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1.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare estimates of test reliability obtained from two sequential testing plans—trials-to-criterion (TTC) and sequential probability ratio (SPR) testing—when reliability is defined as the consistency of classification. Data from a golf chip test given to 110 beginning golf students (n = 80 males; n = 30 females) at the University of Wisconsin were used for analysis. Test specifications for the SPR test were α = β = .05, θ0 =.70, and θ1 = 50. Two mastery levels for the TTC test were examined, .70 and .60, with success criteria ranging from R = 6 to R = 12. For each sequential testing plan, both P and kappa were calculated to estimate reliability. Results for the total group and for gender indicated that reliability was higher with the SPR test when the mastery level was .70, while reliability was similar under both plans at a mastery level of .60. Median test lengths for the group were 21 for the SPR test and an average of 12 across all R values for the TTC test. Misclassification error rates for the TTC test, however, were substantially higher than under the SPR test, particularly for false nonmaster errors. These data suggest that SPR testing would be the preferred approach when misclassification errors are of primary importance, such as to determine minimal competency for certification. However, TTC testing is a viable alternative for classroom tests because of ease of administration and shorter test length.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

This study deals with the development and validation of two written tests of sportsmanship responses. The major steps followed were: selection of test items, development of criterion instruments, refinement and validation of test forms, and establishment of reliabilities between the forms. Validities and reliabilities were satisfactory, and the tests provided nearly normal distributions among responses.  相似文献   

3.
Purpose: This study investigated perception and action coupling as reflected in a mapping between time-to-contact (TTC) and time-to-peak-velocity (TPV) for children and youths aged 7 to 8, 11 to 12, and 15 to 16 years old and adults aged 19 to 20 years old performing a task that allowed the participants to self-select the interception position in a baseball-like batting game on a graphics tablet. Method: The moving object to be hit for distance had curvilinear trajectories toward the hitter that were determined by simulated weightings of gravity and velocity. Results: Successful interceptions in all age groups were characterized by a mapping of mean TTC and TPV and a higher correlation of these variables with increasing age. The object was hit at approximately 90% TPV so that the implement was still accelerating on contact—an adaptive task feature for a striking distance criterion. Conclusion: The results are consistent with theories of perception–action coupling that are congruent with the ecological and dynamical approaches to action where TTC, a source of environmental information, is mapped relative to TPV, largely independent of the particular kinematic task demands of the approaching object. The organization of the coupling of TTC prior to TPV was evident across all age groups and is evidence for a common strategy for this type of interceptive action. The age-related changes in the strength of the relationship between TTC and TPV are evidence of increased sensitivity to the coupling between TTC and TPV.  相似文献   

4.
ABSTRACT

This study identified the effect of badminton lunging directions on impact characteristics, joint kinetics and measurement reliability. A total of 14 badminton players performed 20 lunges in both forehand and backhand sides. Ground reaction force (GRF) and three-dimensional joint moment variables were determined for further analyses. Paired t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were performed to determine any differences between the two lunge directions and intra-class correlation (ICC) and sequential averaging analysis (SAA) were used to estimate the minimum number of trials. Compared to the forehand side, participants experienced significantly larger total GRF impulse (+ 3.8%, p = 0.021) and transverse moment (hip + 63.5%, p < 0.001; knee + 80.7%, p = 0.011), but smaller hip (?7.7%), knee (?18.7%) and ankle frontal moments (?58.0%, p < 0.05) in backhand lunges. The minimum number of trials was similar for both lunge directions, as the averaged absolute differences was less than one in both ICC and SAA. Furthermore, smaller minimal number of trials was determined by the ICC (7.9–8.0), compared with the SAA approach (9.5–10.3). Lunge direction would influence GRF and joint loading, but not on the measurement reliability. These results give important insights to establish performance or equipment evaluation protocols during badminton lunges.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

Elementary physical education instructors and movement development clinicians frequently employ movement observation as their primary assessment strategy. The purpose of this study was to determine the minimal conditions of observation needed to obtain generalizable results across observers, trials, and subjects for the hop, jump, and run. The developmental sequences developed at Michigan State University were used as the observation system. Twelve children in the age range of 33–111 months were rated on five trials by 15 observers. The sample consisted of an equal number of males and females and did not involve children with handicapping conditions. The results suggest that when observers receive 1 hour of training for each skill, one observer and three trials are needed for evaluating the hop (.88), while three observers and three trials are required for the jump (.83). None of the nine measurement conditions resulted in acceptable (.80) generalizability for the run.  相似文献   

6.
ABSTRACT

Allowing learners to control the number of practice trials has been shown to facilitate motor learning (Lessa & Chiviacowsky, 2015; Post et al., 2011; 2014). However, it is uncertain the extent to which prior findings were influenced by the combined effects of allowing participants to control both the pacing- and amount-of-practice. The present study examined the independent effects of self-controlled amount- and pacing-of-practice on learning a sequential timing task. Participants were assigned to a self-controlled-amount-of-practice (SCA), self-controlled-pacing-of-practice (SCP), yoked-amount-of-practice (YKA), or a yoked-pacing-of-practice (YKP) group. Participants completed acquisition, immediate retention/transfer and delayed retention/transfer. During acquisition, SCA controlled the number of acquisition blocks completed with a fixed inter-trial interval while SCP controlled the inter-trial interval with a fixed number of blocks. Yoked groups were matched to a self-control counterpart so the amount (YKA) and pacing (YKP) were equivalent. Self-control groups demonstrated lower absolute constant error during immediate-retention and lower absolute constant error and variable error during delayed retention (p < .05). For intrinsic motivation, SCA scored significantly higher than SCP for the subscale Interest/Enjoyment (p < .05). Findings indicated that self-control, regardless of type, facilitated motor learning. Further work is needed to continue to examine the relationship between controlling the amount and pacing of practice on skill acquisition.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine procedures for estimating the reliability for a criterion-referenced measure in the psychomotor domain. Reliability is defined as the consistency of classification of examinees into mastery and nonmastery categories. Three trial mastery criteria—6, 7, 8—were utilized along with three test mastery criteria—.6n, .7n, .8n. Motor skill was defined as first-ball scores of each frame in a line of bowling. Since the empirical distribution functions for men and women subjects were significantly different at trial criteria of 6 and 7, separate reliability coefficients were estimated for each sex. The single administration estimates of reliability developed by Huynh and Subkoviak were equally good indicators of the Swaminathan-Hambleton-Algina estimate of P when the test was administered on 2 days (P represents the proportion of agreement of classifications). Variations in trial and test mastery criteria yielded different proportions of subjects assigned to mastery and nonmastery classifications. When the proportion in either category was high, P tended to be high. As the proportions in the two categories became more similar, the values of P tended to drop. In general, increasing the number of trials was paralleled by an increase in P.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

The aims of this study were to determine the reliability of an intermittent-sprint cycling protocol and to determine the efficacy of one practice session on main trials. Eleven men, moderately trained team-sport athletes, completed three visits to the laboratory involving a graded-exercise test and practice session and two trials of a Cycling Intermittent-Sprint Protocol separated by three days. Data for practice and main trials were analysed using typical error of measurement, intra-class correlation and least-products regression to determine reliability. Typical error of measurement (expressed as a coefficient of variation) and intra-class correlation for peak power output from all 20 sprints for trial 1 and trial 2 were 2.9 ± 12.8% (95% confidence interval: 2.0–5.0%) and 0.96 (95% confidence interval: 0.85–0.99), respectively. Typical errors of measurement and intra-class correlation for mean power output for all 20 sprints for trials 1 and 2 were 4.2 ± 11.9% (95% confidence interval: 2.9–7.4%) and 0.90 (95% confidence interval: 0.66–0.97), respectively. The results suggest that peak power output provides a more reliable measure than mean power output. The Cycling Intermittent-Sprint Protocol provides reliable measures of intermittent-sprint performance.  相似文献   

9.
Purpose: An objective database for physical education (PE) is important for policy and practice decisions, and the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) has been identified as an appropriate surveillance tool for PE across the nation. The purpose of this review was to assess peer-reviewed studies using SOFIT to study K–12 PE in U.S. schools. Method: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses informed the review, and 10 databases were searched for English-language articles published through 2016. A total of 704 records identifying SOFIT were located, and 137 full texts were read. Two authors reviewed full-text articles, and a data extraction tool was developed to select studies and main topics for synthesis. Results: Twenty-nine studies that included direct observations of 12,256 PE lessons met inclusion criteria; 17 were conducted in elementary schools, 9 in secondary schools, and 3 in combined-level schools. Inconsistent reporting among studies was evident, including not all identifying the number of classes and teachers involved. All studies reported student physical activity, but fewer reported observer reliabilities (88%), lesson context (76%), teacher behavior (38%), and PE dosage (34%). The most frequently analyzed independent variables were teacher preparation (48%), lesson location (38%), and student gender (31%). Conclusions: SOFIT can be used reliably in diverse settings. Inconsistent reporting about study procedures and variables analyzed, however, limited comparisons among studies. Adherence to an established protocol and more consistent reporting would more fully enable the development of a viable database for PE in U.S. schools.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

The developmental nature of reaction time (RT) and anticipation timing (AT) performance, as well as the relationship between them, was investigated using 15 male and 15 female subjects at each of five age levels—7, 9, 11, 13, and 20 yrs. Each subject was given 40 trials for both RT and AT performance with task order counterbalanced. Results indicated that as age increased RT decreased, with males having more rapid RT than females. The two younger age groups differed from the three older groups on AT performance. RT was significantly correlated with AT (|CE| measure) for the 7, 9, and 11 yr old males but not in any other age by gender condition. Apparently neither young males nor young females have a good motor plan in memory to control AT performance. However, the more rapid RT (and thus better response initiation) of the males allows better AT performance at the younger ages. Beginning about 10–11 yrs of age, better motor plans are developed in children's memory system, leading to less reliance on rapid RT for good AT performance, and thus the correlation between RT and AT performance is not present.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

The relationships between selected personality and motor variables in emotionally disturbed children were investigated in 61 male and female children, ages 6 to 13, in residential Re-Ed schools. In addition, reliability estimates were obtained for certain measuring instruments with this special group of subjects. The results revealed that (a) selected personality and motor variables appeared essentially unrelated; (b) grip strength, 50-yd dash, and flexed-arm hang were reliable while sit-ups and 600-yd run-walk were moderately reliable; (c) the arm and leg coordination measures, the four second-order factors of the Children's Personality Questionnaire (CPQ) and Early School Personality Questionnaire (ESPQ), the Self-Esteem Scale, the Body Cathexis Scale, and the Body Cathexis-Short Form all exhibited moderate reliabilities; and (d) the 14 primary factors of the CPQ and ESPQ generally exhibited lower reliabilities.  相似文献   

12.
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13.
Abstract

Four test items were devised for each of four motivators: rubber balls, parallel-lines, a red hoop, and a low balance beam. These motivators were designed to serve as stimuli for tests capable of differentiating individual ability to produce both number and uniqueness of motor responses in problem solving tasks of a motor nature. Eight of the test items were administered one day and the remaining eight the following day. Equivalent form reliabilities for items ranged from .59 to .92. Internal coefficient reliabilities were .87 for day I and .92 for day II; however, because of factors such as intrasubject variance only day I data were subjected to a multiple regression analysis to determine the final test battery.

Methods of scoring, such as summing the number of responses (fluency), computing frequency of occurrence (originality), and combining the fluency and originality scores were investigated. Three test forms, each measuring a different aspect of motor creativity, emerged from the analysis. Form O is presented as a measure of motor originality, Form F as a measure of motor fluency, and Form M-C as a measure of motor creativity (motor originality and fluency).

Findings of this study are in agreement with many investigations which find a consistently high relationship between fluency and originality in creativity tests.  相似文献   

14.
The purpose of this study was to compare estimates of test reliability obtained from two sequential testing plans--trials-to-criterion (TTC) and sequential probability ratio (SPR) testing--when reliability is defined as the consistency of classification. Data from a golf chip test given to 110 beginning golf students (n = 80 males; n = 30 females) at the University of Wisconsin were used for analysis. Test specifications for the SPR test were alpha = beta = .05, theta 0 = .70, and theta 1 = .50. Two mastery levels for the TTC test were examined, .70 and .60, with success criteria ranging from R = 6 to R = 12. For each sequential testing plan, both P and kappa were calculated to estimate reliability. Results for the total group and for gender indicated that reliability was higher with the SPR test when the mastery level was .70, while reliability was similar under both plans at a mastery level of .60. Median test lengths for the group were 21 for the SPR test and an average of 12 across all R values for the TTC test. Misclassification error rates for the TTC test, however, were substantially higher than under the SPR test, particularly for false nonmaster errors. These data suggest that SPR testing would be the preferred approach when misclassification errors are of primary importance, such as to determine minimal competency for certification. However, TTC testing is a viable alternative for classroom tests because of ease of administration and shorter test length.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

Five trials spaced a minute apart were secured on 50 male subjects three days in succession on an apparatus designed to isolate action of the right wrist flexor muscle group. Reliability of measurement was assessed through the intraclass correlation technique. Although an acceptable level of reliability was obtained (R = .93), nonpertinent factors apparently intruded. These were tentatively identified as a trial effect due to depletion of energy reserves for strength exertion, and a day effect due to either strength development, a learning effect, or a combination of strength development and learning effects. Consideration of such factors in measurement programs was noted.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

This study investigated the influence of dehydration during soccer-type intermittent exercise on isokinetic and isometric muscle function. Eight soccer players performed two 90-min high-intensity intermittent shuttle-running trials without (NF) or with (FL) fluid ingestion (5 ml · kg?1 before and 2 ml · kg?1 every 15 min). Isokinetic and isometric strength and muscular power of knee flexors and knee extensors were measured pre-exercise, at half-time and post-exercise using isokinetic dynamometry. Sprint performance was monitored throughout the simulated-soccer exercise. Isokinetic knee strength was reduced at faster (3.13 rad · s?1; P = 0.009) but not slower (1.05 rad · s?1; P = 0.063) contraction speeds with exercise; however, there was no difference between FL and NF. Peak isometric strength of the knee extensors (P = 0.002) but not the knee flexors (P = 0.065) was significantly reduced with exercise with no difference between FL and NF. Average muscular power was reduced over time at both 1.05 rad · s?1 (P = 0.01) and 3.14 rad · s?1 (P = 0.033) but was not different between FL and NF. Mean 15-m sprint time increased with duration of exercise (P = 0.005) but was not different between FL and NF. In summary, fluid ingestion during 90 min of soccer-type exercise was unable to offset the reduction in isokinetic and isometric strength and muscular power of the knee extensors and flexors.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

The contextual interference (CI) effect has been replicated many times since its first demonstration by Shea and Morgan (1979) in the motor learning domain (see Brady, 1998; Magill&;Hall, 1990). The CI effect is characterized by the observation that experiencing greater interference during acquisition is detrimental to immediate performance but enhances delayed performance as measured on retention or transfer tests. High CI is most often created by random practice in which the learning of multiple tasks occurs in a single training. In contrast, low CI is frequently created by using a blocked practice format in which all the practice trials of one task are completed before another task is introduced. One theoretical account that has been forwarded to account for the CI effect is labeled the action plan reconstruction hypothesis (Lee&;Magill, 1983, 1985). This position intimates that before a movement occurs an “action plan” must be prepared. In blocked practice, a previously prepared “action plan” is readily available from trial to trial, but it suffers from lack of attention on trials following initial retrieval from working memory. In random practice, however, each time a task must be executed a “reconstruction” of the action plan must be processed, because the interchange of information from trial to trial never allows the same information to remain in working memory for an extended amount of time. Presumably, the additional trial-to-trial preparation used by the random practice participant during practice results in a more resilient memory representation that better supports long-term recall efforts compared to their blocked practice counterparts.  相似文献   

18.
Purpose: The ability to anticipate the actions of opponents can be enhanced through perceptual-skill training, though there is doubt regarding the most effective form of doing so. We sought to evaluate whether perceptual-skill learning would be enhanced when supplemented with guiding visual information. Method: Twenty-eight participants without soccer-playing experience were assigned to a guided perceptual-training group (n = 9), an unguided perceptual-training group (n = 10), or a control group (n = 9). The guided perceptual-training group received half of their trials with color cueing that highlighted either the key kinematic changes in the kicker's action or the known visual search strategy of expert goalkeepers. The unguided perceptual-training group undertook an equal number of trials of practice, but all trials were without guidance. The control group undertook no training intervention. All participants completed an anticipation test immediately before and after the 7-day training intervention, as well as a 24-hr retention test. Results: The guided perceptual-training group significantly improved their response accuracy for anticipating the direction of soccer penalty kicks from preintervention to postintervention, whereas no change in performance was evident at posttest for either the unguided perceptual-training group or the control group. The superior performance of the guided perceptual-training group was preserved in the retention test and was confirmed when relative changes in response time were controlled using a covariate analysis. Conclusions: Perceptual training supplemented with guiding information provides a level of improvement in perceptual anticipatory skill that is not seen without guidance.  相似文献   

19.
ABSTRACT

This study evaluated whether real-time applied load feedback and a predefined applied load limit improved inter-session reliability and measurement error of passive glenohumeral rotation range-of-motion measurements. Twenty-one male recreational overhead athletes completed two data collection sessions, approximately 1-week apart. Measurements of internal and external rotation range-of-motion and clinician-applied loads were obtained and side-to-side differences were calculated. A load limit of 4 Nm was used for feedback trials. Perception of a capsular end-feel was used for no-feedback trials. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), standard errors of measurement (SEMs) and minimal detectable changes (MDCs) were derived. ICCs from single trials with and without feedback ranged from 0.72–0.93 and 0.63–0.89, respectively. SEMs ranged from 2.6°-6.1° with feedback and 3.3°-6.0° without feedback. MDCs from single trials with and without feedback ranged from 7.2°-16.8° and 9.1°-16.7°, respectively. Applied load feedback did not improve, already moderate to excellent, inter-session reliability and SEM for passive glenohumeral rotation range-of-motion measurements.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

A study was conducted to determine the minimum number of trials necessary to establish “true” underwater weight during body density measurements on 86 college females. Nine to 10 trials of underwater weight were recorded for each subject. The results showed a significant upward trend of a curved nature during successive trials of weighing. As subjects became accustomed to making a maximum expiration while submerged underwater, the amount of air expired increased progressively between trials 1 and 10. Thus underwater weight increased during consecutive trials which affected body density values by .001–.003 density units. Similar changes have been reported by others and attributed to physical training and conditioning programs. In 42% of the subjects highest underwater weights were observed during the first five trials. The magnitude of error associated with these trials was considerably higher than for the last several trials. This was due to an 85% reduction in within-individual variability (i.e., the variability of the average individual about her own mean). This represented a large increase in the consistency of the measurement. In order to obtain the most representative underwater weight for an individual 9 to 10 trials were necessary. The average value calculated from the last three trials was used to establish “true” underwater weight.  相似文献   

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