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1.
We examine career patterns within the industrial, academic, and governmental sectors and their relation to the publication and patent productivity of scientists and engineers working at university-based research centers in the United States. We hypothesize that among university scientists, intersectoral changes in jobs throughout the career provide access to new social networks and scientific and technical human capital, which will result in higher productivity. For this study, the curriculum vitae of 1200 research scientists and engineers were collected and coded. In addition, patent data were collected from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. The overarching conclusion from our analysis is that the academic scientists’ and engineers’ research careers we studied are quite different than characterized in the research productivity literature that is a decade or more old. The wave of center creation activity that began in the early 1980s and continues today has resulted not only in greater ties between universities and industry, but also markedly different academic careers. 相似文献
2.
The concept of regional technology spill-overs created by university research is one of the most enduring theories within the economic geography and innovation management fields. This article introduces an alternative perspective on academic commercialization, arguing that the quality of a university's regional environment can significantly impact a university's success in commercializing science. Recent research on university technology transfer stresses the importance of personal contacts between academic and industry scientists in driving commercialization. The social structure of the regional economy in which a university is embedded will strongly influence the density of contacts linking university scientists with individuals in industry, and through doing so, impact the density of networks through which university knowledge can be commercialized. Social network analysis is used to examine the quality of social ties linking industry and university scientists within the San Francisco and Los Angeles California biotechnology industries over the 1980–2005 period. Results support the theory that the existence of strong social networks linking inventors heightens university commercialization output. Despite similar university research endowments, universities in San Francisco have dramatically commercialization outputs than San Francisco, which is correlated with the existence of cohesive inventor networks linking industry and university scientists in this region, but not Los Angeles. Moreover, longitudinal analysis shows that the commercialization output of San Francisco universities increased substantially starting in the early 1990s, the time period in which cohesive inventor networks emerged in the region. 相似文献
3.
US faculty patenting: Inside and outside the university 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In a sample of 5811 patents with US faculty as inventors, 26% are assigned solely to firms rather than universities as dictated by US university employment policies and Bayh-Dole. We relate assignment to patent characteristics, university policy, and inventor field. Patents assigned to firms (whether established or start-ups with inventor as principal) are less basic than those assigned to universities suggesting firm assigned patents result from faculty consulting. Assignment to inventor-related start-ups is less likely the higher the share of revenue inventors receive from university-licensed patents. Firm assignment also varies by inventor field and whether the university is public or private. 相似文献
4.
To successfully generate more valuable technologies from accessing basic research knowledge, firms need to combine institutional and individual level bridges to universities and research institutes active in basic research. This combination is particularly important when the new technology builds on scientific prior art. While mobile inventors are needed to transfer and translate basic knowledge into new technologies, partnerships provide the commitment, resources and incentive structure to integrate this basic research knowledge more effectively into the firm’s innovation process, thus improving the value capture from mobile inventors. Our findings in the micro-electronics field illustrate the importance of jointly accounting for firm and inventor level industry-science links to assess their effectiveness and provides evidence on complementarity from using both. Furthermore, identifying the scientific nature of the technology projects critically determines whether the combination of these links allow to capture more value. 相似文献
5.
企业外部研发合作内部知识网络与创新绩效 《科学学研究》2022,40(4):704-712
外部研发合作有利于丰富企业的知识元素和组合范式进而影响其创新绩效,企业内部知识网络会影响其外部研发合作的效能。基于知识组合的视角探究不同类型企业外部研发合作,与大学/研究机构的合作（学研合作）以及与企业的合作（企业合作）,对企业创新绩效的差异化影响,并进一步揭示企业内部知识网络特征（知识组合能力和知识协调成本）对上述影响的调节作用。通过对2012年—2017年中国计算机通信及电子设备制造业和医药制造业323家上市公司的数据分析,发现学研合作对企业创新绩效的促进作用大于企业合作;企业知识组合能力会抑制学研合作对企业创新绩效的积极影响,促进企业合作对企业创新绩效的积极影响;企业知识协调成本会减弱企业合作与企业创新绩效的正向关系,对学研合作与企业创新绩效关系的影响不显著。 相似文献
6.
整合海归创业企业国内创业网络与组织合法性视角,构建了海归创业企业国内创业网络强度与国内创业网络质量对创业绩效的影响,以及组织合法性的中介效应理论模型。利用北京市科技园区等机构176家海归创业企业的问卷调查数据,采用回归分析方法对研究假设进行了验证。研究结果表明,嵌入国内创业网络强度和质量对海归创业企业的组织合法性和绩效都具有显著的正向影响;组织合法性在国内创业网络强度与海归创业企业绩效的关系中发挥部分中介作用;组织合法性在国内创业网络质量与海归创业企业绩效的关系中发挥完全中介作用。研究结果对于海归创业企业通过嵌入国内创业网络获取组织合法性并提升绩效具有重要的意义。 相似文献
7.
学术型发明人是科学向技术转移的重要桥梁和媒介.本文从识别高影响力的学术型发明人入手,通过对高影响力学术发明人的论文和专利的持续研究主题的研究,来识别对比高科技领域科学与技术前沿主题的差别与联系,并分析识别学术型发明人的研究成果中的更具市场潜力的研究主题.研究发现,不同国家的学术型发明人的研究侧重点不同,有的偏重科学研究... 相似文献
8.
By using a sample of 793 inventors drawn from the PatVal-EU dataset, this paper explores three aspects of patent production at the individual inventor level: (1) the number of EPO patents that the inventors produce; (2) the average value of their inventions; (3) the production of the most valuable patents. By jointly estimating the three equations we find that the inventors’ level of education, employment in a large firm, and involvement in large-scale research projects positively correlate with quantity. Yet, apart from the size of the research project, none of these factors directly influence the expected value of the inventions. They do, however, have an indirect influence, as we find that the number of patents explains the probability of producing a technological hit (the maximum value). Also, there is no regression to the mean in the invention process at an individual level, as the number of inventions that an inventor produces is not correlated with the average value. 相似文献
9.
随着生物制药、纳米、新材料等领域的崛起,一种新的基于科学的创业企业随之诞生。这类企业与基础科学研究紧密相连,推动着科学的创新。本文以诺奖科学家参与创建,旨在商业化其研究成果的企业为案例,从管理团队、资金来源、企业合作及产品研发四个纬度研究了基于科学的创业企业发展与演化特征。通过分析此类企业管理团队发现,基于科学的创业企业管理层通常由“前沿科学家+商业人士”的组合,既能使企业处于科研前沿面,又有效地保障了企业资源获取及运营管理;从资金来源看,创业初期的资金来源主要有政府基金和风险投资,政府资助支持了企业早期研发并降低了私人投资的风险;企业发展阶段的主要资金来源主要有风险投资、公开募股、商业合作以及运营知识产权等,多元化的资金来源有效支撑了企业巨大的研发支出;企业合作主要有学术合作与商业合作两类,学术合作保持企业处于科学前沿同时获得最新专利;商业合作缩短了产品的研发周期,加快产品上市,巩固了市场地位;基于科学的创业企业其产品研发周期长,风险大;此外这类企业不仅研发面向消费者的商业产品,还研发商业技术,为科研机构或企业提供技术平台。 相似文献
10.
Publication and patent behavior of academic researchers: Conflicting, reinforcing or merely co-existing? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Increasing entrepreneurial activity within academia has raised concerns that the number of publications added to the scientific commons might be reduced or that academic research would be directed exclusively towards the application-oriented needs of industry. In the case of academic inventions, the potential conflict between public- and private-oriented considerations seems most salient. In this contribution, we examine whether the publication behavior of academic inventors (at K.U. Leuven) differs from their colleagues (non-inventors) working within similar fields of research. Our analysis reveals that inventors publish significantly more. Moreover, no empirical evidence was found for the ‘skewing problem’. These findings not only suggest the co-existence of both activities; they may actually reinforce each other. 相似文献
11.
基于激励、认证、“良性循环”三个理论视角,研究政府引导基金投资对创业企业后续融资的影响机制。通过私募通数据库搜集数据构造匹配样本,研究结果表明：（1）为私人资本提供收益类补偿时,政府引导基金投资可以促进创业企业后续融资;然而,为私人资本提供亏损补偿加上收益类补偿,或采用市场化运作模式时,政府引导基金投资不能促进创业企业后续融资。（2）无论投资早期还是后期的创业企业,或者无论投资高科技行业还是非高科技行业的创业企业,政府引导基金投资都不能促进创业企业后续融资。（3）无论投资创投落后地区还是创投成熟地区的创业企业,政府引导基金投资都不能促进创业企业后续融资。上述结论支持激励假说,但不支持认证假说和“良性循环”假说,表明通过政府引导基金投资促进创业企业后续融资的关键在于为私人资本提供合适的补偿机制。 相似文献
12.
Siri Brorstad Borlaug 《普罗米修斯》2013,31(2):139-152
European universities have been increasingly pressured since the late 1990s to make a more visible contribution to economic development. This policy interest has produced an increasing focus on knowledge transfer generally, and more specifically on measures to promote a research culture which values patenting and firm formation. This paper presents results from an interview study of academic faculty views on knowledge transfer and commercialisation at five public universities in Sweden. Our results show that, despite the retention of inventor ownership at Swedish universities, there is a high degree of knowledge transfer of all kinds. The overriding driver of entrepreneurial behaviour among faculty appears to be the low level of direct funding for research in universities. We find that attitudes to firm formation vary from positive to ambivalent, and that faculty from the humanities and social sciences engage in a higher level of entrepreneurial and policy adaptive behaviour than they report. We conclude that faculty at Swedish universities perceive the role of public servant and entrepreneurial academic as conflicting. This perceived conflict may be one reason for reluctance to report instances of commercialisation of research. 相似文献
13.
大学衍生企业从母体大学、政府、产业合作伙伴、学者发明人等利益相关者所构成的创业支持网络中获取外部资源。基于全国"211工程"大学衍生企业的调研数据,系统探讨了大学衍生企业创业支持网络的构成要素及其有效性,即网络中不同节点的支持要素如何作用于企业的创业导向和绩效表现。结果表明,我国大学衍生企业的创业支持网络并没有形成有效的衔接机制,大学衍生企业的创业导向形成与绩效表现主要依赖于母体大学和政府主导的区域环境,而产业合作伙伴、学者发明人却没有显著的支持效应。同时,企业的治理结构调节了网络中各支持要素的有效性。 相似文献
14.
《Research Policy》2023,52(1):104655
We investigate the impact of deadly terrorist attacks on inventor productivity and mobility in the U.S. During the five-year window after such events, nearby firms generate fewer and less impactful inventions. Moreover, their inventors typically exhibit a post-attack decline in their patent production, unless they move to a distant company (which some tend to do after an attack). Firms' financial constraints and inventor talent appear to provide channels underlying our productivity and mobility findings, respectively. These results provide novel insights about the impact of shocks that distort the invention process and promote the mobility and reallocation of inventors among firms. 相似文献
15.
高校专利运营是一个包括发明创造、价值增值和价值实现三个主要环节的复杂动态过程。以美国高校为样本,基于动态系统视角分析发明人专利收益分配比例对高校专利运营不同环节的影响,并针对发明人专利收入与科研经费支出对高校专利运营的影响差异进行比较分析。研究发现：近70%的样本高校中发明人专利收入与发明披露量之间不存在显著的相关性;而在发明人专利收入与发明披露量显著相关的高校中,发明人专利收益比例对高校专利运营的发明创造环节作用明显,对价值增值环节作用因样本而异,但对价值实现环节的影响微乎其微;同时,当专利收益分配基数与科研经费支出之间相差悬殊时,与通过提高发明人收益比例增加发明人专利收入相比,同比增加科研经费支出对专利运营各环节的影响更大。一刀切式地提高发明人收益比例对高校专利运营的促进作用十分有限。据此提出,高校应细化发明人收益分配方案,并综合运用多种激励方式,发挥政策协同作用。 相似文献
16.
准确评估风险投资的进入时间、技术偏好对创业企业创新绩效的影响,对我国风险投资发展、指导未来我国产业结构转型升级具有重要意义。本文与进入创业企业的时间联系,考虑其技术偏好,构筑了“风险投资进入时间--技术偏好--创业企业创新绩效影响”逻辑链条;并以2009-2012年创业板制造业企业为例,采用PSM方法,分析了不同时间进入的风险投资的技术偏好及其对创业企业创新绩效的影响得到：上市前1年内进入的风险投资的技术偏好不显著,对创业企业创新绩效的动态促进作用不显著,无论是突破式创新还是渐进式创新;上市前1年以上进入的风险投资的技术偏好显著,对创业企业创新绩效存在显著的动态促进作用,但随着时间推移,对创业企业创新绩效的影响程度越来越小,且对渐进式创新影响的持续性和程度大于突破式创新。 相似文献
17.
Using a new European Union-sponsored firm-level longitudinal dataset, we assess the impact of government-managed (GVC) and independent venture capital (IVC) funds on the sales and employee growth of European high-tech entrepreneurial firms. Our results show that the main statistically robust and economically relevant positive effect is exerted by IVC investors on firm sales growth. Conversely, the impact of GVC alone appears to be negligible. We also find a positive and statistically significant impact of syndicated investments by both types of investors on firm sales growth, but only when led by IVC investors. Our results remain stable after controlling for endogeneity, survivorship bias, reverse causality, anticipation effects, legal and institutional differences across countries and over time and are stable with respect to potential non-linear effects of age and size of entrepreneurial firms. Overall, our analysis casts doubt on the ability of governments to support high-tech entrepreneurial firms through a direct and active involvement in VC markets. 相似文献
18.
创业企业是中国经济持续发展的重要力量,也是和谐社会构建的重要组成部分,因此,创业企业除了关注自身发展,还应承担更多的社会责任。以现代服务业的创业企业为研究对象,通过大规模的问卷调查获取了创业企业社会责任实践的一手数据。通过对问卷数据进行统计分析,发现创业企业承担社会责任有利于其创业网络的构建和优化,并最终促进其创业绩效的提高。 相似文献
19.
Networks of inventors and the role of academia: an exploration of Italian patent data 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
This paper proposes a quantitative analysis of social distance between Open Science and Proprietary Technology. A few general properties of social networks within both realms are discussed, as they emerge from the new economics of science and recent applied work on “small worlds”. A new data-set on patent inventors is explored, in order to show that social networks within Proprietary Technology are much more fragmented than Open Science ones, except for science-based technologies. Two propositions are then put forward on the “open” behaviour expected from academic inventors, namely university scientists getting involved in Proprietary Technology networks by signing patents. Both propositions are confirmed by data, which show academic inventors to be more central and better connected than non-academic ones. The database and methodology produced for this paper are suggested to be relevant for the more general debate on the role of geographical and cognitive distance in university-industry technology transfer. 相似文献
20.
In this paper, we focus on the potential innovative benefits to corporate venture capital (CVC), i.e. equity investments in entrepreneurial ventures by incumbent firms. We propose that corporate venture capital programs may be instrumental in harvesting innovations from entrepreneurial ventures and thus an important part of a firm's overall innovation strategy. We hypothesize that these programs are especially effective in weak intellectual property (IP) regimes and when the firm has sufficient absorptive capacity. We analyze a large panel of public firms over a 20-year period and find that increases in corporate venture capital investments are associated with subsequent increases in firm patenting. 相似文献