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1.
The purpose of this study was to compare estimates of test reliability obtained from two sequential testing plans--trials-to-criterion (TTC) and sequential probability ratio (SPR) testing--when reliability is defined as the consistency of classification. Data from a golf chip test given to 110 beginning golf students (n = 80 males; n = 30 females) at the University of Wisconsin were used for analysis. Test specifications for the SPR test were alpha = beta = .05, theta 0 = .70, and theta 1 = .50. Two mastery levels for the TTC test were examined, .70 and .60, with success criteria ranging from R = 6 to R = 12. For each sequential testing plan, both P and kappa were calculated to estimate reliability. Results for the total group and for gender indicated that reliability was higher with the SPR test when the mastery level was .70, while reliability was similar under both plans at a mastery level of .60. Median test lengths for the group were 21 for the SPR test and an average of 12 across all R values for the TTC test. Misclassification error rates for the TTC test, however, were substantially higher than under the SPR test, particularly for false nonmaster errors. These data suggest that SPR testing would be the preferred approach when misclassification errors are of primary importance, such as to determine minimal competency for certification. However, TTC testing is a viable alternative for classroom tests because of ease of administration and shorter test length.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

The reliabilities of two types of measurement plans were compared across six hypothetical distributions of true scores or abilities. The measurement plans consisted of a fixed-length plan (FL), where the number of trials for all examinees is fixed in advance, and the trials-to-criterion plan (TTC), where the number of successful trials is fixed, and examinees continue until this criterion is reached. The comparisons revealed that for most hypothetical distributions considered, the FL plan produced higher test reliabilities. In certain cases of negative skewness, however, the TTC plan was superior. Two formulae were presented for the estimation of the reliability of a TTC test.  相似文献   

3.
The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of the trunk lift test. Eighty eight high school boys and girls performed two trials of the trunk lift test as described in the FITNESSGRAM manual (Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, 1992) on each of 2 days. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to examine norm-referenced reliability, whereas P and modified kappa (κm) were used to examine criterion-referenced reliability. Additionally, a goniometer was used to examine the relationship between the trunk lift test and trunk range of motion. Reliability ranged from R = .93 to .98 with estimated reliability of R = .90 for boys and R = .85 for girls for a single trial test. Using 9 inches as the cutoff score, P was .93 with κm = .86 for boys, whereas for girls both P and κm were 1.0. Specifically, 93% of boys and 100% of girls passed the trunk lift test on both days. The correlation between trunk lift scores and goniometer scores was r = .70 for boys and r = .68 for girls. These results suggest that the trunk lift test is a simple and highly reliable test. However, the concurrent validity of the trunk lift test and the validity of the cutoff score used for this test need to be determined. Finally, the relationship between low back pain and trunk lift scores needs to be examined.  相似文献   

4.
The purpose of this study was to construct and evaluate the reliability of an apparatus for testing golf putters with respect to distance and direction deviation at different impact points on the clubface. An apparatus was constructed based on the pendulum principle that allowed putter golf clubs to swing at different speeds. The mean speed of the club head before ball impact, and of the ball after impact, was calculated from time measurements with photocells. A pin profile rig was used to determine the directional deviation of the golf ball. Three different putters were used in the study, two that are commercially available (toe-heel weighted and mallet types) and one specially made (wing-type) putter. The points of impact were the sweet spot (as indicated by the manufacturer's aim line), and 1, 2 and 3 cm to the left and right of the sweet spot. Calculation of club head speed before impact, and of ball speed after impact (proportional to distance), showed errors < or = 0.5% of interval duration. The variability in ball impacts was tested by measuring time and direction deviations during 50 impacts on the same ball. The mean duration (+/- s) after ball impact in the test interval (1.16 m long) was 206 (0.8) ms and the standard deviation in the perpendicular spreading of the balls in relation to the direction of the test interval was 0.005 m. A test-retest of one putter on two consecutive days after remounting of the putter on the test apparatus showed less than 1% difference in distance deviation. We conclude that the test apparatus enables a precise recording of distance and direction deviation in golf putters as well as comparisons between different putters. The apparatus and set-up can be used in the laboratory as well as outdoors on the putting green.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to construct and evaluate the reliability of an apparatus for testing golf putters with respect to distance and direction deviation at different impact points on the clubface. An apparatus was constructed based on the pendulum principle that allowed putter golf clubs to swing at different speeds. The mean speed of the club head before ball impact, and of the ball after impact, was calculated from time measurements with photocells. A pin profile rig was used to determine the directional deviation of the golf ball. Three different putters were used in the study, two that are commercially available (toe-heel weighted and mallet types) and one specially made (wing-type) putter. The points of impact were the sweet spot (as indicated by the manufacturer's aim line), and 1, 2 and 3 cm to the left and right of the sweet spot. Calculation of club head speed before impact, and of ball speed after impact (proportional to distance), showed errors ≤ 0.5% of interval duration. The variability in ball impacts was tested by measuring time and direction deviations during 50 impacts on the same ball. The mean duration (± s) after ball impact in the test interval (1.16 m long) was 206 (0.8) ms and the standard deviation in the perpendicular spreading of the balls in relation to the direction of the test interval was 0.005 m. A test – retest of one putter on two consecutive days after remounting of the putter on the test apparatus showed less than 1% difference in distance deviation. We conclude that the test apparatus enables a precise recording of distance and direction deviation in golf putters as well as comparisons between different putters. The apparatus and set-up can be used in the laboratory as well as outdoors on the putting green.  相似文献   

6.
In this study the authors examine the test–retest reliability and concurrent validity of the Repeat Ice Skating Test (RIST). This was an on-ice field anaerobic test that measured average peak power and was validated with 3 anaerobic lab tests: (a) vertical jump, (b) the Margaria–Kalamen stair test, and (c) the Wingate Anaerobic Test. The participants (n?=?14) were 11- to 12-year-old males selected from a Peewee “A” level ice hockey team (Thunder Bay, Canada). The results of the test–retest reliability estimation showed that the RIST was a reliable test at measuring average peak power in watts (R = .99, C.I.95% = 0.97 to 0.99) and watts per kilogram (R = .98, C.I.95% = 0.94 to 0.99). The RIST was also a valid test when correlated with the 3 anaerobic lab tests for measuring peak power in watts: vertical jump (r = .86, C.I.95% = 0.72 to 0.94), Margaria–Kalamen stair test (r = .66, C.I.95% = 0.39 to 0.83) and Wingate Anaerobic Test (r = .86, C.I.95% = 0.72 to 0.93). The test is considered promising because it does not require any specific equipment, and is a sport-specific, on-ice test, that can be administered during a regular ice hockey practice session.  相似文献   

7.
The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of child- and teacher-reported curl-up (CU) scores in children ages 10-12 years in both a norm-referenced (NR) and criterion-referenced (CR) framework. Eighty-four children, 36 boys and 48 girls, performed the FITNESSGRAM (Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, 1992) CU test on 2 days separated by 48-72 hr. Two video cameras were used to record students' CU performances. Two students performed the CU at the same time, with each child's performance recorded by one camera. The test was terminated when the child stopped due to fatigue or after two form errors occurred. Teacher-reported scores were the average of two independent ratings of each video performance, while child-reported scores came from data collected and recorded by the children. Single trial norm-referenced reliability was R = .75 for girls and R = .80 for boys for teacher-reported CU and R = .69 and R = .70 for child-reported CU for girls and boys, respectively. CR reliability was examined using P, proportion of students who consistently passed or failed the test across 2 days, and km, defined as reliability with chance removed. For teacher-reported scores, P = .89 and km = .78 for boys and P = .81 and km = .62 for girls. For child-reported scores, P = .86 and km = .72 for boys, while P = .79 and km = .58 for girls. For teacher-reported data, 39% of boys passed and 50% failed the test on both days, while for girls the percentages were 27% pass and 54% fail. For child-reported data, 64% of boys passed and 22% failed on both days, while 54% of girls passed and 25% failed. NR validity was examined by correlating teacher and child-reported scores. The resultant coefficient was r = .42 (95% CI = .11-.66) for boys and r = .67 (95% CI = .58-.74) for girls. Additionally, child-reported scores were significantly higher than teacher-reported scores. CR validity was examined with a contingency coefficient, and results indicated C = .55 with 44% false master errors for boys and C = .65 with 29% false master errors for girls. The findings of this study suggest that while NR reliability estimates were moderate for teacher-reported scores, single trial estimates suggest that child-reported CU should be viewed with caution. In regard to CR reliability, both teacher-reported and child-reported reliability were moderate. However, there were marked differences between teacher- and child-reported scores, with children reporting higher percentages of students passing and lower percentage of student failing the test when compared with scores reported by teachers. Validity was rather moderate when viewed in either a NR and CR framework. It is suggested that problems with child-reported scores may be due to the need for additional practice or simplification of the testing protocol.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine procedures for estimating the reliability for a criterion-referenced measure in the psychomotor domain. Reliability is defined as the consistency of classification of examinees into mastery and nonmastery categories. Three trial mastery criteria—6, 7, 8—were utilized along with three test mastery criteria—.6n, .7n, .8n. Motor skill was defined as first-ball scores of each frame in a line of bowling. Since the empirical distribution functions for men and women subjects were significantly different at trial criteria of 6 and 7, separate reliability coefficients were estimated for each sex. The single administration estimates of reliability developed by Huynh and Subkoviak were equally good indicators of the Swaminathan-Hambleton-Algina estimate of P when the test was administered on 2 days (P represents the proportion of agreement of classifications). Variations in trial and test mastery criteria yielded different proportions of subjects assigned to mastery and nonmastery classifications. When the proportion in either category was high, P tended to be high. As the proportions in the two categories became more similar, the values of P tended to drop. In general, increasing the number of trials was paralleled by an increase in P.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

To characterize hypertrophy and quantify seasonal changes in cardiac structure and function of women collegiate basketball (BB) athletes (n = 15), echocardiography (echo) measurements were made in the fall (FALL1), winter (WIN), and spring (SPR), then again during the subsequent fall (FALL2; n = 10). Comparisons were made to age-matched nonathletes (NA) measured during FALL1 (n = 22) and SPR (n = 5). Left ventricular (LV) internal dimension–diastole (LVIDd), LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), stroke volume (SV), LV mass (LVM), septal thickness (IVS), LV posterior wall thickness (LVPW), right ventricular (RV) internal dimension-diastole (RVIDd), and aortic root diameter (AOD) were significantly larger (12–70%) in the athletes; RVIDd-, LVEDV-, SV-, and LVM-index were also significantly greater (8–46%). From FALL1 to SPR measurement periods, LVWd, RVWd, LVEDV, SV, IVS, and LVM-index increased significantly (7–18%) in the athletes. Over the same period of time, LVIDd, LAD, AOD, LVEDV, and SV measured in the five NA subjects increased significantly. In the athletes, LVIDs, RVIDd, IVS, LVPW, and LVM decreased significantly (5–30%) from the SPR to FALL2 measurement period. These data characterize the general nature of the cardiac hypertrophy noted in women BB athletes compared to NA controls and show that distinct changes in heart structure corresponding to different periods of the competitive season can occur in these athletes.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine test–retest reliability for the 1-mile, 3/4-mile, and 1/2-mile distance run/walk tests for children in Grades K—4. Fifty-one intact physical education classes were randomly assigned to one of the three distance run conditions. A total of 1,229 (621 boys, 608 girls) complied the test–retests in the fall (October), with 1,050 of these students (543 boys, 507 girls) repeating the tests in the spring (May). Results indicated that the 1-mile run/walk distance, as recommended for young children in most national test batteries, has acceptable intraclass reliability (.83 < R < .90) for both boys and girls in Grades 3 and 4, has minimal (fall) to acceptable (spring) reliability for Grade 2 students (.70 < R < .83), but is not reliable for children in Grades K and 1 (.34 < R < .56). The 1/2 mile was the only distance meeting minimal reliability standards for boys and girls in Grades K and 1 (.73 < R < .82). Results also indicated that reliability estimates remained fairly stable across gender and age groups from the fall to spring testing periods, with the exception of the noticeably improved values for Grade 2 students on the 1-mile run/walk test. Criterion-referenced reliability (P, percent agreement) was also estimated relative to Physical Best and Fitnessgram run/walk standards. Reliability coefficients for all age group standards were acceptable to high (.70 < P < .95), except for Fitnessgram standards for 5-year-old girls on the 1-mile test for both fall and spring and for 6-year-old boys and girls on the 1-mile test administered in the spring.  相似文献   

11.
Transverse plane rotations of the upper body are often estimated during the golf swing. The aim of this study was to determine the agreement between upper body alignments measured using markers attached to the thorax and markers on the acromion process during the golf drive. Three-dimensional coordinate data from nine markers were collected (300 Hz) during eight golf drives for 10 participants. The transverse plane alignment of the upper body was calculated using three techniques: inter-acromion vector, thorax vector, and Cardan angles. Agreement between the methods was then assessed using intra-class correlation and 95% limits of agreement. Our results suggested that the thorax vector can be used to provide an accurate estimation of thorax alignment at all stages of the golf swing (R > or = 0.97, systematic difference < 1.0 degrees , random difference < 3.8 degrees ). The inter-acromion vector gave an accurate estimation of thorax alignment at address (R = 0.90, systematic difference = 0.0 degrees , random difference = 4.3 degrees ) but it should not be used to estimate thorax alignment at the top of the backswing (R = 0.32, systematic difference = -16.0 degrees , random difference = 8.7 degrees ) or impact (R = 0.90, systematic difference = -5.1 degrees , random difference = 8.3 degrees ) during the golf drive.  相似文献   

12.
The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of the Actigraph GT1M (Pensacola, FL, USA) accelerometer activity count and step functions. Fifty GT1M accelerometers were initialized to collect simultaneous acceleration counts and steps data using 15-sec epochs. All reliability testing was completed using a mechanical shaker plate to perform six different test conditions in Experiment 1 and 18 test conditions in Experiment 2. The overall intra- and inter-instrument reliability of the GT1M was CVintra = 2.9% and CVinter = 3.5% for counts and CVintra = 1.1% and CVinter = 1.2% for steps. No batch effects were evident in the 50 GT1Ms. The Actigraph GT1M accelerometer demonstrated good reliability for measuring both counts and steps. However, the ability of the GT1M to consistently detect acceleration at a given acceleration and frequency condition varied widely. Future studies clarifying the filtering limitations and the threshold necessary to detect the occurrence of movement are warranted.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to construct a golf test which would be usable for assessing the ability to perform an eight-iron approach shot at a distance of 12 yards from the pin. A good approach shot was defined as one which is high enough to avoid potential hazards between the point of contact and the pin and which comes to rest at or near the pin. Pilot studies were conducted to determine target size, number of trials and days of testing, hitting distance, objectivity, and reliability. The revised test was administered to 424 beginning golfers. Reliability estimates determined by analysis of variance procedures and by correlation techniques indicated that the test was reliable for the subjects involved. Logical validity was claimed and was further supported by comparing mean scores of a beginning and an experienced group. The test confidently differentiated the performance of the two groups.  相似文献   

14.
Currently, there is a lack of appropriate skill assessments available for use in golf. The aim of this study was to examine the discriminative validity and the test-retest reliability of the newly developed "Nine-Ball Skills Test". Participants of two ability levels (elite, n = 14; high-level amateur, n = 16) each hit nine golf shots of differing combinations of trajectory (straight, fade, draw) and height (normal, high, low) at an individually determined target area. Each shot was scored on its percent error index from the target and whether it achieved the maximum height as required. Participants completed the test twice using a 5-iron club. The elite group scored significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the amateur group for both the first and second rounds of the test as well as the combined scores. The between-round test-retest reliability was deemed to be not acceptable, thus we propose that the test's protocol should include use of the two rounds as standard. Due to the importance of ball striking and flight control to performance in golf, the Nine-Ball Skills Test is appropriate for providing a measure of this skill component in elite and high-level amateur golfers.  相似文献   

15.
Previous research has highlighted the positive effect that different warm-up protocols have on golf performance (e.g. Sorbie et al., 2016; Tilley & Macfarlane, 2012) with the design of warm-ups and programmes targeting and improving golf performance through the activation and development of specific muscle groups. This study aimed to examine the acute effects of two warm-up protocols on golf drive performance in comparison to a control condition. Using a randomised counterbalanced design over three testing sessions, twenty-three highly skilled golfers completed the control, dynamic and resistance-band warm-up conditions. Following each condition, a GC2 launch monitor was used to record ball velocity and other launch parameters of ten shots hit with the participants’ own driver. A repeated-measures ANOVA found significant increases in ball velocity (ηp2 = .217) between the control and both the dynamic and resistance-band warm-up conditions but no difference between these latter two, and a reduction in launch angle between control and dynamic conditions. The use of either a dynamic stretching or resistance-band warm-up can have acute benefits on ball velocity but golfers should liaise with a PGA Professional golf coach to effectively integrate this into their golf driving performance.  相似文献   

16.
Book reviews     
Changes in stature during physical activity reflect alterations in spinal column length that occur as a result of loading the spine. The shrinkage is associated with loss of intervertebral disc height. This study aimed to measure both the load on the spine during simulations of a round of golf and the physiological responses to carrying golf clubs. Fine measurement of stature was achieved using a computer‐linked stadiometer inclined to 13°. Shrinkage was measured (n = 6) after performance regimens which mimicked (1) the ambulatory activity during golf play, (2) ambulation and skills employed in par performance and (3) ambulation and carriage of clubs. Our observations indicate significant shrinkage associated with golf skills, mean shrinkage after nine holes being 2.53 mm compared to 1.78 mm in the walking condition. The highest shrinkage was observed when the player carried his clubs, the amount of stature loss being 4.76 mm over nine holes. The highest rates of shrinkage occurred over the first three holes. In a second experiment to further examine the effects of carrying the golf clubs, five of the subjects walked on a motor‐driven treadmill at 5 km h‐1 for 5 min. Carrying the clubs caused a 15% increase in VO2 and a 25% rise in VE compared to normal walking. Increases were found also in perceived exertion. The physical and physiological loadings associated with recreational golf were deemed to be light to moderate and do not denote undue strain in occasional practices.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

The displacement of the golf ball struck by a driving club is affected by several player characteristics and equipment parameters and their interrelationships. Some modelling and simulation studies have shown a relationship between shaft length and clubhead speed, supported by a few experimental studies. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between driver length and ball launch conditions in an indoor test facility using a ball launch monitor. Nine males considered to be skilled golfers participated in the study. Four driving clubs of total length 117, 119, 124, and 132 cm were assembled from commercially available components and were used to strike golf shots while initial ball velocity, backspin rate, and launch angles were measured. Statistical analysis identified a significant difference in initial launch speed due to club length, a significant difference between participants, but no difference between the trials for a given golfer. A positive trend was noted between backspin and launch angle for all four clubs, and significant inverse associations between initial launch speed and backspin rate and launch angle. However, the combined launch conditions associated with increasing length were not considered optimal, with uncontrolled swingweight and moment of inertia effects considered to be limiting factors.  相似文献   

18.
This study aimed to assess the reliability, usefulness and construct validity of the newly developed Combined Basketball Skill Test (CBST). Fifteen recreational (age = 22.8 ± 4.2 y, stature = 184.8 ± 6.5 cm, body mass = 81.6 ± 9.6 kg, training experience = 9.8 ± 5.3 y) and fifteen semiprofessional (age = 18.9 ± 3.3 y, stature = 190.5 ± 8.1 cm, body mass = 84.2 ± 11.2 kg, training experience = 11.1 ± 3.5 y) players volunteered to participate in this study. Test–retest reliability and usefulness were examined for recreational players, while construct validity was evaluated comparing the two player groups. The CBST is composed of 12 trials and its outcome measures include: completion time (sum of the 12 trial times); penalty time (sum of the times from the 12 trials); performance time (completion time + penalty time) and total number of errors. Relative reliability analysis showed acceptable ICC values (i.e. ≥0.70) in all the studied variables. Absolute reliability analysis showed a CV < 5% for completion (1.6%) and performance (2.0%) time, while a CV >5% is reported for the remaining variables. The usefulness of the test was considered “Marginal” and “Good” when comparing TE values with SWC02 and SWC05, respectively for all the studied variables. Likely and very likely differences were shown between recreational and semiprofessional players in all investigated variables. Results showed that the CBST is reliable, useful to detect moderate changes and valid to assess basketball skills.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

Twelve male university students were tested twice on each of three continuous max [Vdot]RO2 protocols for treadmill running, pedaling on a bicycle ergometer while seated, and pedaling on a bicycle ergometer while standing. A comparison of the results failed to reveal any differences among protocols for pulmonary ventilation (max [Vdot]RE). For max [Vdot]RO2 (both liters [mdot] minute-1 and ml [mdot] minute-1. kg-1) all differences were significant with the highest value associated with treadmill running, the intermediate with cycling in the standing position, and the lowest with cycling while seated. Max heart rate (HR) was significantly higher on the treadmill than on either bicycle protocol, and the respiratory exchange ratio (R) was higher on the sitting bicycle task than on the standing bicycle task. No other differences among protocols were significant. Although the reliability coefficients for all protocols (range was from r = .95 to r = .97) and the intercorrelation coefficients among protocols (range was r = .93 to r = .94) were quite high, the magnitude of the standard errors of estimate tended to limit the ability to predict a subject's max [Vdot]RO2 on the treadmill based upon his measured max [Vdot]RO2 employing either a sitting or standing bicycle protocol.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare bone density and body composition measurements in women participating in elite-level netball and golf, two sports with contrasting loading characteristics. Bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 14 state-level netball players (20.8±3.4 years), 11 single-digit handicap golf players (22.4±2.1 years) and a control group (n=18) not training for sport (22.6±3.6 years). Trunk extensor endurance and grip strength were also measured using the Sorensen test and hand-grip dynamometry respectively. Netball players had significantly higher total body, lumbar spine and hip BMD than the golf players (P<0.001) and control subjects (P<0.001). The golf players had higher BMD than the control subjects only in the lumbar spine (P<0.05). The netball players were significantly taller than the golf players and control group (P<0.01) and had a higher body mass than the control group (P<0.001). After adjustment for body height and mass, the BMD values in the netball players remained significantly higher than the control subjects at all sites (P<0.01), while the golf players had significantly higher lumbar spine BMD than the controls (P<0.05). Elite-level netball participation is associated with increased total body, hip and lumbar spine BMD, while this response was only evident in the lumbar spine in elite golf players. The contrasting loading characteristics of these sports may be reflected in the site-specific differences in BMD when compared to non-athletic control subjects.  相似文献   

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