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1.
Abstract

Springboard and platform diving, unlike other sports competitions that use absolute performance measures, relies instead on a panel of judges to assess the aesthetic and technical quality of the athlete's performance. Using data from the 1983 U.S.A. Indoor Diving Nationals, regression analysis was used to determine if there was a statistically significant relationship between degree of difficulty (DD) and scores awarded for a dive. Surprisingly, the analysis revealed that as divers attempted higher degree of difficulty dives, judges became less inclined to award lower scores. Even though the average scores were lower for high DD dives, they were not low enough to compensate for the higher DD rating. Further analysis revealed that the women's competition had less scoring bias towards high DD dives than the men's competition. Even a small amount of scoring bias towards high DD dives is important since typically small total point differences in scores separate the finishing order of divers at a national or international competition. Bayesian analysis, based upon actual diver performance at national and international competitions, is suggested as one method of dealing with the problem of scoring bias towards high DD dives. Using this approach, probability of a score given the DD [P(DD/Score)] is derived from the initially observed P(Scores/DD). Monte Carlo methods can then be used to simulate large numbers of divers performing at each DD level to obtain more precise DD measures for a particular dive.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

I propose a method to synthesize the performance scores for artistic sports such as rhythmic gymnastics, figure skating, synchronized swimming, and diving by taking into account inter-judge variability, while maintaining all the reliable scores. This procedure is based on the assumption that the majority of the scores in each event are reliable and they relate well to those scores that are closest to them. The method consists of putting scores in order and considering clusters of m consecutive scores, where m is the number of judges making up the simple majority. For each cluster, the difference between the highest and the lowest score is calculated. In cases where the minimum difference is positive, the arithmetic mean of those scores that belong to clusters where the difference is minimal is computed. In cases where the minimum difference is zero (i.e. if the majority of judges unanimously assign the same score), then the set of the scores to consider within the mean is extended to those scores that are very near to those of the majority of the judges. A comparison between the actual evaluation procedures and the proposed model is provided.  相似文献   

3.
I propose a method to synthesize the performance scores for artistic sports such as rhythmic gymnastics, figure skating, synchronized swimming, and diving by taking into account inter-judge variability, while maintaining all the reliable scores. This procedure is based on the assumption that the majority of the scores in each event are reliable and they relate well to those scores that are closest to them. The method consists of putting scores in order and considering clusters of m consecutive scores, where m is the number of judges making up the simple majority. For each cluster, the difference between the highest and the lowest score is calculated. In cases where the minimum difference is positive, the arithmetic mean of those scores that belong to clusters where the difference is minimal is computed. In cases where the minimum difference is zero (i.e. if the majority of judges unanimously assign the same score), then the set of the scores to consider within the mean is extended to those scores that are very near to those of the majority of the judges. A comparison between the actual evaluation procedures and the proposed model is provided.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

This study was designed to investigate the visual search patterns of gymnastics judges. The subjects were four national judges (experienced) and three local judges (novice). Three dependent variables were measured: the number and the location of ocular fixations during the evaluation of a gymnast's performance, and the number of errors made by the judges. Ocular fixations were studied by the corneal reflection technique with a NAC Eye-Movement Recorder. There was no statistical difference in the number of fixations for both groups of judges. However, the expert judges had 27% less fixations than the novice judges. A statistical difference was found between expert judges and novice judges for the location of fixations; experts had more fixations on the upper part of the gymnast's body, while novices concentrated their attention on the legs. The type of routine significantly affected the number of fixations; more fixations were found for optional routines. There was no statistical difference in the number of judgment errors made by the two groups of judges. However, novice judges detected only half the gymnast's errors detected by the expert judges.  相似文献   

5.
The purpose of this study was to determine if the 2010 Olympic figure skating judges had trouble scoring Plushenko and the transitions program component, and if the International Skating Union's (ISU) “corridor” method flagged the same judging anomalies as the Rasch analyses. A 3-facet (skater by program component by judge) Rasch rating scale analysis was conducted on nine judges' free skate scores for five program components for each of 24 skaters. A principal components analysis of the residuals, and the ISU corridor method were also performed. Some judges were not internally consistent in scoring Plushenko (estimated discrimination index =??0.69; MNSQs ≥ 2.66). The unusual scoring patterns for Judges 1 and 2 warrant further investigation whereas the ISU corridor method did not flag any judges for the way they scored Plushenko and Lysacek. The Rasch analyses appear to be more sensitive to judging anomalies than the ISU corridor method.  相似文献   

6.
The aim of this study was to determine the mechanical variables that govern success of the Hecht vault. The participants were 122 male gymnasts from 30 countries performing the vault at the 1995 World Gymnastics Championships. The vaults were filmed using a Photosonics 16-mm motion picture camera operating at 100 Hz. Approximately 80 frames were digitized for each vault analysed. The method of Hay and Reid was used to develop a theoretical model to identify the mechanical and physical variables that determine linear and angular motions of the vault. Correlational analysis was used to establish the strength of the relationship between the causal mechanical variables identified in the model and the judges' scores. Significant correlations (P ? 0.005) indicated that the following were important determinants of success: large horizontal and vertical velocities at take-off from the board and the horse; large vertical and angular distances of pre-flight; large vertical impulses of high force and short duration exerted on the horse and the resulting large changes in vertical velocity on the horse; and large horizontal and vertical distances and long times of post-flight. Of the 18 significant variables identified in the present study, the angular distance of pre- and post-flights, the horizontal velocity and angular momentum at take-off from the horse, and the average moment of inertia and duration of post-flight collectively accounted for 57% of the variation in the judges' scores.  相似文献   

7.
The purpose of this study was to compare the inward two and one half somersault dive in a tuck position (405C) performed by females (n = 22) and the inward two and one half somersault dive in a pike position (405B) performed by males (n = 24) to determine changes required by females to successfully perform 405B. Key performance variables in inward dives were also compared to those of backward dives. Video data of the dives performed at the 1999 FINA World Diving Cup were captured and digitized to obtain times and postures of the divers at specific events including takeoff and entry. Estimates of flight height and mass-normalised work done on the springboard were obtained from flight times. Some females worked the springboard strongly enough to generate sufficient height and rotation to perform 405B. Males performed 405B comfortably because they achieved better height and rotation than the females. A comparison of backward and inward dives revealed that divers are able to attain greater height in backward dives than inward dives.  相似文献   

8.
Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) may offer an ecologically valid, reliable, and practical method for biomechanical performance analysis. With such potential in mind, Part 1 of this study examined the accuracy of IMUs gyroscopes with an optical system (Cortex 3.3). A calibration formula standardised the IMUs angular velocity output with the optical system. The percentage differences between the two measures = 0.5% (p < 0.05), suggest IMU’s efficacy for application. In Part 2, the aim was to examine and understand how dive flight angular velocity time series plots change and increase according to dive degree of difficulty. With IMUs attached to three competitive divers performing forward somersault dives, dive flight kinematics were assessed. Biomechanically, a 4½ tuck somersault dive differed to lower degree of difficulty dives in terms of: (1) a rotational delay immediately after takeoff (to gain greater vertical translation); (2) increased total time of flight; (3) greater muscle effort to resist increased centrifugal forces produced by the increased angular velocity (1,090 °/s); and (4) greater eccentric control during deceleration allow a safe and vertical entry into the water. IMUs can be effectively utilised and integrated into contexts such as springboard diving for performance analysis and optimisation purposes.  相似文献   

9.
要保持我国跳水项目在世界上的优势,必须发展转体动作的难度。为使更多运动员尤其是青少年能够成功顺利地掌握跳台反身转体5337D（即反身翻腾一周半转体三周半）动作,在梳理以往教学方法实践的基础上,提出了保留弹网保护带及陆上辅助措施,避开陆上跳板,水上一米板,三米板的诱导动作,转换成三米台、七米台的诱导动作等新的构思,使转体动作的学习过程简单化,提高学习转体过程的成功率。  相似文献   

10.
Skating     
Technical evaluation in the sport of figure skating is characterized by a subjective marking system. Figure skating judges are responsible for quickly and accurately discerning the quality of technical elements as well as assigning a score to the overall aesthetic appearance of a performance. Traditionally, overall placement marks are assigned for the entire performance; however, the landing of a jump is widely acknowledged as one of the most critical elements of a skater's program. Therefore, our aims were to identify the biomechanical variables that contribute to technical success in executing landings and to establish whether landings rated as biomechanically optimal are also awarded high technical merit scores by judges. Ten nationally ranked competitive figure skaters were asked to execute on‐ice, double and triple revolution jumps and to try to land the jumps void of technical faults within a calibrated space. Data were collected at 60 Hz using standard three‐dimensional videography. Data reduction was done using the APAS system (Ariel Dynamics Inc). Concurrently, videotapes were viewed and evaluated by 42 accredited judges to determine the perceived technical quality of the landing performances. Judges were asked to evaluate the landing phase of each jump against a landing criteria document. A comparative criteria model was developed to facilitate an assessment of excellence in landing performances through both empirical and subjective analyses. Results of these analyses were twofold: a biomechanical profile of on‐ice landings was obtained, and on‐ice jump landing strategies rated by empirical evaluations were in agreement with judge's perceptions of the same performances.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

The aims of this study were twofold: (1) to determine whether open feedback (i.e. the ability to hear or see the scores of colleague judges after each performance) would lead judges in gymnastics to conform with their colleagues, and (2) to identify the underlying process on which this conformity is based. Twenty-three certified Flemish judges in women's gymnastics were randomly divided into panels of a maximum of five judges. These panels had to rate the same 30 videotaped individual vaults: 15 in phase 1 and 15 in phase 2. Two independent variables were orthogonally manipulated: feedback (or no feedback) during phase 1 and feedback (or no feedback) during phase 2. The results of phase 1 revealed that the variation between the judges' scores was less within panels that had received feedback than within panels that had not received feedback. We therefore conclude that the availability of feedback elicits conformity among gymnastic judges. The results of phase 2 indicated that this conformity continued even when feedback was no longer provided, suggesting that the observed conformity was based on informational influencing (i.e. because of uncertainty about the correct responses) and not on normative influencing (i.e. out of fear of standing out in the group).  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

This experiment tested whether the conformism observed among panels of judges in aesthetic sports also occurs among judges in judo. Similar to aesthetic sports, judo judging relies upon a form of open feedback. However, in judo, this system is reactive (i.e. two judges have to publicly ‘correct’ the score given by the higher-status referee), whereas it is active in aesthetic sports (i.e. judges with equal status report their score simultaneously and can use the feedback about the scores of their colleagues for evaluating later performances). In order to test whether such reactive open-feedback system leads to conformism among judges in judo, we designed an experiment in which this feedback was manipulated. Participants were 20 certified Flemish judges, who had to score two sets of 11 ambiguous video sequences that are used during formation and training of judo judges: one set with feedback about the referee's score and one set without feedback. The results revealed that when participants knew the referee's score, their scores were significantly more in line with this score than when they did not know this score. More specifically, for both sets of sequences at least 10% less deviations from the referee were observed when participants were given feedback about the score of the referee. These results suggest that preventable conformism can occur in typical judo judging, that is with reactive open feedback.  相似文献   

13.
This study biomechanically quantified the movement patterns for six elite goalkeepers making diving saves to their preferred and non-preferred side at three different dive heights. Synchronised three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic biomechanical data analysis found diving direction to significantly (P < 0.05) influence the movement patterns of the diving save. The non-preferred side displayed greater lateral rotation of the pelvis and thorax at the initiation event. These over-rotational differences were reduced during the time on plate phase with the thorax displaying no significant difference at take-off; although a difference still remained for the pelvis. These over rotations were subsequently linked to greater peak knee joint moments, lower peak ankle joint moments, less hip extension at take-off, and for the centre of mass (COM) to travel slower and less directly to the ball, as measured by the net projection angle at take-off. These results indicate that joint movements in the transverse plane at or before the initiation event for the dive for the pelvis and thorax are the causation for subsequent asymmetries. These observed differences indicate that there is an advantage in having prior knowledge of limb preference in an opposing goalkeeper.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

The aim of our research was to analyse the reliability and validity of judging on all women's apparatuses and all sessions (qualification, all round finals and apparatus finals) at the World University Games-Universiade 2009 in Belgrade. For validity assessment, mean absolute and rank deviations of judges’ execution scores were calculated. For consistency and reliability assessment, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, intra-class correlations, Armor's theta and Kendall's W coefficient were calculated. Vault and floor exercise finals were the sessions with the highest scores and the lowest score dispersion. The overall highest individual judge average absolute deviation was 0.34 point and the largest mean rank deviation was 0.88 with most values well below this. A correlation matrix for between-judge correlations identified three judges (out of 20) in the apparatus finals sessions with remarkably inferior correlations with others. Except for vault and floor finals, the results in terms of consistency (Cronbach's alpha mostly above 0.95) and reliability (Armor's theta mostly above 0.94, intra-class correlation for single and average measures above 0.87 and 0.94, respectively) were satisfactory. In conclusion, overall high values of reliability and consistency indices were found. Sessions where the variability between competitors is low (such as vault and floor finals in this competition) should be inspected with special care in future judging analyses.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate sexual dimorphism in male (n=43) and female (n=39) springboard and platform divers at the 1991 World Diving Championships in Perth, Western Australia. In addition to recording the age, height and body mass of each diver, measurements were taken of 8 skinfolds, 13 girths, 8 breadths and depths, and 11 lengths. The derived variables were somatotype, sum of 6 skinfolds (SUM6) and height-adjusted proportional z-scores. The mean (±s) values for the males were: age, 22.2±4.6 years; height, 171±9 cm; body mass, 66.7±10.2 kg; somatotype, 2.0–5.3–2.4±0.5–1.0–0.8; SUM6, 45.9 + 11.4 mm. For the females, these values were: age, 20.9±3.8 years; height, 161±6 cm; body mass, 53.7±5.5 kg; somatotype, 2.8–3.8–2.8±0.7–1.0–0.9; SUM6, 65.6±17.0 mm. The males were taller, heavier, more mesomorphic, less endo-morphic and had a smaller SUM6 than the females (P<0.01). A series of discriminant function analyses were applied to groups of variables. Wilks' lambda and the overall F-ratio were highly significant (P<0.001), with correct classification of sex reaching 84–99%. The best combinations of variables were as follows: (1) absolute size, 3 girths + SUM6, or body mass + SUM6 + height (Wilks' lambda=0.17–0.35); (2) relative size, 2 girths + SUM6 + body mass. Combinations of breadths and lengths, skinfolds, or somatotype components, were less successful, with 84–87% classified correctly (Wilks' lambda=0.40–0.48). We conclude that, in addition to the expected absolute size differences, sexual dimorphism between male and female divers can be explained by differences in relative size, skinfolds and somatotype, and that these differences may have implications for coaching and selection in diving.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

A teacher competency questionnaire consisting of 89 statements was designed to elicit responses on the degree of importance assigned to various professional competencies that a female teacher of high school physical education might be expected to possess. The questionnaire's content validity was established by a detailed review of the appropriateness and inclusiveness of the statements in light of related literature and by an examination of the instrument by a panel of competent judges. Test-retest reliability was determined by field-testing the instrument on a group of subjects that included both undergraduate physical education major students and their faculty. Pearson product moment correlations of test-retest scores for each subject yielded a reliability coefficient of .99. The questionnaire may prove useful in identifying the role of the female high school physical education teacher and in determining the role expectations held for her by various groups of university and public school personnel involved in the teacher education process.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare Heath and Carter's anthropometric approach with the multiple regression technique for the prediction of lean body mass (LBM). Lean body mass was estimated from whole-body 40K spectrometry and body density in college-age women. Heath and Carter's second component correlates .40 with LBM (density)/height and .24 with LBM (40K)/height. The correlations are quite low and indicate that LBM per unit of height is not closely related to the second component. When lean body mass and height were used together in multiple regression analysis as separate predictors instead of a ratio, 48% of the variation was accounted for in the second component. A test of validity of the measures used to calculate Heath and Carter's second component was evaluated through the use of multiple regression analysis, incorporating height and anthropometric measures as independent variables and LBM from density and 40K as dependent variables. The muscle circumferences but not skeletal widths in the Heath and Carter method were found to be valid predictors of LBM through regression analysis. LBM is predicted with a standard error of estimate of 2.2 kg using the anthropometric variables of Heath and Carter's second component. This error is comparable to the results of other anthropometric predictions of LBM in college-age women.  相似文献   

18.
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of training and position on judges' ratings of a gymnastic event. Twenty-four women judged the performance of the squat vault by 40 college women. The judges were divided into four groups. Two groups received written training, and two groups, extensive training. After completing their training, one written group and one extensive group viewed the performances from the side of the vaulting box; the other two groups viewed from the front of the vaulting box. Judge position and judge training were found to have significant effects upon judges' ratings. Significantly lower ratings were given by the judges who viewed the vault from the front and had received extensive training.  相似文献   

19.
中国竞技跳水运动面临的挑战与应对策略   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
以国内重大比赛调研为基础,结合对教练员、裁判员和管理人员的访谈,并以国际重大比赛的数据分析为依据,分析了中国竞技跳水运动现阶段所面临的三大严峻挑战,提出了相应的应对策略。  相似文献   

20.
The aim of this study was to determine the mechanical variables that govern success of the Hecht vault. The participants were 122 male gymnasts from 30 countries performing the vault at the 1995 World Gymnastics Championships. The vaults were filmed using a Photosonics 16-mm motion picture camera operating at 100 Hz. Approximately 80 frames were digitized for each vault analysed. The method of Hay and Reid was used to develop a theoretical model to identify the mechanical and physical variables that determine linear and angular motions of the vault. Correlational analysis was used to establish the strength of the relationship between the causal mechanical variables identified in the model and the judges' scores. Significant correlations (P < 0.005) indicated that the following were important determinants of success: large horizontal and vertical velocities at take-off from the board and the horse; large vertical and angular distances of pre-flight; large vertical impulses of high force and short duration exerted on the horse and the resulting large changes in vertical velocity on the horse; and large horizontal and vertical distances and long times of post-flight. Of the 18 significant variables identified in the present study, the angular distance of pre- and post-flights, the horizontal velocity and angular momentum at take-off from the horse, and the average moment of inertia and duration of post-flight collectively accounted for 57% of the variation in the judges' scores.  相似文献   

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