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1.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine procedures for estimating the reliability for a criterion-referenced measure in the psychomotor domain. Reliability is defined as the consistency of classification of examinees into mastery and nonmastery categories. Three trial mastery criteria—6, 7, 8—were utilized along with three test mastery criteria—.6n, .7n, .8n. Motor skill was defined as first-ball scores of each frame in a line of bowling. Since the empirical distribution functions for men and women subjects were significantly different at trial criteria of 6 and 7, separate reliability coefficients were estimated for each sex. The single administration estimates of reliability developed by Huynh and Subkoviak were equally good indicators of the Swaminathan-Hambleton-Algina estimate of P when the test was administered on 2 days (P represents the proportion of agreement of classifications). Variations in trial and test mastery criteria yielded different proportions of subjects assigned to mastery and nonmastery classifications. When the proportion in either category was high, P tended to be high. As the proportions in the two categories became more similar, the values of P tended to drop. In general, increasing the number of trials was paralleled by an increase in P.  相似文献   

2.
The coincidence-anticipation timing (CAT) task assesses one facet of cognitive and motor performance and is used to understand the human visuo-motor system involved in intercepting the moving object. To assess the test–retest reliability and the concurrent validity in the Bridge Games package (Bridge) developed to assess the CAT task, the scores of 224 healthy subjects (M = 52.2, SD = 19.5 years old) were measured using the Bridge and the ‘gold standard’ Bassin Anticipation Timer (Bassin). A mean block of absolute, constant, and variable errors was calculated. Reliability and validity were expressed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,k), standard error of measurement, minimal detectable change, and Pearson’s correlation. Reliability was good to excellent for all blocks (.73 ≤ ICC ≤ .88), and the validity was good to excellent when compared using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, suggesting that the two tests may have similar properties. Bridge is an alternative to existing clinical tests for the CAT task.  相似文献   

3.
The Hoffmann reflex is obtained through surface electromyographic recordings, and it is one of the most common neurophysiological techniques in exercise science. Measurement and evaluation of the peak-to-peak amplitude of the Hoffmann reflex has been guided by the observation that it is a variable response that requires multiple trials to obtain a stable mean. As a result, reliability assessment of the Hoffmann reflex has thus far been limited to trial-to-trial variability or the mean of multiple trials across test days to evaluate day-to-day variability, without considering how the two dimensions of measurement interact to affect test–retest reliability. This article compares two analysis of variance models for reliability assessment of the peak-to-peak amplitude of the Hoffmann reflex: one model incorporated both days and trials, and the other used the mean of multiple trials on each test day. The intraclass correlation coefficient calculated from an analysis of variance model that incorporated both trial-to-trial and day-to-day error variances was R = .93. Using the mean of the trials for each test day as a single score resulted in a decrease in the intraclass correlation coefficient (R 2,1 = .76). This study demonstrated that an analysis of variance model that accounts for both trial-to-trial and day-to-day error variances provided a higher estimate of reliability. Further, reliability estimation based on the interaction between both trials and days revealed that a schedule with additional test days had a disproportionate impact upon securing a reliable measure of Hoffmann reflex amplitude.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

Near-infrared spectroscopy is currently used to assess changes in the oxygen saturation of the muscle during exercise. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of near-infrared spectroscopy in determining muscle oxygen saturation (StO2) in the vastus lateralis during cycling and the gastrocnemius during running for exercise intensities at lactate threshold and maximal effort. Test-retest reliability was determined from an intraclass correlation coefficient obtained from a one-way analysis of variance. Reliability of muscle StO2 for the gastrocnemius at lactate threshold was R = .87, and R= .88 at maximal effort. Reliability of muscle StO2 for the vastus lateralis at lactate threshold was R= .94 and R = .99 at maximal effort.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

Conventional ANOVA procedures for estimating intraclass reliability of a test consisting of a series of repeated trials yield overly-biased estimates of the reliability coefficient when errors in the responses are autocorrelated. The direction and amount of bias depend on the type and magnitude of error autocorrelation present in the trial responses, as well as the relative size of true variance to error variance. Examples of these biases are presented by considering specific alternatives to the classical test theory model, namely two first-order time series models.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

Data from four physical performance tests were collected from approximately 260 subjects and were used to determine (a) whether the split-half method is a valid procedure for estimating the reliability of multiple trial physical performance tests, and (b) whether the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula will be an accurate predictor of the reliability of a physical performance test when its length is increased. A significant day-to-day variation in test scores was found at the .05 level. The assumptions underlying the use of the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula were significantly violated at the .05 level. Seventy-nine percent of the reliability coefficients computed by the split-half method were higher than the test-retest reliability coefficients. Seventy-two percent of the reliability coefficients predicted by the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula were higher than the obtained test-retest reliability coefficients.  相似文献   

7.
介绍了体育测量中的一种新的广义信度理论以及它在实践中的应用,并对古典测量理论与广义信度理论作了比较,重点研究了一组受试者在操作一系列测试中被一组观测者评价所得资料,并对算出的各种广义信度系数进行检验。文中使用的实例是由3名教师对10名学生在4次测试中的运动成绩作出评分。我们讨论了上述三种因子进行充分交叉的观测设计中能应用的各种广义信度系数的公式。最后还简要地讨论了把测试嵌套入受试者之内两种观测设计特例。  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to construct and evaluate a criterion-referenced test for archery at the beginning level. Subjects shot a total of 24 arrows from a distance of 20 yards (18.3m). Each arrow was considered a trial, and scored as 0 for an arrow score of 1 or 3, and as 1 for an arrow score of 5 or higher. Specific techniques for estimating validity and reliability in a criterion-referenced framework were applied to the data, and Berk's (1976) method was utilized in establishing an optimal cut score. The activity was sensitive to instruction, and the techniques applied to the data functioned well. The validity estimate was .73; the reliability estimates were k =.73 and P = .87. Based on the second 12 arrows, subjects who scored a 5 or greater were designated masters, and those scoring 4 or less were designated nonmasters. This cutoff score was used in the derivation of the reliability and validity estimates. Berk's method proved very useful in establishing a valid and reliable cutoff, and misclassifications were, to a great extent, minimized.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

The aims of this study were to describe the current anthropometric profiles of elite Australian female and male cricket fast bowlers and establish a set of reference values useful for future investigations on player selection, talent identification, and training programme development. The participants were 26 female (mean age 22.5 years, s = 4.5; height 1.71 m, s = 0.05; body mass 66.2 kg, s = 7.5) and 26 male (mean age 23.9 years, s = 3.5; height 1.88 m, s = 0.05; body mass 87.9 kg, s = 8.2) fast bowlers. The anthropometric profiles included the measurement of skinfolds, and segment lengths, breadths, and girths. A series of derived variables assessing the distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue, the bivariate overlap zone, relative body size and proportionality, and somatotype were also calculated. The male bowlers had larger length, breadth, and girth measurements than their female counterparts. There were differences in proportionality between the sexes, with only the male bowlers exhibiting characteristics that could be considered “large” relative to height. The female bowlers had a higher sum of seven skinfolds (P < 0.001), were more endomorphic (F 1,50 = 30.18, P < 0.001), and less mesomorphic (F 1,50 = 10.85, P < 0.01) than the male bowlers. These reference data should be useful to practitioners and researchers interested in cricket. Further research is needed to clarify why only male fast bowlers had variables that were proportionally large relative to height.  相似文献   

10.
The South China Morning Post (SCMP) was the most influential English newspaper in the British colony Hong Kong in 1930s. The company staff especially the general manager actively participated in the development of lawn bowls in Hong Kong. In addition, the SCMP became a newspaper with the most frequent lawn bowls reporting in Hong Kong to meet the bowlers’ demand on bowls news. The SCMP portrayed the British identity through lawn bowls reporting on the British Empire Game, lawn bowls matches and British bowlers’ gatherings. The SCMP was also used by bowlers to communicate on lawn bowls competition and activities. At the very beginning, lawn bowls was only a Hong Kong Scottish sport on grassland; the development of lawn bowls in Hong Kong brought well-mowed English Bowling Green. The SCMP attracted the British middle class and elites to play lawn bowls actively in Hong Kong. In other words, the British identity not only caused British bowlers to play lawn bowls in Hong Kong but also created more bowling news for the SCMP, which was an important medium in favouring the British bowlers and preserving British cultural heritage in Hong Kong.  相似文献   

11.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of two long jump tasks and their ability to predict 10 m sprint performance in elite adolescent female athletes. Eight junior national-level female track and field athletes completed three standing (SLJ) and reactive long jumps (RLJ) on portable force plates, followed by three 10 m sprints. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and coefficients of variation (CV) were calculated to examine reliability. Linear regression results identified the best predictor of average and best 10 m sprint time from the jump kinematic and kinetic measures. The ICCs and CVs indicated good reliability for the majority of kinetic measures however, better reliability was reported for the SLJ. The SLJ was a good predictor of best and average 10 m sprint time, with average horizontal power the best predictor of performance (best; R 2 = 0.751, p = 0.003, Standard Error of Estimate (SEE)% = 2.2 average; R 2 = 0.708, p = 0.005, SEE% = 2.5).  相似文献   

12.
The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between functional movement screen scores, maturation and physical performance in young soccer players. Thirty males (11–16 years) were assessed for maturation, functional movement screen scores and a range of physical performance tests (squat jump, reactive strength index protocol and reactive agility cut). Older players significantly outperformed younger participants in all tests (P < 0.05; effect sizes = 1.25–3.40). Deep overhead squat, in-line lunge, active straight leg raise and rotary stability test were significantly correlated to all performance tests. In-line lunge performance explained the greatest variance in reactive strength index (adjusted R2 = 47%) and reactive agility cut (adjusted R2 = 38%) performance, whilst maturation was the strongest predictor of squat jump performance (adjusted R2 = 46%). This study demonstrated that variation of physical performance in youth soccer players could be explained by a combination of both functional movement screen scores and maturation.  相似文献   

13.
The purpose of this study was to compare the power and sampling distributions of the coefficient of concordance (W) and the weighted average tau (W a ) for the selected sets of parameters m, n, and α. The values of m and n were selected to represent situations in physical education for which test reliability and judge objectivity might be estimated. The comparison of W and Wa required the generation of data matrices with varying amounts of error (α) for each set of values m and n. The obtained distributions were used to make the necessary comparisons. Several conclusions were drawn: First, the sampling distributions of W and Wa were similar for the sets of parameters investigated in this study. Second, W and Wa were equally powerful for the sets of parameters investigated in this study. And third, the comparisons did not indicate that either statistic is more appropriate for estimating the reliability of motor performance tests. On the basis of the practical considerations of ease of computation and familiarity with the coefficient of concordance (W,) this statistic might be preferred.  相似文献   

14.
ABSTRACT

The Physical Activity Neighborhood Environment Scale (PANES) has been used internationally; however, PANES properties have not been assessed in all geographical contexts. Our objectives were to assess the reliability and validity of an online and paper version of the PANES in Canadian adults. Reliability was estimated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), percent of overall agreement (p0) and Cohen’s Kappa coefficient (κ). Lower 95% confidence interval (CI) ICC ranged from 0.10 to 0.70. Lower 95%CI for κ statistics ranged from ?0.20 to 0.64 and p0 ranged from 80.1% to 95.7%. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients (α) estimated internal consistency of the PANES (α = 0.58 for the paper version and α = 0.55 for the online version). Mean scores for the PANES Built Environment Index (BEI) significantly differed by neighborhood street pattern (p < .05). The PANES administrated via paper or online provides reliable overall agreement and valid estimates of the self-reported neighborhood built environment supportiveness of physical activity.  相似文献   

15.
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16.
Abstract

Independent estimates of the errors of measurement and the intra-individual variations have been made for arm strength (Smedley dynamometer) and vertical jumping (Henry apparatus). The intra-individual variations are much larger than the measurement errors; thus they constitute the chief factor that determines test-retest reliability in these two physical performances. The tolerable error for measuring strength is ± 0.82 kg.; for jumping it is ± 0.5 in. In order to avoid loss of accuracy, it is necessary to read the dial or scale with approximately twice this precision. The method of computing test-retest reliability as the ratio of “true score” variance to total variance is found to underestimate the coefficient when the variability of test and retest scores differs by more than 15 percent. A formula for correcting this attenuation is presented.  相似文献   

17.
The purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable tool for use in assessing motor skills in preschool children in field-based settings. The development of the Children's Activity and Movement in Preschool Study Motor Skills Protocol included evidence of its reliability and validity for use in field-based environments as part of large epidemiological studies. Following pilot work, 297 children (3–5 years old) from 22 preschools were tested using the final version of the Children's Activity and Movement in Preschool Study Motor Skills Protocol and the Test of Gross Motor Development (2nd Edition). Reliability of the Children's Activity and Movement in Preschool Study Motor Skills Protocol and interobserver reliability were determined using intraclass correlation procedures (intraclass correlation coefficients; ANOVA). Concurrent validity was assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients to compare the Children's Activity and Movement in Preschool Study Motor Skills Protocol to the original Test of Gross Motor Development (2nd Edition). Results indicated that test reliability, interobserver reliability, and validity coefficients were all high, generally above R/r = .90. Significant age differences were found. Outcomes indicate that the Children's Activity and Movement in Preschool Study Motor Skills Protocol is an appropriate tool for assessing motor development of 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children in field-based settings that are consistent with large-scale trials.  相似文献   

18.
The purposes of this study were to determine (a) the test-retest reliability of cardiorespiratory responses to exercise performed on the StairMaster 4000PT® (SM-4000) and (b) the validity of the SM-4000 for estimating oxygen consumption (VO2) based on final SM-4000 stepping speed. Sixty-one participants (30 men, 31 women) performed two graded exercise tests separated by 6 to 8 days. Participants began stepping at the lowest intensity stage (26 steps/min-1) and intensity was increased by 1 stage each minute (8-9 steps/min-1) until volitional exhaustion or until maximal stepping speed was reached (138 steps/min-1). SM-4000-generated VO2 (SMVO2), measured VO2 (MVO2), heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, and ratings of perceived exertion were measured during each minute of the test. Intraclass (Rxx') and interclass (rxx') reliability coefficients were high for both men and women for all variables (Rxx' ≥ .91 and rxx' ≥ .83 for men, Rxx' ≥ .92 and rxx' ≥ .88 for women). Estimated reliability coefficients from a single administration of the test based on intraclass reliability were high for all variables for both sexes (Rxx' ≥ .83). Standard errors of measurement for SMVO2 and MVO2 indicate these variables are reproducible within small ranges of variation. High concurrent validity coefficients for men and women (rxx' = .87 and .92, respectively) and small Standard Errors of Estimate (2.3 and 2.2 ml middot; kg-1 min-1, respectively), indicate a high correlation exists between SMVO2 and MVO2. However, significant differences between group means for SMVO2 and MVO2 occurred for men (44.3 vs. 37.9 ml · kg-1 · min-1, p < .0001) and women (41.3 vs. 33.2 ml · kg-1 · min -1, p < .0001). This, coupled with large total error values (6.9 and 8.5 ml · kg -1 · min-1 for...  相似文献   

19.
The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of the trunk lift test. Eighty eight high school boys and girls performed two trials of the trunk lift test as described in the FITNESSGRAM manual (Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, 1992) on each of 2 days. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to examine norm-referenced reliability, whereas P and modified kappa (κm) were used to examine criterion-referenced reliability. Additionally, a goniometer was used to examine the relationship between the trunk lift test and trunk range of motion. Reliability ranged from R = .93 to .98 with estimated reliability of R = .90 for boys and R = .85 for girls for a single trial test. Using 9 inches as the cutoff score, P was .93 with κm = .86 for boys, whereas for girls both P and κm were 1.0. Specifically, 93% of boys and 100% of girls passed the trunk lift test on both days. The correlation between trunk lift scores and goniometer scores was r = .70 for boys and r = .68 for girls. These results suggest that the trunk lift test is a simple and highly reliable test. However, the concurrent validity of the trunk lift test and the validity of the cutoff score used for this test need to be determined. Finally, the relationship between low back pain and trunk lift scores needs to be examined.  相似文献   

20.
Background and purpose: Attentional focus cues have been shown to impact motor performance of adults and children. Specifically, an external focus of attention results in improved motor learning and performance as compared to adopting an internal focus of attention. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an internal and external attentional focus cue on children’s object control skill performance during a commonly used motor skill assessment.

Methods: Using a within-participant design, a total of 44 children (Mage?=?7.7 years, 20 boys and 24 girls) completed all three attentional focus conditions. The object control subscale of the Test of Gross Motor Development-2nd Edition (TGMD-2; Ulrich, 2000. Test of Gross Motor Development-2. Austin: Pro-Ed.) served as the motor skill assessment in present study. The TGMD-2 is a normed and criteria-referenced assessment frequently used to assess fundamental motor skill competence in children. The object control subtest of the TGMD-2 assesses a child’s ability to complete six fundamental motor skills – striking a stationary ball, stationary dribble, catch, kick, overhand throw, and underhand roll. All participants completed the object control subtest of the TGMD-2 under three different attentional focus conditions: baseline (i.e. neutral focus), internal, and external. The internal cue focused on movement performance and the external cue focused on movement outcome. In all three conditions, a video demonstration of proper skill performance was used to ensure no difference in visual demonstration, but the overlaying audio was changed to encompass each attentional focus condition. Children’s motor performance was recorded and later coded by a single researcher blinded to the study. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to determine if children’s motor scores changed among the three conditions.

Results: Findings demonstrated that children’s performance differed among the three conditions (F(2,43)?=?3.5, p?Post hoc analysis revealed that children scored significantly better in the external cue condition compared to the baseline (difference?=?1.98, p?Conclusion: Children performed better when given a verbal instruction to focus their attention externally rather than a verbal instruction with no attentional focus cue. No significant differences exist between the internal and external focus condition or between the neutral and internal condition. Our findings align with the literature and support that external attentional focus cues have a positive effect on motor performance. From a teaching and learning standpoint, using consistent instructions appears to be essential for young learners. Slight changes in verbal cues can have a significant effect on how well children execute fundamental motor skills.  相似文献   

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