共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Pandora K Rader KA 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2008,99(2):350-364
The history of science is more than the history of scientists. This essay argues that various modem "publics" should be counted as belonging within an enlarged vision of who constitutes the "scientific community"--and describes how the history of science could be important for understanding their experiences. It gives three examples of how natural knowledge-making happens in vernacular contexts: Victorian Britain's publishing experiments in "popular science" as effective literary strategies for communicating to lay and specialist readers; twentieth-century American science museums as important and contested sites for conveying both scientific ideas and ideas about scientific practice; and contemporary mass-mediated images of the "ideal" scientist as providing counternarratives to received professional scientific norms. Finally, it suggests how humanistic knowledge might help both scientists and historians grapple more effectively with contemporary challenges presented by science in public spheres. By studying the making and elaboration of scientific knowledge within popular culture, historians of science can provide substantively grounded insights into the relations between the public and professionals. 相似文献
2.
科学传播的内容不仅包括科学知识,而且包括外行知识。科学知识与外行知识都是所谓的地方性知识。科学传播的过程实际上是科学知识与外行知识通过彼此竞争,相互融合,从一种地方性知识转变为另一种地方性知识的过程。科学家与大众传媒必须在科学知识的真实性与科学传播的时效性之间寻求一种“必要的张力”。 相似文献
3.
在人类求知的长河中,从无知到知之,知之积累为知识,知识转化为力量,进而拥有智慧的辩证过程中,科学既是智慧的基础,又构成了通往智慧的环节.科学最有价值的意义就在于获得智慧,这种智慧不仅是人们安身立命之根本,更是人种永存的重要机制.最原初的"爱智慧"构成科学理想中最深奥、最灿烂的伟大哲思.科学的三向度:力量、知识和智慧事实上是三位一体的关系.科学的理想是力量、知识和智慧的完满结合. 相似文献
4.
Pickstone JV 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2007,98(3):489-516
Historians of science, inasmuch as they are concerned with knowledges and practices rather than institutions, have tended of late to focus on case studies of common processes such as experiment and publication. In so doing, they tend to treat science as a single category, with various local instantiations. Or, alternatively, they relate cases to their specific local contexts. In neither approach do the cases or their contexts build easily into broader histories, reconstructing changing knowledge practices across time and space. This essay argues that by systematically deconstructing the practices of science and technology and medicine (STM) into common, recurrent elements, we can gain usefully "configurational" views, not just of particular cases and contexts but of synchronic variety and diachronic changes, both short term and long. To this end, we can begin with the customary actors' disciplines of early modern knowledge (natural philosophy, natural history, mixed mathematics, and experimental philosophy), which can be understood as elemental "ways of knowing and working," variously combined and disputed. I argue that these same working knowledges, together with a later mode-synthetic experimentation and systematic invention-may also serve for the analysis of STM from the late eighteenth century to the present. The old divisions continued explicitly and importantly after circa 1800, but they were also "built into" an array of new sciences. This historiographic analysis can help clarify a number of common problems: about the multiplicity of the sciences, the importance of various styles in science, and the relations between science and technology and medicine. It suggests new readings of major changes in STM, including the first and second scientific revolutions and the transformations of biomedicine from the later twentieth century. It offers ways of recasting both microhistories and macrohistories, so reducing the apparent distance between them. And it may thus facilitate both more constructive uses of case studies and more innovative and acceptable longer histories. 相似文献
5.
This study addresses the problem of knowledge dissemination in science–society relation, its connection with the specialization of scientific research fields and the proliferation of academic and practitioner-oriented journals. Specifically, we elaborate on the scientists’ failure to communicate successfully with practitioners and the need for establishing alternative mechanisms that help boost the flow of knowledge between academics and industry. To do so, a thorough literature review is conducted and the author guidelines of the most prominent journals that appeal to both academics and practitioners are reviewed. Based on the analysis, the article offers suggestions on how to narrow the science–industry knowledge gap and how to find a way of not only delivering science to practitioners, but also making science benefit society. Progress is necessary to move towards a better academic–practitioner dialogue and thereby advance both science and practice. 相似文献
6.
della Dora V 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2010,101(3):467-500
Over the past few years there has been an increasing acknowledgment that all knowledge is "sited knowledge." While place, mobility, and travel have become central issues in the history (and geography) of science, much of the discussion has nevertheless revolved around "formal scientific knowledge." This essay focuses on a specific type of popular "mobile" scientific knowledge making that emerged in the last decades of the nineteenth century: the educational cruise. In particular, it considers a series of voyages d'etude organized by the French scientific periodical Revue Générale des Sciences Pures et Appliquées between 1897 and 1914 that were open to the general public. It examines both the ways and the spaces in which knowledge was produced and the type of knowledge that was produced. 相似文献
7.
Milburn C 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2010,101(3):560-569
Science fiction remains an alien dimension of the history of science. Historical and literary studies of science have become increasingly attentive to various "literary technologies" in scientific practice, the metaphorical features of scientific discourse, and the impact of popular science writing on the social development of scientific knowledge. But the function of science fiction and even literature as such in the history of scientific and technological innovation has often been obscured, misconstrued, or repudiated owing to conventional notions of authorship, influence, and the organic unity of texts. The better to address those close encounters where scientific practice makes use of speculative fiction, this essay proposes that we instead analyze such exchanges as processes of appropriation, remixing, and modification. 相似文献
8.
摘要：知识经济时代凸显了知识和经济的相关性，也导致了知识生产和使用间的矛盾。推动科技成果转化，是走出知识悖论、加快技术转移的有效路径。然而科技成果转化并非径情直遂，国外经验研究表明，若要真正取得科技成果转化的成效，其先决条件却是保持知识的自由流动、提高大学和科学技术研究的内在品质。 相似文献
9.
Shaw A 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2002,11(3):273-291
This paper reports on one aspect of qualitative research on public understandings of food risks, focusing on lay understandings of genetically modified (GM) food in the UK context. A range of theoretical, conceptual, and empirical literature on food, risk, and the public understanding of science are reviewed. The fieldwork methods are outlined and empirical data from a range of lay groups are presented. Major themes include: varying "technical" knowledge of science, the relationship between knowledge and acceptance of genetic modification, the uncertainty of scientific knowledge, genetic modification as inappropriate scientific intervention in "nature", the acceptability of animal and human applications of genetic modification, the appropriate boundaries of scientific innovation, the necessity for GM foods, the uncertainty of risks in GM food, fatalism about avoiding risks, and trust in "experts" to manage potential risks in GM food. Key discussion points relating to a sociological understanding of public attitudes to GM food are raised and some policy implications are highlighted. 相似文献
10.
在当代的科学论中,科学实在论与社会建构论各执一端。为了打破僵局,芭拉德在玻尔的量子力学哲学的基础上提出了作用实在论。作用实在论超越了以往的表象主义,以科学实践为中心,弥合了自然与社会以及主体与客体的鸿沟。在作用实在论当中,实在是科学实践所构造的结果,话语则是其中的重要维度之一。但作用实在论并没有因此而放弃科学的客观性,客观性被改造为责任问题。如此一来,认识论与本体论在科学实践中得到了统一,科学从表象走向了实践,实在论与建构论的二元对立被超越了。 相似文献
11.
随着社会知识化进程的不断推进,公共政策制定越来越需要科学和技术专业知识的支持,科学发现和技术发展对政策的影响已经形成一个独特的问题域,科学顾问成为当代政策制定过程中有重要影响的社会角色。然而,随着科学的客观性和知识的确定性被打破,专业知识和科学顾问对决策的指导作用也受到了质疑和挑战。本文认为,决策情境中事实判断和价值判断的相互纠缠和相互冲突,科学探究中认知真理性与政治决策中价值合理性可能出现的摩擦,导致了科学顾问的身份困境。本文将分析这一困境出现的原因,探讨科学顾问角色的新内涵,以进一步理解专业知识和科学家在决策中的独特作用及其限度。 相似文献
12.
Schneider DW 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2000,91(4):681-705
Stephen Forbes's "The Lake as a Microcosm" is one of the founding documents of the science of ecology in the United States. By tracing the connections between scientists and local fishermen underlying the research on floodplain lakes presented in "The Lake as a Microcosm," this essay shows how the birth of ecology was tied to local knowledge and the local politics of environmental transformation. Forbes and the other scientists of the Illinois Natural History Survey relied on fishermen for manual labor, expertise in catching fish, and knowledge of the natural history of the fishes. As Forbes and his colleagues worked in close contact with fishermen, they also adopted many of their political concerns over the privatization of the floodplain and became politically active in supporting their interests. The close connection between scientists and local knowledge forced the ecologists to reframe the boundaries of ecology as objective or political, pure or applied, local or scientific. 相似文献
13.
图书情报学知识服务的知识图谱分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以CNKI数据库中源于知识服务的1 208篇文献为研究对象,运用传统文献计量方法,知识可视化方法以及关键词词频分析方法,利用CiteSpaceⅡ软件对我国图书情报学领域的知识服务进行分析,整理出来该领域研究机构、作者的以及期刊的分布,分析了近些年图情领域知识服务的研究热点。 相似文献
14.
自20世纪90年代中期以来,“公众科学”的概念逐渐受到学界关注并形成了一个新的研究领域,但目前学界对于“公众科学”的内涵仍没有共识。为此本文追溯了实践进路和政治进路两种不同内涵的公众科学的源起、内容与影响,并对两种公众科学的形成背景、理论预设、政策影响等方面的差异进行了系统比较;同时阐述了已有研究对于融合两种公众科学进路的尝试。最后,文章提出公众科学是一种以公众为主体的新知识生产方式,并结合国内公众科学情况提出了几点发展建议。 相似文献
15.
Sara Ann Wylie Kirk Jalbert Shannon Dosemagen Matt Ratto 《The Information Society》2014,30(2):116-126
This article explores the changing relationship between the academy and new public formations of scientific research, which we term “civic technoscience.” Civic technoscience leverages tactics seen in critical making communities to question and transform how and who can make credible and actionable knowledge. A comparison of two case studies is used. The first is a grassroots mapping process that allows communities to generate high-quality aerial imagery. The second is an academic-led project using environmental sensors to engage disparate audiences in scientific practice. These two projects were found to differ in their ability to form strategic spaces for community-based science, and suggest pathways to foster more robust relationships across the public–academic divide. By altering power dynamics in material, literary, and social technologies used for scientific research, we argue that civic technoscience enables citizens to question expert knowledge production through critical making tactics, and creates opportunities to generate credible public science. 相似文献
16.
Harris SJ 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2005,96(1):71-79
Within the context of national traditions in colonial science, the scientific activities of Jesuit missionaries present us with a unique combination of challenges. The multinational membership of the Society of Jesus gave its missionaries access to virtually every Portuguese, Spanish, and French colony. The Society was thus compelled to engage an astonishingly diverse array of cultural and natural environments, and that diversity of contexts is reflected in the range and the complexity of Jesuit scientific practices. Underlying that complexity, however, was what I see as a unique combination of institutional structures; namely, European colleges, overseas mission stations, and the regular circulation of personnel and information. With this institutional framework as a backdrop, I briefly trace what I see as the most salient themes emerging from recent studies of Jesuit overseas science: (1) the Societys ability to use scientific expertise to its advantage amid the complex web of dependencies upon which it missionary activities rested; (2) the ability of its missionaries to become intimate with a wide range of cultures and to appropriate natural knowledge held by indigenous peoples, especially in the fields of material medica and geography; and (3) the different ways Jesuits used published accounts of "remote nature" (i.e., natural histories of overseas colonies) to advance their corporate and religious causes. 相似文献
17.
创建"物理与科学"探究馆的是学校组织学生开展创新性实验计划项目研究与训练的理想平台,是新形势下物理教学与科学知识普及改革的一项有益尝试。创建的思路与措施是使学生从关注实验到关注创新,使科学探究和技术创新活动形成一种具有时代特色的物理教学及科普教育新模式。 相似文献
18.
摘要：20世纪初的公共政策制定走向了一条科学化和理性化的道路。但后常规时代的科学往往无力提供政策制定所需的那种明确答案,因而也无法减少决策中日益增加的风险与不确定性。当前,科学与政策领域兴起了诸如“知识生产的模式2”、“知识分工”与“公民参与科学”等新兴概念,它们共同指向了专业知识生产的民主化趋势--必须重新开放科学的认知承诺,以一种与传统科学生产模式不同的、强调非职业化与情境化的知识范式去重新理解科学、知识生产与决策,以适应高度复杂与高度不确定性情境下的政策争端。这意味着突破专业知识的规范性承诺和前提性预设,赋予公民智慧与科学专家以能力上的平等地位,在开放、多元的参与情境中实现公众与专家的共同磋商。在科学领域,专业知识的民主化导向的是科学的认知转型;在政策领域,它将突破决策科学化与民主化的两难困境,导向一种更为扩大化的公民参与。 相似文献
19.
大科学时代科研仪器与高端科研成果产出存在紧密的联系,科研仪器作为探索自然规律的重要工具,在科研领域的作用不容忽视。本研究从文献计量视角对我国科研仪器研究文献展开分析,通过可视化工具及LDA模型进行文本挖掘揭示科研仪器研究的知识结构。分析发现以科研仪器为主题的文献数量增长迅速,作者合作密度较低,科研仪器研究主题覆盖范围在逐渐扩大,结合人工编码及LDA文本挖掘确定科研工作、科研基础、科研设备以及科研人员4个主题,其中科研工作与科研基础主题在我国科研仪器研究知识结构中占比较多,科研设备与科研人员主题的研究力量薄弱。 相似文献
20.
以1997—2017年间获得国家自然科学基金资助发表的设计科学中文文献为研究对象,运用文献计量方法并结合VOSviewer 和CiteSpace V等可视化分析软件对设计科学文献进行统计分析和内容挖掘,进而探测了设计科学领域的知识分布、研究热点和动态前沿,建构出设计科学知识图谱。研究表明：（1）我国设计科学研究文献数不断上升,西北工业大学发文量领先于国内其他高等院校,概念设计、产品设计、人机交互、创新设计等关键词在设计学中出现频次最高;（2）设计科学研究的六个热点领域是设计理论与方法、概念设计、情感设计、智能设计、交互设计和人机工程;（3）设计科学研究的发展经历了研究意识觉醒期、研究奠基期、研究拓展期及研究纵深期等4个阶段。 相似文献