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1.
所谓过度训练(overtraining),是指运动员接受过量训练,经过适当的恢复期仍不能维持其正常的运动水平。运动成绩下降是诊断过度训练的必需条件。那些训练态度积极、没有经验、自我训练、停训一段时间后又积极参加训练的运动员、更易出现过度训练。 1 过度训练的表现过度训练的表现很多,依照运动员身体机能的差别、运动项目的不同以及其它因素而表现不同(表1)。 2 过度训练的诊断过度训练的原因因人而异。目前还不能靠一项诊断试验就可诊断过度训练。需要综合的指标,观察它们在恢复期后能否恢复到基础不平。这些系统和指标包括: 相似文献
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过度训练发生的机理及其诊断与评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在力竭性功率自行车测试中,最大专项运动能力下降是其典型表现.情绪状态不佳与主诉不适是诊断过度训练的重要指标.过度训练与植物性神经功能紊乱、内分泌改变和免疫功能下降密切相关.预测过度训练的最好指标是运动状态下的心率、摄氧量和血乳酸,运动成绩和运动能力的下降也是理想的指标.降低运动强度或完全休息是治疗过度训练症候群的有效措施. 相似文献
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人们试图用血液中某些激素指标来判断运动训练引起的过度疲劳，但研究发现，在众多激素指标中没有一个激素指标能及时地判断所有运动项目训练引发的过度疲劳。用激素指标来判断运动训练引起的过度疲劳有其局限性、不可靠性和延迟性。 相似文献
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不同运动量训练对大鼠血睾酮及相关指标的影响 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
为探讨运动量与血睾酮及相关指标的关系，对大鼠进行小运动量和大运动量两种训练，观察不同运动量对大鼠血清总睾酮(TT)、游离睾酮(FT)和皮质酮(C)浓度的影响。结果显示：小运动量组大鼠血清TT、FT和C均未出现明显下降；大运动量组大鼠血清TT、FT和C均出现显著性降低，并且TT／C值下降幅度达40．22％。因此认为，过度训练引起运动性低血睾酮，适度的运动量训练可以避免低血睾酮；血清游离睾酮的极度低下是引起低血睾酮的直接因素；血清皮质酮浓度降低反映机体应激能力低下；TT／C值可作为判断过度训练的参考指标。 相似文献
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血尿素在速滑运动训练中预防过度疲劳的应用研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在三年多的时间里应用血尿素这一指标，对１７名优秀男女速滑运动员全年训练进行定期监测证明，当男子运动员血尿素在４５—４９ｍｇ／ｄｌ、女子运动员４０—４５ｍｇ／ｄｌ时，运动员自觉无力，不能完成正常训练的内容，有睡眠障碍和食欲不佳等客观反映。根据血尿素含量的变化情况，可成功地预防优秀速滑运动员过度疲劳的发生。 相似文献
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科学的训练方法是提高运动能力、防止过度疲劳、加快体能恢复的关键。运动训练的科学监控是教练员进行科学训练的必要条件,也是科学化训练的重要组成部分,其中生理生化指标对运动员的身体机能检测与评定就显得尤为重要。这主要是应用生理生化方法和相应指标,对运动员承受运动训练负荷的能力、现实身体机能状况、训练的科学性和有效性等进行诊断。 相似文献
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近年来国内学者对运动员过度训练越来越重视，随着竞技运动的发展，对运动员监控的手段和方法的要求也越来越高，要求及时快速地对运动员的过度训练做出正确的判断，反馈给运动员和教练员，及时地调整训练计划。早在８０年代中期，芬兰的科学家们就已经以运动和运动时激素的变化作为监控运动员训练、防止过度训练的指标 相似文献
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我省运动员安静心电图的波型与电压特点 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
多年来的运动医学实践证明心电图对运动员机能评定具有重要意义。心电图不仅是诊断运动员过度训练、过度疲劳的重要指标,而且通过真量议指标∑T/R比值等,还可以判断运动员的心脏功能,对选材有一定价值。本课题是想通过对我省运动员心电 相似文献
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Jorge E Morais António J Silva Daniel A Marinho Mário C Marques Nuno Batalha Tiago M Barbosa 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(6):661-668
The aim of this study was to compute a swimming performance confirmatory model based on biomechanical parameters. The sample included 100 young swimmers (overall: 12.3?±?0.74 years; 49 boys: 12.5?±?0.76 years; 51 girls: 12.2?±?0.71 years; both genders in Tanner stages 1–2 by self-report) participating on a regular basis in regional and national-level events. The 100?m freestyle event was chosen as the performance indicator. Anthropometric (arm span), strength (throwing velocity), power output (power to overcome drag), kinematic (swimming velocity) and efficiency (propelling efficiency) parameters were measured and included in the model. The path-flow analysis procedure was used to design and compute the model. The anthropometric parameter (arm span) was excluded in the final model, increasing its goodness-of-fit. The final model included the throw velocity, power output, swimming velocity and propelling efficiency. All links were significant between the parameters included, but the throw velocity–power output. The final model was explained by 69% presenting a reasonable adjustment (model's goodness-of-fit; x2/df?=?3.89). This model shows that strength and power output parameters do play a mediator and meaningful role in the young swimmers’ performance. 相似文献
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Santiago Veiga Andreu Roig Miguel A. Gómez-Ruano 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(8):919-926
The main objectives of the present research were (1) to examine the relationships between the distances travelled underwater during the start and turn segments with swimming race performance at the elite level and (2) to determine if the individualised-distance start and turn parameters affect the overall race performance. The race parameters of the 100 and 200?m events during 2013 World Championships were measured by an innovative image-processing system (InThePool® 2.0). Overall, 100?m race times were largely related to faster start velocities in men's breaststroke and freestyle events. Conversely, overall, 200?m race times were largely related to longer starting distances in the women's butterfly events, to longer turn distances in men's and women's backstroke and women's butterfly events and to shorter turn distances in women's freestyle events. Changes on the start or turn velocities could represent moderate time improvements in most of the 100?m events, whereas modifications on the start or turn distances (especially in the last turn) could provide elite swimmers with time improvements of practical importance on the 200?m events. The evaluation of races by individualised-distance parameters should be provided to elite swimmers in order to decide the most appropriate race segment configuration for each event. 相似文献
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Satoru Hashizume Hiroaki Hobara Yoshiyuki Kobayashi 《European Journal of Sport Science》2019,19(6):757-764
Negative work, which is mainly generated by eccentric muscle contraction, has an important influence on the associated muscle damage. Generally, mechanical parameters are determined for one side of a lower extremity on the assumption of negligible between-limb differences. However, between-limb differences in the negative work of lower extremity joints during running remain unclear. This study examines between-limb differences in negative work and associated mechanical parameters during the contact phase of running. Twenty-five young adult males voluntarily participated in this study. Each participant was asked to run on a straight runway at a speed of 3.0?m?s?1. Negative work, amplitude, duration of negative power, moment, and angular velocity were computed for both sides of the lower extremities. Significant differences were found in negative work between limbs for the hip (18.9?±?11.7%), knee (13.6?±?10.4%), and ankle (11.8?±?8.5%) joints. For the hip joint, asymmetric negative work was attributable to the between-limb difference in the amplitude of negative power owing to a corresponding difference in the moment. The between-limb differences concerning the duration and amplitude of negative power could explain the asymmetric negative work in the knee joint. The asymmetric negative work of the ankle joint was attributable to the between-limb difference in the amplitude and duration of the negative power and the moment. These results indicate that asymmetric negative work was generated in each lower extremity joint; however, the major mechanical parameters corresponding to the negative work are not the same across the joints. 相似文献
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Jaak Jürimäe Kristel Võsoberg Anna-Liisa Tamm Katre Maasalu Liina Remmel Vallo Tillmann 《European Journal of Sport Science》2017,17(7):867-873
Various inflammation parameters are increased with childhood obesity, but few comparable data are found in lean growing athletes. This study aims to characterize differences in 12 simultaneously measured inflammatory parameters between pubertal rhythmic gymnasts (RG) and untrained controls (UC), and to examine the relationship between body composition and inflammatory markers. Sixty 10–12-year-old girls were divided into RG (n?=?30) and UC (n?=?30). Fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Leptin and 12 inflammatory parameters (interleukin [IL]-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, vascular endothelial growth factor, interferon-gamma [IFN-γ], tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1α, IL-1β, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and epidermal growth factor) were measured from fasting blood samples. No differences were seen in 12 inflammatory markers between studied groups. As expected, leptin (RG: 2.4?±?1.1; UC: 7.6?±?4.2?ng?ml?1) and FM (RG: 7.3?±?2.3; UC: 11.8?±?5.1?kg) were lower (p?<?.05) in RG compared to UC. In the whole group of lean pubertal girls, 69.0% of the variability in body FM was determined by leptin, and 11.2% of the variability in body FFM was explained by IFN-γ. In conclusion, measured 12 inflammatory biomarkers were not different between RG and UC, despite lower leptin and FM in RG. In lean pubertal girls, IFN-γ was independently associated with FFM, and leptin with FM. 相似文献
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Nicola Giovanelli Paolo Taboga Enrico Rejc Stefano Lazzer 《European Journal of Sport Science》2017,17(7):805-813
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a 12-week home-based strength, explosive and plyometric (SEP) training on the cost of running (Cr) in well-trained ultra-marathoners and to assess the main mechanical parameters affecting changes in Cr. Twenty-five male runners (38.2?±?7.1 years; body mass index: 23.0?±?1.1?kg·m?2; V˙O2max: 55.4?±?4.0 mlO2·kg?1·min?1) were divided into an exercise (EG?=?13) and control group (CG?=?12). Before and after a 12-week SEP training, Cr, spring-mass model parameters at four speeds (8, 10, 12, 14?km·h?1) were calculated and maximal muscle power (MMP) of the lower limbs was measured. In EG, Cr decreased significantly (p?<?.05) at all tested running speeds (?6.4?±?6.5% at 8?km·h?1; ?3.5?±?5.3% at 10?km·h?1; ?4.0?±?5.5% at 12?km·h?1; ?3.2?±?4.5% at 14?km·h?1), contact time (tc) increased at 8, 10 and 12?km·h?1 by mean +4.4?±?0.1% and ta decreased by ?25.6?±?0.1% at 8?km·h?1 (p?<?.05). Further, inverse relationships between changes in Cr and MMP at 10 (p?=?.013; r?=??0.67) and 12?km·h?1 (p?<?.001; r?=??0.86) were shown. Conversely, no differences were detected in the CG in any of the studied parameters. Thus, 12-week SEP training programme lower the Cr in well-trained ultra-marathoners at submaximal speeds. Increased tc and an inverse relationship between changes in Cr and changes in MMP could be in part explain the decreased Cr. Thus, adding at least three sessions per week of SEP exercises in the normal endurance-training programme may decrease the Cr. 相似文献
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中外优秀男子110m栏运动员某些技术参数的比较分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
运用文献资料、数理统计等研究方法，对中外优秀男子110m栏运动员的某些技术参数进行了比较与分析，探讨我国跨栏运动员在技术与技能训练中取得的进步和存在的不足，旨在为我国110m栏运动水平进一步赶上和超越欧美强国提供参考。 相似文献
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Alban Fouasson-Chailloux Pierre Menu Jérémie Allorent Marc Dauty 《European Journal of Sport Science》2018,18(2):279-285
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is characterized by pain occurring during physical activity. As clinical examination is not sufficient to diagnose it, intracompartmental pressure (ICP) measure is used for CECS confirmation. Numerous clinical signs are reported but their diagnosis predictive ability has never been studied. We aimed to determine if the 12 classically reported clinical signs are predictive of CECS. We performed a single-centre retrospective cohort study on patients referred for CECS suspicion. Patients were asked to run on a treadmill. When pain occurred, post-exercise ICP was performed. We diagnosed CECS if the ICP was ≥30?mmHg and used a logistic regression to calculate the predictive value of clinical signs. One hundred twenty-five patients were evaluated. Ninety-six had CECS and 29 did not, according to the ICP 30?mmHg cut-off. Anterior and lateral compartments were the most frequently affected. After exercise, mean ICP was 58.6?mmHg?±?20.5 in the group with CECS versus 20.9?mmHg?±?4 in the group without (p?p?p?相似文献
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The aims of this study were to (1) investigate the influence of general anthropometric variables, handball-specific anthropometric variables, and upper-limb power and strength on ball-throwing velocity in a standing position (ν(ball)), and (2) predict this velocity using multiple regression methods. Forty-two skilled male handball players (age 21.0?±?3.0 years; height?=?1.81?±?0.07?m; body mass?=?78.3?±?11.3?kg) participated in the study. We measured general anthropometric variables (height, body mass, lean mass, body mass index) and handball-specific anthropometric parameters (hand size, arm span). Upper-limb dynamic strength was assessed using a medicine ball (2?kg) throwing test, and power using a one-repetition maximum bench-press test. All the variables studied were correlated with ball velocity. Medicine ball throwing performance was the best predictor (r?=?0.80). General anthropometric variables were better predictors (r?=?0.55-0.70) than handball-specific anthropometric variables (r?=?0.35-0.51). The best multiple regression model accounted for 74% of the total variance and included body mass, medicine ball throwing performance, and power output in the 20-kg bench press. The equation formulated could help trainers, athletes, and professionals detect future talent and test athletes' current fitness. 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to examine short-term changes in blood rheological variables after a single bout of resistance exercise. Twenty-one healthy males completed three sets of 5?–?7 repetitions of six exercises at an intensity corresponding to 80% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM). The average duration of the exercise bout was 35?min. Venous blood samples were obtained before exercise, immediately after exercise and after 30?min of recovery and analysed for lactate, red blood cell count, haematocrit, haemoglobin, plasma viscosity, fibrinogen, total protein and albumin concentration. Plasma volume decreased 10.1% following resistance exercise. This occurred in parallel with an increase of 5.6%, 5.4% and 6.2% in red blood cell count, haemoglobin and haematocrit; respectively. Plasma viscosity increased from 1.55?±?0.01 to 1.64?±?0.01 mPa?·?s immediately after resistance exercise before decreasing to 1.57?±?0.01 mPa?·?s at the end of the recovery period. Similarly, fibrinogen, albumin and total protein increased significantly following resistance exercise. However, the rises in all these rheological parameters were transient and returned to pre-exercise values by the end of recovery. We conclude that a single session of heavy resistance exercise performed by normal healthy individuals alters blood rheological variables and that these changes are transient and could be attributed to exercise-induced haemoconcentration. 相似文献
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Denise McGrath Barry R. Greene Karol J. O’Donovan Brian Caulfield 《Sports Engineering》2012,15(4):207-213
Wireless sensing solutions that provide accurate long-term monitoring of walking and running gait characteristics in a real-world environment would be an excellent tool for sport scientist researchers and practitioners. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of a body-worn wireless gyroscope-based gait analysis application to a marker-based motion capture system for the detection of heel-strike and toe-off and subsequent calculation of gait parameters during walking and running. The gait application consists of a set of wireless inertial sensors and an adaptive algorithm for the calculation of temporal gait parameters. Five healthy subjects were asked to walk and run on a treadmill at two different walking speeds (2 and 4?kph) and at a jogging (8?kph) and running (12?kph) speed. Data were simultaneously acquired from both systems. True error, percentage error and ICC scores indicate that the adaptive algorithm successfully calculated strides times across all speeds. However, results showed poor to moderate agreement for stance and swing times. We conclude that this gait analysis platform is valid for determining stride times in both walking and running. This is a useful application, particularly in the sporting arena, where long-term monitoring of running gait characteristics outside of the laboratory is of interest. 相似文献