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1.
John E. A. Bertram Leif Prebeau-Menezes Matthew J. Szarko 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(1):6-15
We analyzed gait and function of the supporting limb in participants of a marathon race at three stages: prerace, midrace (18 km), and near the end of the race (36 km). We confirmed that the most successful runners were able to maintain running speed for the duration of the race with little change in speed or gait. Speed slowed progressively during the race for those with slower race times, but stride frequency–stride length relationships remained normal for the speed they ran. These findings differ from most lab-based studies of fatigue, in which runners are forced to match a constant preset treadmill speed. Small changes in maximum ground force were seen in both slow- and fast-running participants as race end approached. 相似文献
2.
王健 《武汉体育学院学报》2006,40(5):89-92
通过对第7届世界田径锦标赛男子100m决赛运动员的4个阶段——加速跑段、途中加速段、最大速度保持段和最后）中刺段的速度参数进行分析，结果表明：100m跑成绩与步频和步长的调节高度相关；途中加速、最大速度的保持以及速度节奏的平稳对运动员的运动成绩有较大的影响。 相似文献
3.
朱继华 《上海体育学院学报》2004,28(6):53-57
世界优秀男子400m短跑运动员平均最高速度产生在50—150m段落，速度明显下降发生在300m处；在300—350m段落，几乎所有运动员步长降至最短，冲刺阶段略有回升；大部分运动员步频在50—100m段落增大至最高水平，然后逐渐下降。步频与步长呈高度负相关；年龄与步长呈高度正相关；最高速度和速度耐力在很大程度上决定最终成绩。 相似文献
4.
为了观察中长跑运动员长距离跑过程中步频和步幅的变化对身体机能反应的影响，8名运动员在跑台上分别采取主动加大步幅和主动减小步幅而增快步频的跑法，以相同的速度进行了两次5km跑，记录运动员在跑步过程中心率的变化并进行对比。结果显示，在相同速度5km跑的过程中，运动员采取主动减小步幅的跑法，其心率均值显著低于采取主动加大步幅的跑法。提示，长距离跑过程中，运动员采取主动减小步幅，或加大步频的跑法较为省力。 相似文献
5.
Abstract The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of running training, instruction on running technique, and a combination of instruction and running training on the running economy of 10-year-old children. Experimental treatments were randomly assigned to intact groups. Oxygen consumption was determined via the open circuit method during overground running at 161 m · min –1.Vertical displacement was determined utilizing cinematography. Stride rate was determined using 60-sec counts; stride length was calculated from stride rate and the distance covered. Subjects (n =40) required 38.9 ml · min –1 · kg –1 of O 2 to sustain this pace and exhibited 3.71 cm vertical displacement. The mean stride length was 88 cm and the mean stride rate was 183 strides · min –1.No statistically significant alterations in running economy or technique were produced as a result of the various treatment regimens. 相似文献
6.
不同步频和步幅的5km跑过程中运动员心率变化的对比研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了观察中长跑运动员长距离跑过程中步频和步幅的变化对身体机能反应的影响,8名运动员在跑台上分别采取主动加大步幅和主动减小步幅而增快步频的跑法,以相同的速度进行了两次5km跑,记录运动员在跑步过程中心率的变化并进行对比。结果显示,在相同速度5km跑的过程中,运动员采取主动减小步幅的跑法,其心率均值显著低于采取主动加大步幅的跑法。提示,长距离跑过程中,运动员采取主动减小步幅,或加大步频的跑法较为省力。 相似文献
7.
Tyler Bushnell 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(3):261-268
In the finishing kick of a distance race, maximizing speed becomes the focus even if economy may be sacrificed. If distance runners knew how to alter their technique to become more sprint-like, this process could be more successful. In this study, we compared the differences in technique between sprinters and distance runners while running at equal and maximal speeds. Athletes consisted of 10 Division I distance runners, 10 Division I sprinters, and 10 healthy non-runners. They performed two tests, each consisting of a 60-m run on the track: Test 1 at a set pace of 5.81 m/s, while Test 2 was maximal speed. Video was collected at 180 Hz. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between the sprint and distance groups at maximal speeds were found in the following areas: speed, minimum hip angle, knee extension at toe-off, stride length, contact time, and recovery knee at touchdown. In Test 1, sprinters and distance runners displayed many of the same significant differences. The control group was similar to the distance group in both trials. As distance runners attempt to sprint, the desired adjustments do not necessarily occur. Distance runners may benefit from biomechanical interventions to improve running speed near the end of a race. 相似文献
8.
Bushnell T Hunter I 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2007,6(3):261-268
In the finishing kick of a distance race, maximizing speed becomes the focus even if economy may be sacrificed. If distance runners knew how to alter their technique to become more sprint-like, this process could be more successful. In this study, we compared the differences in technique between sprinters and distance runners while running at equal and maximal speeds. Athletes consisted of 10 Division I distance runners, 10 Division I sprinters, and 10 healthy non-runners. They performed two tests, each consisting of a 60-m run on the track: Test 1 at a set pace of 5.81 m/s, while Test 2 was maximal speed. Video was collected at 180 Hz. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between the sprint and distance groups at maximal speeds were found in the following areas: speed, minimum hip angle, knee extension at toe-off, stride length, contact time, and recovery knee at touchdown. In Test 1, sprinters and distance runners displayed many of the same significant differences. The control group was similar to the distance group in both trials. As distance runners attempt to sprint, the desired adjustments do not necessarily occur. Distance runners may benefit from biomechanical interventions to improve running speed near the end of a race. 相似文献
9.
Stephen P. Messier Warren D. Franke W. Jack Rejeski 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):273-279
Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of stride length variations on ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) in experienced recreational runners. Twenty-eight male college students were randomly divided into equal-sized treatment and control groups. The treatment group performed five 15 min altered stride length runs, each separated by a minimum of 48 hr. The five trials involved running with a freely chosen stride length (FCSL) and a FCSL altered by +14%, +7%, ?14%, and ?7%. The control group was utilized to monitor changes in subjects' RPEs as a result of practice effects developed through repeated bouts of treadmill running. Results revealed that the treatment group's local and general RPEs for the over striding runs (+14%, +7%) were significantly greater (p < .01) than RPEs recorded during the FCSL run. Additionally, there was a marginally significant difference (p < .05) in local RPEs between the FCSL run and the extreme understriding run (?14%). Analysis of variance on the control group's RPE data suggests that neither local nor general RPEs changed significantly in repeated FCSL runs across the six-week testing period. The results of this study suggest that experienced recreational runners perceive differences in exertion accompanying changes in stride length. 相似文献
10.
我国男子竞走运动员的技术特征及生物力学分析 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
采用文献研究及生物力学分析等方法,对我国男子竞走运动员的技术进行分析,发现在1996年前的竞走规则和定义的影响下,我国男选手逐步形成了小步幅、快频率的技术特征。生物力学分析表明,髋的水平速度与摆动时间里高度相关,适当增加髋关节围绕身体垂直轴转动的速度,对提高步长有积极效果。控制足触地的角度和加强前摆着地技术的训练应引起重视。 相似文献
11.
《运动与健康科学(英文)》2014,3(2):102-112
BackgroundForefoot strike (FFS) and rearfoot strike (RFS) runners differ in their kinematics, force loading rates, and joint loading patterns, but the timing of their muscle activation is less clear.MethodsForty recreational and highly trained runners ran at four speeds barefoot and shod on a motorized treadmill. “Barefoot” runners wore thin, five-toed socks and shod runners wore neutral running shoes. Subjects were instructed to run comfortably at each speed with no instructions about foot strike patterns.ResultsEleven runners landed with an FFS when barefoot and shod and eleven runners landed with an RFS when barefoot and shod. The 18 remaining runners shifted from an FFS when barefoot to an RFS when shod (shifters). Shod shifters ran with a lower stride frequency and greater stride length than all other runners. All FFS runners landed with more plantarflexed ankles and more vertical lower legs at the beginning of stance compared to RFS runners. FFS runners activated their plantarflexor muscles 11% earlier and 10% longer than RFS runners.ConclusionThis earlier and longer relative activation of the plantarflexors likely enhances the capacity for the passive structures of the foot and ankle to store elastic energy, and may also enhance the performance of the active muscle by increasing the storage of elastic strain energy in the cross-bridges and activated titin. 相似文献
12.
Ellen Maas Jorien De Bie Riet Vanfleteren Wouter Hoogkamer Benedicte Vanwanseele 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2018,17(3):350-360
Fatigue, developed over the course of a run, may cause changes in running kinematics. Training status may influence the effect of fatigue on running kinematics, since well trained, competitive runners are used to running until exhaustion, whereas novice runners are not. This study aimed to determine changes in running kinematics during an exhaustive run in both novice (NOVICE) and competitive (COMP) long-distance runners. About 15 NOVICE and 15 COMP runners performed a treadmill run, until voluntary exhaustion at 3,200 m time trial pace. Joint angles and global trunk and pelvis angles were recorded at the beginning and at the end of the run. In both groups, peak pelvic anterior tilt, pelvic rotation range of motion (both during stance phase) and ankle plantar flexion during swing phase increased after the exhaustive run. There was a significant interaction effect between group and exhaustion for peak forward trunk lean, which increased only in the NOVICE group, and for hip abduction during mid-swing, which increased in NOVICE and decreased in COMP runners. In conclusion, NOVICE runners showed larger kinematic adjustments when exhausted than COMP runners. This may affect their running performance and should be taken into account when assessing a runner’s injury risk. 相似文献
13.
男子110米栏全程技术分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了揭示男子110米栏优秀运动员的全程技术规律与特点,使用16mm 高速摄影机,对第11届亚运会男子110米栏的决赛进行全程跟踪摄影和影片解析,得到全程分栏时间、速度、过栏步长与时间(腾空、支撑时间)等参数。用运动训练学、运动生物力学的方法,在群体和个体两方面与第24届奥运会的优秀选手作了比较、分析。此外,还对我国与亚洲男子110米栏选手的技术发展提出了建议。 相似文献
14.
Joshua P. Bailey Janet S. Dufek Julia Freedman Silvernail James Navalta John Mercer 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2020,19(5):618-632
ABSTRACT During the course of a training programme, runners will typically increase running velocity and volume possibly encountering fatigue during a run, which is characterised as a feeling of general tiredness. The purpose of the current study was to identify whether or not level of perceived fatigue affects coordination and coordination variability in healthy runners during the recovery velocity of an endurance interval run. A total of 20 endurance runners completed a 1-hour run that included running velocity intervals at 75% of estimated 10 k race pace (5 minutes) and estimated 10 k race pace (1 minute). After each run, participants completed a fatigue questionnaire and were grouped based on their post-run self-reported perceived fatigue. 3D motion capture data were collected during the run and analysed to generate coordination patterns and variability of the patterns as dependent variables. Multiple mixed model ANOVAs were conducted to test for differences between perceived fatigue groups. Coordination and variability differences were reported in a number of couplings during transition phases (late and early stance) and events (toe-off and foot contact) of the gait cycle. It was concluded that the level of perceived fatigue affected coordination and coordination variability during the recovery velocity of a 1-hour interval run. 相似文献
15.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(6):431-436
Abstract The purpose of the present study was to determine if field-based variables associated with cardiovascular and neuromuscular stress could be used to accurately monitor and predict middle-distance running. Eleven middle-distance runners (age 21.3±1.6 years) completed three trials of steady-state running at 11, 13, and 15 km · h–1, and test performance was compared with competitive performance (personal best times converted to standardized Mericer scores). Oxygen uptake, heart rate (HR), and stride characteristics (ground contact time [Ct], flight time, step length, and step frequency) were monitored during treadmill running with the ratio of HR:1/Ct calculated. Heart rate and stride characteristics were significantly altered (all P<0.05) with increased running speed, while the HR:1/Ct index was unchanged. Stride characteristics, heart rate, and the HR:1/Ct index were reliable measures with no mean bias and low levels of random variation. The HR:1/Ct index was strongly related to competitive performance (r=–0.80 to 0.88, P<0.01). This was primarily attributed to the association between heart rate and Mercier scores (r=–0.81 to 0.87, P<0.01), whereas ground contact time was only moderately related to competitive performance at the fastest running speed (r=–0.60, P<0.05). Simple measures associated with cardiovascular and neuromuscular stress can be reliably monitored in middle-distance runners. A HR:1/Ct index provides a stable measure at any given submaximal running speed and may provide a useful tool for monitoring and predicting middle-distance running. 相似文献
16.
采用摄影测量及影片解析与灰色关联分析方法,对第7届全运会女子100 m栏决赛运动员的运动节奏进行了较为全面的测量及评价,并提出较准确可靠的技术参数,对促进我国优秀女子100m栏的发展和成绩的提高有积极意义。研究结果表明,我国优秀女子100 m栏全程速度曲线规律与世界优秀运动员和奥运会100 m栏选手大体一致,但其速度变化的数值有明显差异。影响100 m栏成绩的主要因素是平跑速度,影响全程节奏的因素首先是步频,其次是步长。步频、步长在4个速度阶段中的作用各有所不同,因此,在全程节奏系统中,步频、步长协调配合是取胜的关键所在。 相似文献
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18.
对近20年世界女子100m跑成绩演变和1997年田径世锦赛女子100m跑成绩数据(100m各段落跑速、步长、步频、步数)进行了分析，结果认为，世界女子100m短跑优秀运动员成绩近20年稳步提高，平均最高速度的产生段落在50～60m之间，即起跑后6～7s，速度下降发生在90～100m，下降幅度达到6．18％；在冲刺阶段，大部分运动员步幅增大至最高水平，步频和步长呈高度负相关，年龄与步长呈高度正相关，最高速度在很大程度上决定着100m跑成绩。 相似文献
19.
Joel T Fuller Dominic Thewlis Margarita D Tsiros Nicholas A.T Brown Jonathan D Buckley 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(18):1740-1745
The purpose of this study was to determine if minimalist shoes improve time trial performance of trained distance runners and if changes in running economy, shoe mass, stride length, stride rate and footfall pattern were related to any difference in performance. Twenty-six trained runners performed three 6-min sub-maximal treadmill runs at 11, 13 and 15 km·h?1 in minimalist and conventional shoes while running economy, stride length, stride rate and footfall pattern were assessed. They then performed a 5-km time trial. In the minimalist shoe, runners completed the trial in less time (effect size 0.20 ± 0.12), were more economical during sub-maximal running (effect size 0.33 ± 0.14) and decreased stride length (effect size 0.22 ± 0.10) and increased stride rate (effect size 0.22 ± 0.11). All but one runner ran with a rearfoot footfall in the minimalist shoe. Improvements in time trial performance were associated with improvements in running economy at 15 km·h?1 (r = 0.58), with 79% of the improved economy accounted for by reduced shoe mass (P < 0.05). The results suggest that running in minimalist shoes improves running economy and 5-km running performance. 相似文献
20.
Jocelyn F. Hafer Allison M. Brown Polly deMille Howard J. Hillstrom Carol Ewing Garber 《Journal of sports sciences》2015,33(7):724-731
Many studies have documented the association between mechanical deviations from normal and the presence or risk of injury. Some runners attempt to change mechanics by increasing running cadence. Previous work documented that increasing running cadence reduces deviations in mechanics tied to injury. The long-term effect of a cadence retraining intervention on running mechanics and energy expenditure is unknown. This study aimed to determine if increasing running cadence by 10% decreases running efficiency and changes kinematics and kinetics to make them less similar to those associated with injury. Additionally, this study aimed to determine if, after 6 weeks of cadence retraining, there would be carryover in kinematic and kinetic changes from an increased cadence state to a runner’s preferred running cadence without decreased running efficiency. We measured oxygen uptake, kinematic and kinetic data on six uninjured participants before and after a 6-week intervention. Increasing cadence did not result in decreased running efficiency but did result in decreases in stride length, hip adduction angle and hip abductor moment. Carryover was observed in runners’ post-intervention preferred running form as decreased hip adduction angle and vertical loading rate. 相似文献