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1.
General physiology,experimental psychology,and evolutionism. Unicellular organisms as objects of psychophysiological research, 1877-1918 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Schloegel JJ Schmidgen H 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2002,93(4):614-645
This essay aims to shed new light on the relations between physiology and psychology in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by focusing on the use of unicellular organisms as research objects during that period. Within the frameworks of evolutionism and monism advocated by Ernst Haeckel, protozoa were perceived as objects situated at the borders between organism and cell and individual and society. Scholars such as Max Verworn, Alfred Binet, and Herbert Spencer Jennings were provoked by these organisms to undertake experimental investigations situated between general physiology and psychology that differed from the physiological psychology advocated by Wilhelm Wundt. Some of these investigations sought to locate psychological properties in the molecular structure of protoplasm; others stressed the existence of organic and psychological individuality in protozoa. In the following decades, leading philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Charles Sanders Peirce, and Henri Bergson, as well as psychological researchers like Sigmund Freud, integrated the results of these investigations into their reflections on such problems as the nature of the will, the structure of the ego, and the holistic nature of the reactions of organisms to their environment. 相似文献
2.
Edgerton D 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2012,103(2):316-327
This essay argues that taking the economy seriously in histories of science could not only extend the range of activities studied but also change--often quite radically--our understanding of well-known cases and instances in twentieth-century science. It shows how scientific intellectuals and historians of science have followed the money as a means of critique of particular forms of science and of particular conceptions of science. It suggests the need to go further, to a much broader implicit definition of what constitutes science--one that implies a criticism of much history of twentieth-century science for defining it implicitly and inappropriately in very restrictive ways. 相似文献
3.
Green CD 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2010,101(4):697-721
Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison's recent book on the history of scientific objectivity showed that, over the course of the nineteenth century, natural scientists of many stripes became intensely concerned with the issue of the distorting influence that their own subjectivities might be having on their observations and representations of nature. At very nearly the same time, experimental psychology arose specifically to investigate scientifically the nature and structure of subjective consciousness. Although Daston and Galison briefly discussed some basic psychological issues-especially the discovery of differences in human color perception-they did not strongly connect the widespread European concern with scientific objectivity to the rise of experimental psychology. This essay critically examines the theoretical and empirical activities of the experimental psychologist who most energetically strove to discover the structure of subjective conscious experience, Edward Bradford Titchener. Titchener's efforts to produce an objective study of subjectivity reveal important tensions in early experimental psychology and also serve to situate experimental psychology at the center of an important intellectual struggle that was being waged across the natural sciences in the decades surrounding the turn of the twentieth century. 相似文献
4.
Redrawing the map: science in twentieth-century China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Fan FT 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2007,98(3):524-538
This essay argues that science in twentieth-century China is a rich topic that can be productively integrated into research and teaching on the history of modern science. It identifies major issues of science in twentieth-century China and demonstrates that they can prove useful to any scholar who wishes to consider science in a comparative and trans/international context. The essay suggests two important steps for a fruitful investigation into the topic of science in twentieth-century China: first, revising the historiographic assumptions and categories that underlie much of the conventional historical narrative of modern science; and, second, breaking free from the tunnel history of national science. To illustrate these points, the essay examines a series of case studies of science in modern China and discusses the relevance of such subjects as scientific nationalism, Maoist mass science, and transnational scientific networks for the understanding of science in the twentieth-century world. 相似文献
5.
刘高岑 《科学技术与辩证法》2010,(6):26-31
现当代西方哲学的自我问题研究肇端于笛卡尔。此后经历了休谟的批判性否定、早期心理学的初步研究、行为主义心理学和语言哲学的拒斥,以及近20年的再度兴起。自我问题再度兴起乃是认知科学、认知神经科学、行为-意识科学、当代哲学等学科领域发展进步的内在要求,研究自我问题对这些学科的发展进步均具有重要意义。 相似文献
6.
Pickstone JV 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2007,98(3):489-516
Historians of science, inasmuch as they are concerned with knowledges and practices rather than institutions, have tended of late to focus on case studies of common processes such as experiment and publication. In so doing, they tend to treat science as a single category, with various local instantiations. Or, alternatively, they relate cases to their specific local contexts. In neither approach do the cases or their contexts build easily into broader histories, reconstructing changing knowledge practices across time and space. This essay argues that by systematically deconstructing the practices of science and technology and medicine (STM) into common, recurrent elements, we can gain usefully "configurational" views, not just of particular cases and contexts but of synchronic variety and diachronic changes, both short term and long. To this end, we can begin with the customary actors' disciplines of early modern knowledge (natural philosophy, natural history, mixed mathematics, and experimental philosophy), which can be understood as elemental "ways of knowing and working," variously combined and disputed. I argue that these same working knowledges, together with a later mode-synthetic experimentation and systematic invention-may also serve for the analysis of STM from the late eighteenth century to the present. The old divisions continued explicitly and importantly after circa 1800, but they were also "built into" an array of new sciences. This historiographic analysis can help clarify a number of common problems: about the multiplicity of the sciences, the importance of various styles in science, and the relations between science and technology and medicine. It suggests new readings of major changes in STM, including the first and second scientific revolutions and the transformations of biomedicine from the later twentieth century. It offers ways of recasting both microhistories and macrohistories, so reducing the apparent distance between them. And it may thus facilitate both more constructive uses of case studies and more innovative and acceptable longer histories. 相似文献
7.
Pandora K Rader KA 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2008,99(2):350-364
The history of science is more than the history of scientists. This essay argues that various modem "publics" should be counted as belonging within an enlarged vision of who constitutes the "scientific community"--and describes how the history of science could be important for understanding their experiences. It gives three examples of how natural knowledge-making happens in vernacular contexts: Victorian Britain's publishing experiments in "popular science" as effective literary strategies for communicating to lay and specialist readers; twentieth-century American science museums as important and contested sites for conveying both scientific ideas and ideas about scientific practice; and contemporary mass-mediated images of the "ideal" scientist as providing counternarratives to received professional scientific norms. Finally, it suggests how humanistic knowledge might help both scientists and historians grapple more effectively with contemporary challenges presented by science in public spheres. By studying the making and elaboration of scientific knowledge within popular culture, historians of science can provide substantively grounded insights into the relations between the public and professionals. 相似文献
8.
Keene M 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2007,98(2):266-289
Historians of science have identified toys as part of their subject's material culture, but there has been little exploration of the production and use of educational or playful objects. Moreover, academic writing on science for children has focused on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This essay argues that our understanding of historical science education can be enhanced by exploring twentieth-century instruments. It uses the example of Construments sets, with which children could build a wide variety of optical instruments from a series of standardized parts. Invented by C. W. Hansel, a school science master, Construments were founded in and responded to contemporary educational practices and debates over "general science," as well as addressing characteristic interwar concerns about adaptability and economy and older ideals of rational entertainment. By exploring the company's instruments, promotional literature, and magazine, and by drawing on the memories of contemporary users, I reconstruct the contexts in which Construments were used, emphasizing the creation of heterogeneous communities vital for the transmission of skills and knowledge. 相似文献
9.
10.
减轻灾害带给人们的心理创伤,实现灾后心理康复是灾害心理学的使命。研究者们通过大规模流行病调查,确证了灾后心理创伤发生的广泛性。近10年来,在灾后心理创伤的诊断模型、脑与认知功能缺陷、神经生物学变化以及干预方法和效果等方面已取得重要进展。我国是灾害多发国家,灾害与心理创伤的研究将会有力提升全民预防和应对灾害的能力,因此,应在国家重大科技计划中部署灾害与心理创伤研究,通过凝练创伤应激反应的基础科学问题,推进灾害心理学学科建设,培养心理援助专业人才,以应对我国灾难发生后巨大的心理援助需求,也为制定灾害心理援助和灾后心理重建政策提供科学支撑,并带动我国社会生活中系列心理疾患问题的解决。 相似文献
11.
我国正处于经济社会快速发展的重要战略机遇期与社会矛盾凸显期,社会管理问题日益显现和严峻。社会管理的本质是对人的管理和服务。运用心理学特别是社会心理学的理论与方法深入研究和理解社会管理问题,并为有效制定与落实公共政策提供心理学依据,必将有力推进社会管理创新。本文概述了中科院心理所心理和谐研究组与社会预警研究组取得的部分相关研究成果,阐明将社会心理与行为指标纳入社会管理决策支持系统的重要意义,并呼吁在全国范围内建立多学科共同参与的社会态度监测平台。 相似文献
12.
Nicholson I 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2011,102(2):238-268
Stanley Milgram's study of "obedience to authority" is one of the best-known psychological experiments of the twentieth century. This essay examines the study's special charisma through a detailed consideration of the intellectual, cultural, and gender contexts of Cold War America. It suggests that Milgram presented not a "timeless" experiment on "human nature" but, rather, a historically contingent, scientifically sanctioned "performance" of American masculinity at a time of heightened male anxiety. The essay argues that this gendered context invested the obedience experiments with an extraordinary plausibility, immediacy, and relevance. Immersed in a discourse of masculinity besieged, many Americans read the obedience experiments not as a fanciful study of laboratory brutality but as confirmation of their worst fears. Milgram's extraordinary success thus lay not in his "discovery" of the fragility of individual conscience but in his theatrical flair for staging culturally relevant masculine performances. 相似文献
13.
认知心理学自20世纪五六十年代登上历史舞台之后,便以其独特的理论视角影响着心理学。从研究主题来说,认知心理学的研究主要涉及感知觉与意识、注意、学习和记忆、语言认知、情绪和社会认知以及奖励和决策等。认知心理学对人类了解自身和外部世界的关系发挥着重要作用,世界各国的研究机构对认知心理学及其相关学科颇为重视并寄予厚望,近几十年来先后部署了围绕脑、行为、心智的长期规划,多个与认知心理学相关的问题也被列为前沿科学问题。我国研究机构近年来在认知心理学和认知神经科学领域也获得了长足的发展,并希望在今后的国家重大科学研究计划中发挥重要作用。 相似文献
14.
Rentetzi M 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2004,95(3):359-393
This essay explores the significance of political and ideological context as well as experimental culture for the participation of women in radioactivity research. It argues that the politics of Red Vienna and the culture of radioactivity research specific to the Viennese setting encouraged exceptional gender politics within the Institute for Radium Research in the interwar years. The essay further attempts to provide an alternative approach to narratives that concentrate on personal dispositions and stereotypical images of women in science to explain the disproportionately large number of women in radioactivity research. Instead, the emphasis here is on the institutional context in which women involved themselves in radioactivity in interwar Vienna. This approach places greater importance on contingencies of time and place and highlights the significance of the cultural and political context in a historical study while at the same time shedding light on the interrelation between scientific practices and gender. 相似文献
15.
Vicedo M 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2012,103(1):111-125
Starting in 1958, Harry Harlow published numerous research papers analyzing the emotional and social development of rhesus monkeys. This essay examines the presentation of Harlow's work in introductory psychology textbooks from 1958 to 1975, focusing on whether the textbooks erased the process of research, presented results without hedging, and provided a uniform account of Harlow's work and results. It argues that many textbooks were not passive vehicles of knowledge transmission; instead, they played a role similar to articles of meta-analysis and literature reviews. 相似文献
16.
积极心理学是一股新兴热门的心理学思潮,它所提倡的理念对高校学生干部培养有重要的指导意义。新形势下,学生工作者可以将积极心理学运用于培养和管理＂90后＂学生干部,引导他们形成积极的认知方式,体验积极的情绪,从而健全积极的人格,同时为其创造积极的工作环境,鼓励其实践积极行为,充分调动其积极性,建立一支健康有活力有效率的学生干部队伍。 相似文献
17.
Strasser BJ 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2011,102(1):60-96
Today, the production of knowledge in the experimental life sciences relies crucially on the use of biological data collections, such as DNA sequence databases. These collections, in both their creation and their current use, are embedded in the experimentalist tradition. At the same time, however, they exemplify the natural historical tradition, based on collecting and comparing natural facts. This essay focuses on the issues attending the establishment in 1982 of GenBank, the largest and most frequently accessed collection of experimental knowledge in the world. The debates leading to its creation-about the collection and distribution of data, the attribution of credit and authorship, and the proprietary nature of knowledge-illuminate the different moral economies at work in the life sciences in the late twentieth century. They offer perspective on the recent rise of public access publishing and data sharing in science. More broadly, this essay challenges the big picture according to which the rise of experimentalism led to the decline of natural history in the twentieth century. It argues that both traditions have been articulated into a new way of producing knowledge that has become a key practice in science at the beginning of the twenty-first century. 相似文献
18.
文化视角的认知研究,20世纪前半期主要在人类学领域首先开展,其认知人类学分支成果较为显著,并在理念和方法上促进了20世纪中后期心理学中的"文化革命"。跨文化心理学、文化心理学及本土心理学分别针对传统主流心理学的文化色盲、文化中心主义和殖民主义等局限,对文化与认知关系的研究做出了独特贡献。目前人类学和心理学进一步互动,关注情境认知,因此今后应继续借鉴人类学文化研究的长处。 相似文献
19.
文化视角的认知研究,20世纪前半期主要在人类学领域首先开展,其认知人类学分支成果较为显著,并在理念和方法上促进了20世纪中后期心理学中的"文化革命"。跨文化心理学、文化心理学及本土心理学分别针对传统主流心理学的文化色盲、文化中心主义和殖民主义等局限,对文化与认知关系的研究做出了独特贡献。目前人类学和心理学进一步互动,关注情境认知,因此今后应继续借鉴人类学文化研究的长处。 相似文献
20.
Nummedal TE 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2011,102(2):330-337
This essay considers the implications of a shift in focus from ideas to practices in the history of alchemy. On the one hand, it is argued, this new attention to practice highlights the diversity of ways that early modern Europeans engaged alchemy, ranging from the literary to the entrepreneurial and artisanal, as well as the broad range of social and cultural spaces that alchemists inhabited. At the same time, however, recent work has demonstrated what most alchemists shared-namely, a penchant for reading, writing, making, and doing, all at the same time. Any history of early modern alchemy, therefore, must attend to all of these practices, as well as the interplay among them. In this sense, alchemy offers a model for thinking and writing about early modern science more generally, particularly in light of recent work that has explored the intersection of scholarly, artisanal, and entrepreneurial forms of knowledge in the early modem period. 相似文献