adopted. Reviewers in the prompted condition were provided with question prompts that asked them to pose written feedback to their peers on what they did or did not do well and suggestions for improvement, while reviewers in the unprompted condition gave written peer feedback without prompts. The findings showed that prompted peer feedback has a significant effect on the number of comments related to Knowledge of errors, Suggestions for improvement and Process level feedback. This study supports the view that prompting peer feedback in the use of criteria, feedback specificity and feedback levels opens up opportunity for reviewers to engage more meaningfully with peer feedback in report writing tasks. 相似文献
5.
Unbiased reasoning is considered an essential critical thinking skill that students need to possess to face the future challenges in their work and life. Confirmation bias, which is the tendency to selectively attend to information that is consistent with held beliefs, presents a significant thread to unbiased reasoning. An effective strategy to reduce confirmation bias is the ‘consider-the-opposite’-strategy (COS). The central question of this pre-registered study was whether providing elaborative, worked example feedback after COS practice would lead to a better performance on previously practised and transfer tasks than correct-answer feedback. Participants were 132 university students who took a confirmation bias pre-test, watched an instructional video on COS afterwards and next received either worked example feedback or correct answer feedback on practice tasks, practised only, watched the instruction only or received no treatment. Finally, all participants took a learning test assessing their skill to avoid confirmation bias, and a transfer test assessing whether they could apply this acquired skill to problems containing other biases. Results revealed no differences on the learning test between both feedback conditions, but students who received feedback scored significantly higher on the confirmation bias problems than students who did not receive feedback. We carried out our pre-registered analysis plan, but due to the low reliability of particularly the pre-test, we carried out an additional exploratory analysis on subsets of post-test items and a subset of transfer test items. Results on learning revealed the same pattern as the planned analyses. However, we found no differences between any of the conditions on transfer. 相似文献
6.
《International Journal of Research & Method in Education》2013,36(4):372-385
Experimental designs involving the randomization of cases to treatment and control groups are powerful and under-used in many areas of social science and social policy. This paper reminds readers of the pre- and post-test, and the post-test only, designs, before explaining briefly how measurement errors propagate according to error theory. The substance of the paper involves a series of comparisons using the same measurements, all assumed to have a small initial error, and seeing what would happen to that error in the two different experimental designs. The findings from these calculations and simulations are that although post-test only and pre- and post-test designs yield different ‘manifest’ results with the same data, the substantive conclusions drawn would be similar in most real-life situations. However, if these manifest results are assumed to be in error, stemming from small initial errors in the measurements at pre- and post-test, then these substantive conclusions could be completely wrong. In one example, the pre- and post-test designs propagate an initial maximum measurement error of 10% to an error of over 60,000% in the answer. In general, and perhaps counter-intuitively, the post-test only results are less misleading. The paper ends by summarizing the lessons drawn. The key message is that all other things being equal, the post-test only design is to be preferred. We may also need to use bigger samples, and more strictly accurate measures, capable of objective calibration focus on seeking larger effect sizes. 相似文献
7.
G F Marcus S Pinker M Ullman M Hollander T J Rosen F Xu 《Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development》1992,57(4):1-182
Children extend regular grammatical patterns to irregular words, resulting in overregularizations like comed, often after a period of correct performance ("U-shaped development"). The errors seem paradigmatic of rule use, hence bear on central issues in the psychology of rules: how creative rule application interacts with memorized exceptions in development, how overgeneral rules are unlearned in the absence of parental feedback, and whether cognitive processes involve explicit rules or parallel distributed processing (connectionist) networks. We remedy the lack of quantitative data on overregularization by analyzing 11,521 irregular past tense utterances in the spontaneous speech of 83 children. Our findings are as follows. (1) Overregularization errors are relatively rare (median 2.5% of irregular past tense forms), suggesting that there is no qualitative defect in children's grammars that must be unlearned. (2) Overregularization occurs at a roughly constant low rate from the 2s into the school-age years, affecting most irregular verbs. (3) Although overregularization errors never predominate, one aspect of their purported U-shaped development was confirmed quantitatively: an extended period of correct performance precedes the first error. (4) Overregularization does not correlate with increases in the number or proportion of regular verbs in parental speech, children's speech, or children's vocabularies. Thus, the traditional account in which memory operates before rules cannot be replaced by a connectionist alternative in which a single network displays rotelike or rulelike behavior in response to changes in input statistics. (5) Overregularizations first appear when children begin to mark regular verbs for tense reliably (i.e., when they stop saying Yesterday I walk). (6) The more often a parent uses an irregular form, the less often the child overregularizes it. (7) Verbs are protected from overregularization by similar-sounding irregulars, but they are not attracted to overregularization by similar-sounding regulars, suggesting that irregular patterns are stored in an associative memory with connectionist properties, but that regulars are not. We propose a simple explanation. Children, like adults, mark tense using memory (for irregulars) and an affixation rule that can generate a regular past tense form for any verb. Retrieval of an irregular blocks the rule, but children's memory traces are not strong enough to guarantee perfect retrieval. When retrieval fails, the rule is applied, and overregularization results. 相似文献
8.
Reza Feyzi-Behnagh Roger Azevedo Elizabeth Legowski Kayse Reitmeyer Eugene Tseytlin Rebecca S. Crowley 《Instructional Science》2014,42(2):159-181
In this study, we examined the effect of two metacognitive scaffolds on the accuracy of confidence judgments made while diagnosing dermatopathology slides in SlideTutor. Thirty-one (N = 31) first- to fourth-year pathology and dermatology residents were randomly assigned to one of the two scaffolding conditions. The cases used in this study were selected from the domain of nodular and diffuse dermatitides. Both groups worked with a version of SlideTutor that provided immediate feedback on their actions for 2 h before proceeding to solve cases in either the Considering Alternatives or Playback condition. No immediate feedback was provided on actions performed by participants in the scaffolding mode. Measurements included learning gains (pre-test and post-test), as well as metacognitive performance, including Goodman–Kruskal Gamma correlation, bias, and discrimination. Results showed that participants in both conditions improved significantly in terms of their diagnostic scores from pre-test to post-test. More importantly, participants in the Considering Alternatives condition outperformed those in the Playback condition in the accuracy of their confidence judgments and the discrimination of the correctness of their assertions while solving cases. The results suggested that presenting participants with their diagnostic decision paths and highlighting correct and incorrect paths helps them to become more metacognitively accurate in their confidence judgments. 相似文献
9.
Most theories predict that when people indicate that they are highly confident they are producing their strongest responses.
Hence, if such a high confidence response is in error it should be overwritten only with great difficulty. In contrast to
this prediction, we have found that people easily correct erroneous responses to general information questions endorsed as
correct with high-confidence, so long as the correct answer is given as feedback. Three potential explanations for this unexpected
hypercorrection effect are summarized. The explanation that is tested here, in two experiments, is that after a person commits
a high-confidence error the correct answer feedback, being surprising or unexpected, is given more attention than is accorded
to the feedback to low-confidence errors. This enhanced attentional capture leads to better memory. In both experiments, a
tone detection task was presented concurrently with the corrective feedback to assess the attentional capture of feedback
stimuli. In both, tone detection was selectively impaired during the feedback to high confidence errors. It was also negatively
related to final performance, indicating that the attention not devoted to the tone detection was effectively engaged by the
corrective feedback. These data support the attentional explanation of the high-confidence hypercorrection effect. 相似文献
10.
Jean-Michel Boucheix Hélène Guignard 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2005,20(4):369-388
We study the comprehension of a multimedia technical document about gear functioning by young pupils. The research is focused on the effect of three factors on the construction of a mental model: illustration format (animated versus static) signaling cues (presence versus absence) learner-control of information delivery (three rhythms of presentation: speed, slow and self-controlled). The experimental procedure, conducted with 123 children, follows three phases: pre-test, individual passation of the lesson, comprehension test, delayed post-test. The goal of the pre-test is the evaluation of prior knowledge about gears, but also the control of spatial and verbal working memory aptitude and reading performance. The results show an effect of the animated format, of signaling cues and of the rhythm on the immediate comprehension test and delayed test. For the immediate comprehension test, these effects are different according to the kind of comprehension question (recall, transfer, explanation). These effects are maintained at the delayed post-test, for the self-controlled condition and for the pupils with low prior knowledge. The factor information delivery rhythm shows an effect for the delayed post-test. Our observation device of the behaviour of the child during the lesson was specially designed to explore the reading strategies between the medias. 相似文献
11.
杨同军 《云南师范大学学报(教育科学版)》2010,(5):42-47
从语法和语义表达的角度来看土耳其学生习得汉语的偏误,主要表现为以下四个方面：一是语序位置不当：受母语迁移影响造成宾语位置不当;由于汉语状语远较土耳其语的状语（实为状语补语）复杂造成位置不当。二是句子成分及词类方面的问题：遗漏补语;谓语方面相关的表述问题或离合词问题;介词方面受到土耳其语“格”的干扰造成的问题;因助词为汉语所特有造成土耳其学生遗漏、多加或混用助词问题。三是句法方面的问题：“把”字句中的动词常常遗漏补语;该用“把”字句时却没有用。四是表达上的多余和不完整问题：词语运用上的多余问题;表达上的不完整问题。 相似文献
12.
Fleur Ruth Prinsen Jan Terwel Bonne J.H. Zijlstra Monique M.L. Volman 《Educational Research and Evaluation》2013,19(1):39-57
This study examined the effects of guided elaboration on students' learning outcomes in a computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) environment. The programme provided students with feedback on their elaborations, and students reflected on this feedback. It was expected that students in the experimental (elaboration) programme would show better learning gains and that students from immigrant families would especially benefit. Two hundred primary school students of 9 different schools participated. The research can be characterized as a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test, control group design. In a multilevel regression analysis, no main effect of the intervention was found. However, there was a significant differential effect of the intervention; students from immigrant families in the experimental programme outperformed their counterparts in the control group. It can be concluded that guided elaboration in a CSCL programme through feedback and reflection is a promising approach. 相似文献
13.
李志昌 《楚雄师范学院学报》2007,22(5):97-102
思维错误可分为逻辑错误和非逻辑错误两种类型。在实际的思维中,存在着很多的非逻辑错误;逻辑上有效的思维不一定是正确的思维,逻辑上有效的思维常常隐含着非逻辑错误。逻辑学中已有完善的逻辑定义和逻辑规则,所以发现并克服逻辑错误是相对容易的,而发现并克服思维中的非逻辑错误却是相对困难的。 相似文献
14.
Three experiments investigated whether the hypercorrection effect – the finding that errors committed with high confidence are easier, rather than more difficult, to correct than are errors committed with low confidence – occurs in grade school children as it does in young adults. All three experiments showed that Grade 3–6 children hypercorrected high confidence errors and the children also claimed that they ‘knew those answers all along.’ Experiment 2 included two second-guess tasks following error commission, one in which the children attempted to choose the correct answer from six options and the other in which they tried to generate a correct second response. Neither provided evidence that children actually knew high confidence corrections all along. Experiment 3, however, showed that the children had some preferential partial knowledge insofar as they needed fewer hints to guess the correct answers to high confidence than to low confidence errors. 相似文献
15.
李志昌 《楚雄师范学院学报》2007,22(5):97-102
思维错误可分为逻辑错误和非逻辑错误两种类型.在实际的思维中,存在着很多的非逻辑错误;逻辑上有效的思维不一定是正确的思维,逻辑上有效的思维常常隐含着非逻辑错误.逻辑学中已有完善的逻辑定义和逻辑规则,所以发现并克服逻辑错误是相对容易的,而发现并克服思维中的非逻辑错误却是相对困难的. 相似文献
16.
J. Peeck A. B. van den Bosch W. J. Kreupeling 《Contemporary educational psychology》1985,10(4):303-313
Ninety-seven fifth graders read a 900-word text followed by a multiple-choice test consisting of factual and guess questions that, respectively, could or could not be answered on the basis of the text. They received informative feedback either immediately after the test, after a day, or no feedback. All children were retested 7 days after the initial test and subsequently asked to identify their initial-test responses. On the delayed test, subjects in the feedback conditions outperformed subjects in the no-feedback condition on both types of question, but they did not identify more initial responses correctly. There were no differences between the feedback conditions. Initial-response identification was better for factual than for guess questions. Analysis of identification scores in relation to initial- and delayed-test response sequences suggested that awareness of initial errors may be helpful rather than detrimental for the acquisition of correct responses through feedback. 相似文献
17.
Steven V Horton Randall A Boone Thomas C Lovitt 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》1990,21(2):118-131
This study investigated the effectiveness of a computer-based study guide using hypertext software to increase textbook comprehension among four learning disabled students enrolled in a remedial high school social studies class. The program provided four levels of instructional cues that matched students to their highest level of independent interaction with a textbook passage, based on item-to-item responses to computer-generated questions. Using alternative forms of a 45-item multiple-choice test, a pre-test/post-test design was arranged, with a retention test given after a 30-day period. Fifteen questions were designated as control items by placing them in the 45-item tests but not in the computer treatment. The computer program consisted of three separate lessons administered across consecutive class sessions, with each followed by a written 15-item multiple choice test containing 10 computer questions and 5 control items. Results indicated a significant gain for pupils on computer items from pre-test to post-test and from pre-test to retention test, while no significant change occurred on control items across measures. A single-case analysis revealed a consistent relationship between gain scores on computer items, reading time on computer, and the number of instructional cues required by students. Two types of non-linear pathways that teacher might consider when constructing study guides are discussed. 相似文献
18.
Nicholas Vernadakis Eleni Zetou Efi Tsitskari Maria Giannousi Efthimis Kioumourtzoglou 《Education and Information Technologies》2008,13(3):167-183
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of multimedia computer-assisted instruction (MCAI), traditional instruction
(TI), and combined instruction (CI) methods on learning the skill of shooting in basketball. Additionally, a comparison of
the students’ attitudes towards the MCAI and TI methods was made. Seventy-five middle school students of seventh and eighth
grade were randomly assigned into three teaching method groups: TI, MCAI and CI. Each group received ten 45-min periods of
instruction divided into three sections: (a) 5-min introduction, (b) 30-min instructional time and (c) 10-min questions and
review. Students took pre-, post-, and retention written test covering techniques and rules of the games. Participants in
the CI group also completed a post-test attitude survey towards the MCAI and TI methods. Two-way analysis of variances (ANOVA),
with repeated measures on the last factor, were conducted to determine effect of method groups (MCAI, TI, CI) and measures
(pre-test, post-test, re-test) on knowledge test. Paired samples t-test analyses were conducted to measure students’ attitude
towards the MCAI and TI methods. Post-test results indicated no significant differences between the groups concerning the
written test. Nevertheless, the attitude test scores of the CI group were more favourable to MCAI method than the TI method.
Retention test results showed that groups retained the knowledge acquisition. However, the combine method of instruction tended
to be the most effective on cognitive learning. 相似文献
19.
20.
Feedback indicating how well students are performing during a learning task can be very stimulating. In this study with a pre- and post-test design, the effects of two types of performance feedback on learning results were compared: feedback during a learning task was either stated in terms of how well the students were performing relative to other students (social comparison feedback) or relative to an absolute criterion (criterion-based feedback). Thirty-four students in secondary vocational engineering education were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. In both conditions, students worked together in small groups. All groups completed a math learning task, during which they received either social comparison feedback or criterion-based performance feedback. The findings showed that the type of feedback had a strong effect on learning outcomes: the post-test scores and gains of students in the social comparison condition were significantly higher than those of students in the criterion-based feedback condition. 相似文献